Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation and ulcers on the inner lining of your large intestine. Ulcerative colitis can develop at any age, but the disease is more likely to develop in people between the ages of 15 and 30. Learn more about ulcerative colitis.
Chronic active ulcerative colitis
Image by CoRus13
Ulcerative Colitis
How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?
Image by Hellerhoff
How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?
X-ray radiograph with toxic megacolon in ulcerative colitis.
Image by Hellerhoff
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the lining of the rectum and colon. It is one of a group of diseases called inflammatory bowel disease.
UC can happen at any age, but it usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30. It tends to run in families. The most common symptoms are pain in the abdomen and blood or pus in diarrhea. Other symptoms may include
Anemia
Severe tiredness
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Bleeding from the rectum
Sores on the skin
Joint pain
Growth failure in children
About half of people with UC have mild symptoms.
Doctors use blood tests, stool tests, colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, and imaging tests to diagnose UC. Several types of drugs can help control it. Some people have long periods of remission, when they are free of symptoms. In severe cases, doctors must remove the colon.
Source: NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Additional Materials (21)
Chronic active ulcerative colitis
Chronic active ulcerative colitis in a resection specimen showing prominent abnormal crypt configuration and inflammation restricted to the mucosa and superficial submucosa.
Image by CoRus13
What is Ulcerative Colitis? Meditoons™
Video by Meditoons/YouTube
Ulcerative Colitis
Video by mdconversation/YouTube
Ulcerative Colitis Treatment-Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosis-Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Video by Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
Understanding Clinical Trials for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Video by Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
Crohns or Colitis? - Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Understanding Ulcerative Colitis - Jumo Health
Video by Jumo Health/YouTube
Ulcerative colitis: Fresh approaches to taming inflammation
Video by nature video/YouTube
Ulcerative colitis - an Osmosis preview
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
Eating Healthy with Ulcerative Colitis
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
New Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Ulcerative Colitis Module 12: Kids Voice
Video by Boston Children's Hospital/YouTube
Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
Cancer Risk Increased with Crohn's Disease, Not Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease in Children
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
UIcerative Colitis 101
Video by Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
Living with Ulcerative Colitis
Video by Pfizer/YouTube
Overview of IBD (Crohn's and Colitis) Featuring Dr. James R. Gray | GI Society
Video by Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
Sexuality and IBD (Crohn's and Colitis) Featuring Maureen McGrath | GI Society
Video by Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
Chronic active ulcerative colitis
CoRus13
1:48
What is Ulcerative Colitis? Meditoons™
Meditoons/YouTube
15:50
Ulcerative Colitis
mdconversation/YouTube
6:57
Ulcerative Colitis Treatment-Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
4:43
Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosis-Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
4:22
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
2:38
Understanding Clinical Trials for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
2:35
Crohns or Colitis? - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
10:37
Understanding Ulcerative Colitis - Jumo Health
Jumo Health/YouTube
3:37
Ulcerative colitis: Fresh approaches to taming inflammation
nature video/YouTube
0:37
Ulcerative colitis - an Osmosis preview
Osmosis/YouTube
2:18
Eating Healthy with Ulcerative Colitis
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
3:27
New Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
4:07
Ulcerative Colitis Module 12: Kids Voice
Boston Children's Hospital/YouTube
1:44
Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis
Lee Health/YouTube
5:11
Cancer Risk Increased with Crohn's Disease, Not Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:37
Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease in Children
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
6:56
UIcerative Colitis 101
Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
6:24
Living with Ulcerative Colitis
Pfizer/YouTube
9:22
Overview of IBD (Crohn's and Colitis) Featuring Dr. James R. Gray | GI Society
Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
7:50
Sexuality and IBD (Crohn's and Colitis) Featuring Maureen McGrath | GI Society
Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
Definition & Facts of Ulcerative Colitis
Small Intestine and Large Intestine
Image by TheVisualMD
Small Intestine and Large Intestine
3D visualization based on scanned human data of small and large intestines of the female. The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption while the large intestine absorbs most of the remaining water and vitamins produced by the resident bacterial flora, as well as moving the waste material to its final destination in the rectum. The lower gastrointestinal tract sits slightly lower and wider in the female than in the male, due to the larger pelvic girdle of the female skeleton as adapted for childbirth.
Image by TheVisualMD
Definition & Facts of Ulcerative Colitis
What is ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation and ulcers on the inner lining of your large intestine.
