A stent is a small mesh tube typically used to hold open passages in the body, such as weak or narrowed blood vessels. Stents are often used to treat narrowing in the coronary arteries, which provide the heart with oxygen-rich blood. Stents can also help to treat an aneurysm, which is a bulge in the wall of an artery, as well as narrowed airways in the lungs.

Stenting is a minimally invasive procedure, meaning it does not require a large, open incision in the body and is not considered major surgery. However, before you get a stent, you may need certain tests or some medicines to prepare for the procedure. Stents can be made of metal mesh, fabric, silicone, or combinations of materials. Stents for coronary arteries are usually made of metal mesh and sometimes covered with another material. Fabric stents, or stent grafts, are used in larger arteries such as the aorta. Stents used in the airways of the lungs are often made of silicone.

After you receive a stent, and depending on its location in the body, you may need to take certain medicines, such as aspirin and other antiplatelet medicines that prevent your blood from forming clots. Your healthcare provider may recommend taking this medicine for a year or longer after receiving an artery stent to prevent complications. The most common problems are a stent becoming blocked, a blood clot forming in an artery stent, or an airway stent moving out of place.

Stents have different purposes. The materials used in stents can vary depending on where they will go in the body.

Airway stents

Some stents are used in the airways in the lungs. Airway stents are usually temporary.

• Metal stents are made of bare metal or covered with another material, such as silicone. They can be difficult to remove from the airways, so they are not common.
• Silicone stents are made of a material that can be molded to a certain shape. They are more common, because they are easy to insert and remove. Some silicone stents are 3D printed and can be custom fit for each person.

Aortic aneurysm stents

Stent grafts are used to treat aortic aneurysms. The stent graft is typically a tube made of leakproof polyester with metal mesh underneath. Stent grafts are used in larger arteries, such as the aorta, and provide a stable channel for the blood to flow through.

Coronary or carotid artery stents

Some stents are made specifically for the coronary or carotid arteries.

• Baremetal stents are simple metal mesh tubes that can be used in both the coronary and carotid arteries.
• Drug-eluting stents are the most common type of stents used in the coronary arteries. Usually, these stents have a metal mesh structure and another layer that covers the metal. The outside layer is coated with medicine that is released into the artery over time to prevent the artery from narrowing again. Different types of drug-eluting stents are coated with different medicines. Sometimes the outer layer is biodegradable, meaning it breaks down and dissolves over time, leaving only the metal mesh part of the stent in the artery.

Your healthcare provider may recommend a stent to support a narrow or weak artery or airway. They will discuss the risks and benefits with you. Several conditions may lead your provider to recommend a stent.

Aortic aneurysm or dissection

Your healthcare provider may use a stent graft to treat an aneurysm or dissection of the aorta, the main artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to your body. Some medical conditions can damage the walls of the aorta. When the walls are weak, the force of the blood pushing through can cause an aneurysm or balloon-like bulge in the aorta. The stent graft supports the weak area of the aorta and helps to prevent the aneurysm from bursting or tearing the wall of the artery (dissection). Stent grafts can also help control blood flow after an injury and stop blood from leaking out of the blood vessel and into the body.

Coronary heart disease

Stents are often used to treat narrowed coronary arteries. In coronary heart disease, the arteries cannot carry enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Low blood flow to the heart can lead to chest pain and damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack.

Carotid artery disease

The carotid arteries are arteries in the neck that carry oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Plaque buildup in the carotid arteries can cause carotid artery disease and increase the risk of stroke. Placing a stent in a narrowed carotid artery can help hold the artery open and restore normal blood flow to the brain.

Peripheral artery disease

In peripheral artery disease, plaque builds up in the arteries that carry blood to your legs, arms, or abdomen. Stents can help treat the narrowed arteries, relieve symptoms, and prevent future health problems that can result from low blood flow.

Lung conditions

Stents can help treat narrowed airways in the lungs. Unlike stents for arteries, airway stents are usually a temporary solution before surgery or other more permanent treatments. Silicone stents are easy to move or remove from the airways and can remain in place for several years. Metal stents, on the other hand, are harder to remove the longer they stay in the airway, so they are less commonly used.

There are different reasons why someone may need an airway stent.

• Problems you are born with, also called congenital conditions, may create the need for an airway stent.
• Infections or conditions such as sarcoidosis can cause swelling that squeezes the airways. Anything that presses on the lungs can cause the airways to become narrowed or blocked.
• Injury to the airways can occur from intubation, which is performed when a breathing tube is guided down into the lungs to help you breathe. Damage from some lung treatments can also lead to narrowed airways, such as from a tracheostomy or if a hole forms where transplanted lungs were stitched together.
• Tumors can block the airways. Cancer treatment, such as radiation or chemotherapy, can sometimes damage the airways too.

Your healthcare provider will consider your health, talk to you about the risks, and help you make a decision.