Ulcerative colitis can begin gradually and become worse over time. However, it can also start suddenly. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In between periods of flares—times when people have symptoms—most people have periods of remission—times when symptoms disappear. Periods of remission can last for weeks or years. The goal of treatment is to keep people in remission long term.
Does ulcerative colitis have another name?
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Crohn’s disease and microscopic colitis are other common types of IBD.
How common is ulcerative colitis?
Research suggests that about 600,000 to 900,000 people in the United States have ulcerative colitis.
Who is more likely to have ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative colitis is more likely to develop in people
between the ages of 15 and 30, although the disease may develop in people of any age
who have a first-degree relative—a parent, sibling, or child—with IBD
of Jewish descent
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
Ulcerative colitis - an Osmosis preview
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
What is ulcerative colitis
A graphic showing what ulcerative colitis (UC) is - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Image by IBD relief
0:37
Ulcerative colitis - an Osmosis preview
Osmosis/YouTube
What is ulcerative colitis
IBD relief
Causes
Genes and the Digestive system
Image by TheVisualMD / PublicDomainPictures
Genes and the Digestive system
Genes and the Digestive system
Image by TheVisualMD / PublicDomainPictures
What Causes Ulcerative Colitis?
Doctors aren’t sure what causes ulcerative colitis. Experts think that the following factors may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis.
Genes
Ulcerative colitis sometimes runs in families. Research suggests that certain genes increase the chance that a person will develop ulcerative colitis.
Abnormal immune reactions
Abnormal reactions of the immune system may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis. Abnormal immune reactions lead to inflammation in the large intestine.
Microbiome
The microbes in your digestive tract—including bacteria, viruses, and fungi—that help with digestion are called the microbiome. Studies have found differences between the microbiomes of people who have IBD and those who don’t. Researchers are still studying the relationship between the microbiome and IBD.
Environment
Experts think a person’s environment—one’s surroundings and factors outside the body—may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis. Researchers are still studying how people’s environments interact with genes, the immune system, and the microbiome to affect the chance of developing ulcerative colitis.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
UIcerative Colitis 101
Video by Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
Ulcerative Colitis
Video by mdconversation/YouTube
6:56
UIcerative Colitis 101
Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
15:50
Ulcerative Colitis
mdconversation/YouTube
Symptoms
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC)
Image by IBD relief
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC)
A graphic showing some of the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC) - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Image by IBD relief
What Are the Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis vary from person to person. Common symptoms of ulcerative colitis include
diarrhea
passing blood with your stool or rectal bleeding
cramping and pain in the abdomen
passing mucus or pus with your stool
tenesmus, which means feeling a constant urge to have a bowel movement even though your bowel may be empty
an urgent need to have a bowel movement
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis may vary in severity. For example, mild symptoms may include having fewer than four bowel movements a day and sometimes passing blood with stool. Severe symptoms may include having more than six bowel movements a day and passing blood with stool most of the time. In extremely severe—or fulminant—ulcerative colitis, you may have more than 10 bloody bowel movements in a day.
Some symptoms are more likely to occur if ulcerative colitis is more severe or affects more of the large intestine. These symptoms include
fatigue, or feeling tired
fever
nausea or vomiting
weight loss
You may have periods of remission—times when symptoms disappear—that can last for weeks or years. After a period of remission, you may have a relapse, or a return of symptoms.
Common symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain in the abdomen.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Video by Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
Types of ulcerative colitis (UC)
A graphic showing the types of ulcerative colitis (UC) - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Image by IBD relief
4:22
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
Types of ulcerative colitis (UC)
IBD relief
Diagnosis
Colonoscopy
Image by TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy
Virtual Colonoscopy
Image by TheVisualMD
How Do Doctors Diagnose Ulcerative Colitis?
To diagnose ulcerative colitis, doctors review medical and family history, perform a physical exam, and order medical tests. Doctors order tests to
confirm the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis
find out how severe ulcerative colitis is and how much of the large intestine is affected
rule out other health problems—such as infections, irritable bowel syndrome, or Crohn's disease—that may cause symptoms similar to those of ulcerative colitis
Medical and family history
To help diagnose ulcerative colitis, your doctor will ask about your symptoms, your medical history, and any medicines you take. Your doctor will also ask about lifestyle factors, such as smoking, and about your family medical history.
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms,medical history, and family medical history.
Physical exam
During a physical exam, your doctor may
check your blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature—if you have ulcerative colitis, doctors may use these measures, along with information about your symptoms and test results, to find out how severe the disease is
use a stethoscope to listen to sounds within your abdomen
press on your abdomen to feel for tenderness or masses
The physical exam may also include a digital rectal exam to check for blood in your stool.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (5)
Ulcerative Colitis
Video by mdconversation/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Sigmoidoscopy: NCI B-roll [video]
NCI B-roll of a patient receiving a sigmoidoscopy. This video is silent. A version of this video with audio can be found in the video NCI Detection B-roll. Downloadable video files are 1280x720 at 30 fps. This image is part of the NCI B-Roll Videos collection.
View video using embedded player on this page or at youtube.com.
Video by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
This browser does not support the video element.
Cancer Detection: NCI B-Roll [video]
Includes footage of mammography, digital mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), palpation, sigmoidoscopy, digital rectal exam (DRE), chest X-ray, spiral CT, and pap test.
Video by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Three Views of a Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
15:50
Ulcerative Colitis
mdconversation/YouTube
1:17
Sigmoidoscopy: NCI B-roll [video]
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
9:42
Cancer Detection: NCI B-Roll [video]
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Three Views of a Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
TheVisualMD
What Tests Do Doctors Use to Diagnose Ulcerative Colitis?
Virtual Colonoscopy Views
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Views
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Tests Do Doctors Use to Diagnose Ulcerative Colitis?
Doctors may use blood tests, stool tests, and endoscopy of the large intestine to diagnose ulcerative colitis.
Blood tests
A health care professional will take a blood sample from you and send the sample to a lab. Doctors use blood tests to check for signs of ulcerative colitis and complications, such as anemia. Blood tests can also show signs of infection or other digestive diseases.
Stool tests
A health care professional will give you a container for catching and storing the stool. You will receive instructions on where to send or take the container for analysis. Doctors may use stool tests to check for conditions other than ulcerative colitis, such as infections that could be causing your symptoms. Doctors may also use stool tests to check for signs of inflammation in the intestines.
Endoscopy of the large intestine
Doctors order endoscopy of the large intestine with biopsies to diagnose ulcerative colitis and rule out other digestive conditions. Doctors also use endoscopy to find out how severe ulcerative colitis is and how much of the large intestine is affected.
During an endoscopy, doctors use an endoscope—a long, flexible, narrow tube with a light and a tiny camera on one end—to view the lining of the large intestine. Doctors obtain biopsies by passing an instrument through the endoscope to take small pieces of tissue from the lining of your rectum and colon. A pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope.
Two types of endoscopy used to diagnose ulcerative colitis are
colonoscopy, in which a doctor uses a type of endoscope called a colonoscope to view the lining of your rectum and your entire colon
flexible sigmoidoscopy, in which a doctor uses a type of endoscope called a sigmoidoscope to view the lining of your rectum and lower colon
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Digital Rectal Examination
Digital Rectal Examination
Also called: DRE, Digital Rectal Exam
A digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to assess your pelvic organs. It is commonly used to check the prostate gland in men, but it can also be used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries in women.
Digital Rectal Examination
Also called: DRE, Digital Rectal Exam
A digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to assess your pelvic organs. It is commonly used to check the prostate gland in men, but it can also be used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries in women.
{"label":"Digital Rectal Examination Reference Range","scale":"lin","step":0.25,"hideunits":true,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":1},"text":"A normal result means that your doctor didn't feel any abnormalities during the exam, such as a growth or an organ enlargement.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Abnormal","long":"Abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":2},"text":"This means that your doctor found something abnormal during the test. ","conditions":["Benign prostatic hypertrophy","Prostatitis","Prostate cancer","Colon cancer","Rectum cancer","Hemorrhoids","Anal fissures","Abscess","Gastrointestinal bleeding"]}],"value":0.5}[{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal result means that your doctor didn't feel any abnormalities during the exam, such as a growth or an organ enlargement.
Related conditions
Digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to search for certain abnormalities in the pelvic organs. This test is usually performed in men to check for abnormalities in their prostate gland, but it can also be used to evaluate a woman's uterus or ovaries.
Many doctors perform a DRE as part of a routine physical exam for men age 50 or older, some even at age 40, whether or not the man has urinary problems.