An artery stent may not be recommended if:

• Your condition is mild. Your provider may monitor your condition, start you on medicine, and recommend heart-healthy lifestyle changes.
• You cannot take antiplatelet medicines for the amount of time needed after the stenting procedure. Antiplatelet medicines prevent the formation of life-threatening blood clots inside the stent.
• You have other medical conditions, such as multiple narrowed coronary arteries, long-standing kidney disease, or diabetes. Your provider may recommend coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) instead.
• You have a high risk for complications. Age or other risk factors may lead your provider to recommend a different treatment instead of a carotid stent, especially if you are over age 70 or you have a high risk of stroke. Stent grafts may be riskier for older people and those with conditions such as kidney or heart failure.

An airway stent may not be recommended if:

• You cannot have anesthesia or be sedated.
• You need other procedures in the future, such as laser therapy, which can break or burn the stent. An airway stent can also get in the way if you need lung surgery for other reasons.

Your healthcare provider can help decide whether you need a stent by using certain tests and procedures. If you need a stent, your provider will talk to you about how to prepare for it.

Diagnostic tests and procedures

To diagnose narrowed arteries or an aortic aneurysm, your provider may order some of the following heart tests and procedures.

• Chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) looks for aneurysms in the aorta. This test works well to find aneurysms and pinpoint their size and exact location.
• Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) take pictures of your blood vessels. These tests may give your provider more information about blood flow and whether arteries are narrowed or have aneurysms.
• Coronary angiography measures how blood flows through your coronary arteries. This type of test involves injecting dye into your blood so that your blood vessels can be seen by X-ray.
• Fractional flow reserve can help determine how narrow the artery is. This is an added test done during CTA or coronary angiography to check the blood pressure, or how much force is needed for the blood to flow through the artery.
• Ultrasound looks at whether plaque has narrowed or blocked your carotid or peripheral arteries. It is also used to see whether you have an aneurysm and where it is located. This painless test uses high-energy sound waves to create pictures of the insides of your blood vessels.
• Echocardiography (echo or ECG) evaluates the structure and function of your heart, using sound waves to create moving pictures.
• Nuclear imaging checks whether the blood is flowing normally to the heart. Your provider will inject a substance they can trace through your bloodstream to see whether the heart is receiving enough blood flow.

To diagnose narrowed airways, you may need some lung tests and procedures.

• Bronchoscopy determines the location and severity of the narrowed airway.
• Chest computed tomography (CT) scans look at whether one of your airways is being affected by a tumor, pneumonia, mucus, or other problem.
• Lung spirometrytests measure how well your lungs are working.

Preparing for the stenting procedure

You may need more tests, such as blood tests and electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, or chest CT scans, to prepare for the procedure to place a stent. Tell your provider about medicines you take, other surgical procedures you have had, and any medical conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or sleep apnea.

You will be asleep for most stent procedures, so plan to have someone else take you home afterward. You may go home the same day or after a few days, depending on the type of stent and your other medical conditions.

Before your procedure, you will be given detailed information, including:

• When to stop eating or drinking
• If and when you should start or stop taking medicines
• When to arrive at the hospital and where to go
• How long you should expect to stay
• What happens during the procedure
• What to expect after the procedure, including potential complications such as bleeding or soreness
• What to do after the procedure, including what medicines to take
• How to live with your stent(s)

Having a stent placed is a minimally invasive procedure, meaning it does not require a large open incision.

Coronary and carotid artery stenting

Procedures to place a stent to treat coronary and carotid arteries are similar. In both, your healthcare provider will use catheterization to thread a thin tube with a stent and an empty balloon on the end through the blood vessel to the narrowed or blocked artery. Once the balloon is in place, filling it with air opens the stent to hold up the artery walls. Then your provider will empty the balloon of air again and remove the tube and the empty balloon from the artery.

• Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary angioplasty , opens narrowed or blocked arteries of the heart to treat coronary heart disease. A coronary stent can be placed during a PCI to prevent the artery from narrowing again. Sometimes the procedure is done in an emergency, such as during a heart attack.

• Carotid artery stenting is a minimally invasive treatment for severe carotid artery disease. Usually, the procedure to place a carotid stent includes temporarily blocking the blood flow from the narrowed artery to the brain. This helps prevent any pieces of plaque from reaching the brain and causing a stroke.

Aortic aneurysm stenting

The procedure to place a stent graft in the aorta to treat an aneurysm is called endovascular aneurysm repair. Your healthcare provider inserts a stent graft through a large blood vessel using a catheter and guides it up your arteries to the location of the aneurysm. Once it is in the right place, the stent graft opens up and attaches to the walls of the aorta. This will seal off the aneurysm and prevent it from getting bigger or rupturing. After placing the stent graft, your provider may inject a contrast dye into your blood and take an X-ray of your aorta to make sure blood is not leaking into the aneurysm.