Your doctor may want to perform this test in the following situations:
If you are bleeding through your rectum
If you have pelvic pain
If you have recently had an unexplained change in your bowel habits
To collect a stool sample to check for occult (hidden) blood; this is usually done as part of the screening for rectal or colon cancer
If you are a man who has symptoms of enlarged prostate or prostate infection
Routinely to check for the size of the prostate and to look for bumps or other prostate abnormalities in men over 50 years old
First, you will need to undress below the waist; then, your doctor will ask you to lie on your side with your knees bent towards your chest, as this is the easiest and comfortable position for the test to be done. In some cases, men can also be examined while bending over the exam table; and women can also be examined during a pelvic exam, with their feet raised and placed on stirrups.
Then, the doctor will slide a lubricated, gloved finger in your rectum. At this point, he or she may want to press your abdomen with their free hand to help them feel any masses or abnormalities. You may also be asked to squeeze your rectum around their finger, so they can evaluate how well your muscles are working.
If an infection is suspected, your doctor might massage the prostate during the DRE to obtain fluid to examine with a microscope. This exam is usually done first.
No special preparations are needed for a DRE. But you should tell your doctor if you have hemorrhoids or anal fissures. The DRE may make them worse.
Most people can feel a little bit uncomfortable, but the test shouldn't be painful.
Some men can feel the urge to pee when their prostate is being examined.
In very rare cases, a vasovagal response can occur. If this happens, you can have symptoms like lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, sweating, and sometimes fainting.
A normal result means that your doctor did not find any abnormalities during the exam; however, this doesn’t mean that you don’t have a problem. Your doctor may want to order further testing.
If your result was abnormal, it means that your doctor found something during the test. This may happen for several reasons, such as:
Bleeding in the digestive tract
Anal fissure (small tear in the lining of the anus)
Abscess (pus collection) in the rectum or anus
Hemorrhoids (swollen veins in the rectum or anus)
Cancer of the colon or rectum
Enlargement or abnormal growths of an organ, such as the rectum, bladder, prostate in men, or cervix, uterus, or ovaries in women.
If the DRE test indicates a problem may exist, your doctor may order additional tests.
Digital rectal exam: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Dec 21, 2018]
Prostate Tests | NIDDK [accessed on Dec 21, 2018]
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rectal-examination/ [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/digital-rectal-examination [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-digital-rectal-exam-2782260 [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.verywellhealth.com/vasovagal-reflex-1945072 [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/tests-and-procedures/digital-rectal-exam-dre [accessed on Sep 16, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (5)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Digital Rectal Exam
The prostate gland is a small gland that sits below the bladder and encircles the urethra; the gland lies close to the wall of the rectum, which allows it to be felt in a digital rectal exam, or DRE, which is performed to determine the gland is enlarged.
Image by TheVisualMD
Active Surveillance & Watchful Waiting
Not all prostate cancer treatment is radical. Active surveillance and watchful waiting are two approaches to treatment that seek to avoid the often severe side effects of curative prostate treatment. They do this by actively monitoring signs and symptoms and taking action only when necessary. Active surveillance is for men with early prostate cancer who don't have symptoms. It monitors progression of cancer through PSA and DRE testing, and includes curative treatment, such as radiation therapy, if PSA levels rise rapidly. Watchful waiting is for older men who have slow-growing cancers or men with health problems that prevent them from having surgery. This approach includes regular PSA and DRE testing, and may include hormone therapy or other palliative treatment if symptoms, such as urinary retention or pain, become acute.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross-section diagram of a digital rectal examination showing the physician's index finger inserted into the patient's rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate
Digital rectal exam; drawing shows a side view of the male reproductive and urinary anatomy, including the prostate, rectum, and bladder; also shows a gloved and lubricated finger inserted into the rectum to feel the prostate.
Digital rectal exam (DRE). The doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the prostate to check for anything abnormal.
Image by National Cancer Institute / National Cancer Institute
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Digital Rectal Exam
TheVisualMD
Active Surveillance & Watchful Waiting
TheVisualMD
Cross-section diagram of a digital rectal examination showing the physician's index finger inserted into the patient's rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate
National Cancer Institute / National Cancer Institute
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Also called: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, Rigid Sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy, Proctosigmoidoscopy
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic test used to check the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of your colon or large intestine. It is used to help diagnose bowel problems and detect colon polyps that can become colon cancer.
Sigmoidoscopy
Also called: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, Rigid Sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy, Proctosigmoidoscopy
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic test used to check the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of your colon or large intestine. It is used to help diagnose bowel problems and detect colon polyps that can become colon cancer.
{"label":"Sigmoidoscopy reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.25,"hideunits":true,"items":[{"flag":"negative","label":{"short":"Negative","long":"Negative","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":1},"text":"A negative result means that no abnormalities were found in the colon. If you're at average risk of colon cancer, meaning you have no colon cancer risk factors other than age, your doctor may recommend repeating the exam in five years.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"positive","label":{"short":"Positive","long":"Positive","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":2},"text":"A positive result means that polyps or abnormal tissue were found in the colon. Depending on the findings, you may need additional testing so that any abnormalities can be examined more thoroughly, biopsied or removed.","conditions":["Colon cancer","Colonic polyps"]}],"value":0.5,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"negative":0},{"positive":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
A negative result means that no abnormalities were found in the colon. If you're at average risk of colon cancer, meaning you have no colon cancer risk factors other than age, your doctor may recommend repeating the exam in five years.
Related conditions
{"label":"Proctoscopy reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.25,"hideunits":true,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":1},"text":"The lining of the colon appears smooth and pink, with numerous folds. No abnormal growths, pouches, bleeding, or inflammation is seen.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Abnormal","long":"Abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":2},"text":"A proctoscopy can reveal various issues. An abnormal result may require further testing, such as a biopsy, or determine appropriate treatment for your condition.","conditions":["Hemorrhoids","Colon polyps","Colon cancer","Ulcer","Diverticulosis","Colitis"]}],"value":0.5,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
The lining of the colon appears smooth and pink, with numerous folds. No abnormal growths, pouches, bleeding, or inflammation is seen.
Related conditions
Sigmoidoscopy is a test in which the rectum and sigmoid colon are examined using a sigmoidoscope, a flexible lighted tube with a lens for viewing and a tool for removing tissue. This instrument is inserted through the anus into the rectum and sigmoid colon as air is pumped into the colon to expand it so the doctor can see the colon lining more clearly.
A sigmoidoscope is of two types:
Rigid sigmoidoscope: This sigmoidoscope is 25 cm long, and it allows examination of up to about 20 cm of the rectum and colon.
Flexible sigmoidoscope: It is made of a flexible fiber-optic tube and can be up to 60 cm long. It allows examination of the descending colon.
During sigmoidoscopy, abnormal growths in the rectum and sigmoid colon can be removed for analysis (biopsied). The lower colon must be cleared of stool before sigmoidoscopy, but the preparation is not very extensive. People are usually not sedated for this test.
You may need a sigmoidoscopy to find the cause of unexplained symptoms such as:
Bleeding from your anus (the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body)
Changes in your bowel activity, such as diarrhea
Pain in your abdomen (belly)
Unexplained weight loss
Doctors also use the procedure to screen for colon polyps and cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. It may find diseases at an early stage, when they are easier to treat. If aren't at higher risk for colorectal cancer, your health care provider will likely recommend you start getting screenings at age 45. If you at higher risk, you may need to start getting screened for colorectal cancer earlier.
There are also other tests to screen for colorectal cancer, including stool tests. Talk with your provider about which test is right for you and when and how often you should get it.
This test allows your provider to look at the lower part of the colon. During the test:
You will lie on an exam table with your knees drawn up to your chest.
A sigmoidoscope, a flexible, lighted tube with a camera, will be inserted into the rectum and up into the lower part of the colon.
Air will be pumped through the sigmoidoscope to make the colon bigger and easier to see.
The air may make you feel like you need to have a bowel movement or pass gas.
Your provider may remove polyps or tissue samples using special tools inserted through the scope.
Polyps or samples may be sent to a lab for testing.
For a sigmoidoscopy, before the test, you may need to:
Follow a clear liquid diet one or more days before the procedure. This isn't always required, so be sure to talk to your provider before the test.
You may be asked to fast (not eat or drink) on the morning of the procedure.
Use an enema to empty your bowels about one hour before the procedure. A second enema is sometimes needed.
There are fewer risks to sigmoidoscopy than with a colonoscopy. Tears in the colon and bleeding can happen, but they are even less common than with a colonoscopy.
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. Abnormal results may include the following:
Colorectal polyps or abnormal tissue were found. They may or may not be removed depending on their location.