Airway stenting

Bronchoscopy uses a small camera on the end of a long tube to look inside the airways in your lungs. To do that, your healthcare provider slides the camera, or bronchoscope, through your nose or mouth and down your throat into the airways. During the procedure, your provider can also insert an airway stent or take samples for diagnostic tests.

If you need a stent, your provider will slide a thin tube that carries the folded stent along the side of the bronchoscope. Your provider may also use fluoroscopy, a type of X-ray imaging, or ultrasound to help guide stent placement. Once it is in the right area, the stent will expand in the narrowed airway to push it open. After placing the stent, your provider may check your lungs using a chest X-ray.

Recovery

Before you leave the hospital, your healthcare provider will give you instructions to follow at home.

• Take your medicines according to your provider’s directions. You may need to take medicines to prevent complications. For example, antiplatelet medicines can help stop a blood clot from forming in a coronary stent.
• Resume normal physical activity and return to work when your provider says it’s okay. For most people, this can happen within a few days to a week.
• Make a follow-up appointment. Your provider will want to check on your progress and make sure there are no problems.

There are risks from placing a stent in an artery, including:

• Allergic reactions to the contrast dye used to look at blood vessels with X-rays
• Arrhythmia, or an irregular heartbeat
• Bleeding or discomfort where the catheter was inserted
• Damage to blood vessels from the catheter
• Infection
• Rarely, damage to the kidneys from the contrast dye

It is rare for life-threatening problems to happen during a stenting procedure. However, people who have had other procedures to treat blocked arteries or who have congestive heart failure, kidney disease, or diabetes are usually at higher risk of serious complications, including:

• Blood flow being cut off from the gut or the lower part of the body during an aortic aneurysm repair
• Heart attack
• Rupture or burst of an aortic aneurysm
• Stroke
• Tear in the artery (dissection)

Risks from airway stent procedures include:

• Arrhythmia
• Cardiac arrest
• Infection
• Migration, or unexpected movement, of the stent
• Needing a tracheostomy because the airways become blocked
• Pneumothorax
• Respiratory failure

A stent is a treatment, but it cannot cure your underlying condition. It is important to have routine medical care if you have a stent. Ask your healthcare provider how often you should schedule office visits and tests.

• Talk about when to follow up with specialists such as a cardiologist or pulmonologist. If you have an airway stent, you may need a bronchoscopy, a chest X-ray, or a CT scan to confirm that the stent has not moved. These tests can also check for signs of complications. If you have a stent graft to treat an aortic aneurysm , you may need regular imaging tests for the rest of your life to make sure that there is no blood leaking into the aneurysm and to monitor your stent graft.
• Take medicines to prevent problems. Do not change your medicine or skip doses unless your provider tells you to. After getting an artery stent, you will need antiplatelet medicines, or blood thinners,to prevent blood clots from forming. You may need to take blood thinners for more than a month after you get a carotid or peripheral artery stent or for more than a year after getting a coronary stent. Antiplatelet medicines include aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and ticlopidine. Bleeding is a possible side effect, which can make any other needed surgery much riskier.
• Ask how long before you can resume normal physical activity. It will depend on the type of stent you have and your health condition before the procedure.

Make healthy lifestyle changes

Your provider may recommend the following healthy lifestyle changes to lower your risk of needing future procedures or experiencing complications such as a heart attack or stroke:

• Aim for a healthy weight
• Stay physically active
• Choose heart-healthy foods
• Manage stress
• Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke
• Get enough good-quality sleep

Watch for problems from vascular stents

Be on the lookout for complications from a coronary stent, carotid stent, or stent graft.

• Blood clots can form within the stent. Your risk of getting a blood clot is much higher if you stop taking your blood thinners before your provider says to do so. Blood clots can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.
• Restenosis is a re-narrowing of the section of the artery where there is a stent. The artery can become narrow again when there is too much tissue growth inside it. With a coronary stent, restenosis can lead to a heart attack. With a carotid stent, a stroke can occur. Restenosis may or may not cause symptoms. If it does occur, you may need a new stent or another procedure.
• A stent graft can leak or move from its place. Symptoms may be similar to those you experienced before the aortic repair procedure, or you may have no symptoms. Your provider will use imaging to monitor your stent graft.

Watch for problems from lung stents

Call your provider right away if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• Breathing problems
• Changes in your cough
• Coughing up blood
• High fever
• Persistent bad breath

Those symptoms may result from complications of your airway stent.

• An airway stent can migrate, or move, and may require another procedure to fix or remove it. This occurs more often with silicone stents.
• Lung infection is another possible complication from an airway stent.
• Mucus can get caught in the stent and block it.
• Tissue can grow into the stent if the condition that caused your narrowed airway causes it to become blocked again. This happens more often with metal stents.