Whether or not your polyps were removed, you will probably need a colonoscopy so your provider can view your entire colon and rectum.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps - National Cancer Institute [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Colorectal Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Colorectal Cancer Screening (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Rigid and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy. MedicineNet [accessed on Feb 09, 2024]
Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (24)
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Video by Mechanisms in Medicine/YouTube
Testing for bowel cancer
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Screening for Cancer
Common Screening Tests and American Cancer Society Recommendations
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening & Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Clip 1
Colorectal Cancer Clip 1
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Video by TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
Drawing of a woman being tested for colon polyps. The woman is lying on her left side with her head on a pillow. In the background is a TV screen showing images of the colon.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Drawing of the digestive system with sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus highlighted and parts labeled: esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, small intestine, colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
The digestive system focusing on the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
colonoscopy
SAN DIEGO (April 5, 2011) Hospitalman Urian D. Thompson, left, Lt. Cmdr. Eric A. Lavery and Registered Nurse Steven Cherry review the monitor while Lavery uses a colonoscope on a patient during a colonoscopy at Naval Medical Center San Diego. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Chad A. Bascom/Released)
Image by U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Chad A. Bascom
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Diagram showing a colonoscopy.
Image by Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
normal rectum colonoscopy
normal rectum 70y.o. Japanese / colonoscopy
Image by melvil
Familial adenomatous polyposis as seen on sigmoidoscopy
Familial adenomatous polyposis as seen on sigmoidoscopy
Image by Samir
Proctoscopy
Two proctoscopes
Image by Ralf Lotys (Sicherlich)
An anoscope, a proctoscope and a rectoscope, with approximate lengths
An anoscope, a proctoscope and a rectoscope, with approximate lengths
Image by Mikael Häggström
This browser does not support the video element.
Sigmoidoscopy: NCI B-roll [video]
NCI B-roll of a patient receiving a sigmoidoscopy. This video is silent. A version of this video with audio can be found in the video NCI Detection B-roll. Downloadable video files are 1280x720 at 30 fps. This image is part of the NCI B-Roll Videos collection.
View video using embedded player on this page or at youtube.com.
Video by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Lower GI Series
A lower GI series, also called a barium
enema, is an x-ray exam used to help
diagnose problems of the large intestine. An
x ray is a picture created by using radiation
and recorded on film or on a computer. To
make the large intestine more visible on x ray,
a health care provider will fill the person’s
intestine with a chalky liquid called barium.
Document by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Drawing of the digestive system with sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus highlighted
The digestive system focusing on the sigmoid colon and stomach.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Benign Tumor
Image of en:familial adenomatous polyposis as seen on en:sigmoidoscopy.
Image by Samir at English Wikipedia
What is a flexible sigmoidoscopy?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
Colon Cancer Screening Tests: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Video by American Cancer Society/YouTube
Colon cancer: Essential facts
Video by Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics/YouTube
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
What to expect during a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
2:42
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Mechanisms in Medicine/YouTube
1:37
Testing for bowel cancer
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Screening for Cancer
TheVisualMD
Screening & Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
0:15
Colorectal Cancer Clip 1
TheVisualMD
0:05
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
NIDDK Image Library
Drawing of the digestive system with sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus highlighted and parts labeled: esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, small intestine, colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
NIDDK Image Library
colonoscopy
U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Chad A. Bascom
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
normal rectum colonoscopy
melvil
Familial adenomatous polyposis as seen on sigmoidoscopy
Samir
Proctoscopy
Ralf Lotys (Sicherlich)
An anoscope, a proctoscope and a rectoscope, with approximate lengths
Mikael Häggström
1:17
Sigmoidoscopy: NCI B-roll [video]
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Lower GI Series
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Drawing of the digestive system with sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus highlighted
NIDDK Image Library
Benign Tumor
Samir at English Wikipedia
1:55
What is a flexible sigmoidoscopy?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
2:49
Colon Cancer Screening Tests: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
American Cancer Society/YouTube
2:49
Colon cancer: Essential facts
Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics/YouTube
4:06
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
1:16
What to expect during a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
3:17
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
{"label":"Colonoscopy reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.25,"hideunits":true,"items":[{"flag":"negative","label":{"short":"Negative","long":"Negative","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":1},"text":"Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. If no abnormalities are discovered, an adult at average risk of colon cancer is generally advised to have a repeat colonoscopy 10 years until age 75.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"positive","label":{"short":"Positive","long":"Positive","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":2},"text":"The exam reveals polyps or other abnormalities in the colon. During the procedure, the doctor may remove polyps or perform biopsies of your ileum, colon, and\/or rectum.","conditions":["Hemorrhoids","Diverticular disease","Colonic polyps","Crohn disease","Ulcerative colitis","Infection","Bleeding","Colorectal cancer"]}],"value":0.5,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"negative":0},{"positive":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. If no abnormalities are discovered, an adult at average risk of colon cancer is generally advised to have a repeat colonoscopy 10 years until age 75.
Related conditions
Colonoscopy is a exam in which a doctor uses a flexible tube with a camera on one end, called a colonoscope or scope, to look inside your rectum and colon. The rectum and colon make up most of your large intestine.
Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
A colonoscopy is used:
to look for early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum. It may be part of a routine screening, which usually starts at age 45.
to look for causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits
to evaluate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and weight loss
Your doctor can also remove polyps from your colon during the procedure.
You may need a colonoscopy to find the cause of unexplained symptoms such as:
Bleeding from your anus (the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body)
Changes in your bowel activity, such as diarrhea
Pain in your abdomen (belly)
Unexplained weight loss
Doctors also use the procedure to screen for colon polyps and cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. It may find diseases at an early stage, when they are easier to treat. If aren't at higher risk for colorectal cancer, your health care provider will likely recommend you start getting screenings at age 45. If you at higher risk, you may need to start getting screened for colorectal cancer earlier.
There are also other tests to screen for colorectal cancer, including stool tests. Talk with your provider about which test is right for you and when and how often you should get it.
This test allows a provider to view your entire colon and rectum. It is often done in an outpatient department of a hospital or medical center. Before the test, you will need to empty out your colon (large bowel) in a procedure called bowel prep. During the test:
You will lie on an exam table.
You will be given medicine called a sedative to help you relax. It also prevents you from feeling pain during the procedure. You may be awake for the test, but you probably won't remember anything.
A colonoscope, a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached, will be inserted into your rectum and up into your colon.
Your provider will look for colorectal polyps or other abnormal areas.
Your provider may remove polyps or tissue samples using special tools inserted through the scope.
Polyps or samples may be sent to a lab for testing.
The sedative you are given may make you drowsy for several hours. You should arrange for someone to drive you home.
For a colonoscopy, you will need to do a bowel prep. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to do your bowel prep, but steps for bowel prep may include:
Following a liquid diet for one to three days before the test.
Drinking plenty of clear liquids one to three days before the test. Clear liquids include water, black coffee or tea, fat-free broth, and sports drinks without added color.
Drinking a strong liquid laxative and/or using an enema on the evening before your test.
The laxative or enema will help you empty your bowels. You should prepare to spend a lot of time in the bathroom. Bowel prep can be inconvenient and uncomfortable, but if the colon is not thoroughly cleaned out, your provider may not be able to get a full picture of your colon and rectum. Polyps and other abnormal areas may not be seen.
Serious risks of colonoscopy are rare but can include:
Tears in the colon or rectum wall
Bleeding
Reaction to the sedative
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. Abnormal results may include the following:
Colorectal polyps or abnormal tissue were found and removed.
Samples were sent to a lab for testing.
Most polyps aren't cancerous but can turn into cancer if not removed. Depending on the size and number of polyps, your provider may recommend more frequent colonoscopies.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
You may feel cramping in your abdomen or bloating during the first hour after the colonoscopy. If the doctor removed polyps or performed a biopsy, you may have light bleeding from your anus. This bleeding is normal.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feb 10, 2024 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy | MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. Dec 5, 2022 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Robert H. Shmerling, MD. Understanding the results of your colonoscopy - Harvard Health. Oct 14, 2020 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (40)
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colorectal cancer is one of the few preventable forms of cancer thanks to effective screening. For many people, screening for colorectal cancer is an unpleasant thought, but knowing your options and taking a pro-active approach especially if you're over 50 can save your life. In this video, you can learn the "ins and outs" of colonoscopy, as well as learn about a new technique called virtual colonoscopy, which uses high-tech CT scans to screen the colon.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
Colorectal cancer includes cancer of both the colon and rectum. It is the fourth most common cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths affecting both men and women equally. The CDC recommends that everyone age 50 or over be screened. When diagnosed early, patients have a 90% 5-year survival rate.
Video by TheVisualMD
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
Video by La Peer/YouTube
Having a colonoscopy
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What to expect during a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
Video by AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
How to prepare for a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Video by Gastro Pros/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
Video by University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
Video by Nebraska Medicine Nebraska Medical Center/YouTube
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
Video by UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Diagram showing a colonoscopy.
Image by Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
With virtual colonoscopy, a computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is then created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
Virtual colonoscopy is a new imaging technology that uses computed tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. A computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
Drawing of a woman being tested for colon polyps. The woman is lying on her left side with her head on a pillow. In the background is a TV screen showing images of the colon.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. Polyps and very early stage cancers (Stage 0 and some early Stage I tumors) can be removed during a colonoscopy, using a variety of techniques. In late Stage I and in Stage II and III cancer, the cancerous part of the colon is removed surgically. The surgeon may perform a resection, consisting of a partial colectomy (removing the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue around it) and an anastomosis (sewing the parts of the colon back together). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and biopsied. If it isn't possible to perform a resection (for instance, if the cancer is at the outlet of the rectum), a colostomy may be performed. In a colostomy, a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body, where it empties into a special bag. The colostomy may be temporary in order to allow the colon or rectum time to heal after surgery, or it may be permanent.
Image by TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Capsule endoscopy
Image of the colon acquired by capsule endoscopy
Image by Dr.HH.Krause
All Views
Inside
Outside
Unfurled
1
2
3
4
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
After the image-taking procedure is complete, the cross-sectional pictures are processed by the computer to create animated, three-dimensional images of the large intestine. They are examined by a radiologist to identify any abnormal growths. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will be performed so that the abnormal growths can be removed or biopsied.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Picture of a capsule
Image by Euchiasmus
Preparing for a colonoscopy
Video by AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
0:05
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
TheVisualMD
0:15
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
TheVisualMD
0:49
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
TheVisualMD
4:13
Colorectal Cancer Screening
TheVisualMD
4:12
Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
14:55
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:35
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
2:56
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
La Peer/YouTube
1:37
Having a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
1:23
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
6:30
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
8:26
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
1:16
What to expect during a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
3:17
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
2:45
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
5:15
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
8:08
How to prepare for a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
2:49
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Gastro Pros/YouTube
1:26:06
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
4:06
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:47
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
8:46
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
4:18
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Capsule endoscopy
Dr.HH.Krause
Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Euchiasmus
1:15
Preparing for a colonoscopy
AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
Treatment
Digestive System and Medication
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
Digestive System and Medication
Digestive System and Medication
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
How Do Doctors Treat Ulcerative Colitis?
Doctors treat ulcerative colitis with medicines and surgery. Each person experiences ulcerative colitis differently, and doctors recommend treatments based on how severe ulcerative colitis is and how much of the large intestine is affected. Doctors most often treat severe and fulminant ulcerative colitis in a hospital.
Medicines
Doctors prescribe medicines to reduce inflammation in the large intestine and to help bring on and maintain remission—a time when your symptoms disappear. People with ulcerative colitis typically need lifelong treatment with medicines unless they have surgery to remove the colon and rectum.
Which medicines your doctor prescribes will depend on how severe ulcerative colitis is. Ulcerative colitis medicines that reduce inflammation in the large intestine include
aminosalicylates, which doctors prescribe to treat mild or moderate ulcerative colitis or to help people stay in remission.
corticosteroids, also called steroids, which doctors prescribe to treat moderate to severe ulcerative colitis and to treat mild to moderate ulcerative colitis in people who don’t respond to aminosalicylates. Doctors typically don’t prescribe corticosteroids for long-term use or to maintain remission. Long-term use may cause serious side effects.
immunosuppressants, which doctors may prescribe to treat people with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis and help them stay in remission. Doctors may also prescribe immunosuppressants to treat severe ulcerative colitis in people who are hospitalized and don’t respond to other medicines.
biologics, which doctors prescribe to treat people with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis and help them stay in remission.
a novel small molecule medicine, which doctors may prescribe for adults with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis who don’t respond to other medicines or who have severe side effects with other medicines.
Surgery
Your doctor may recommend surgery if you have
colorectal cancer
dysplasia, or precancerous cells that increase the risk for developing colorectal cancer
complications that are life-threatening, such as severe rectal bleeding, toxic megacolon, or perforation of the large intestine
symptoms that don’t improve or stop after treatment with medicines
symptoms that only improve with continuous treatment with corticosteroids, which may cause serious side effects when used for a long time
To treat ulcerative colitis, surgeons typically remove the colon and rectum and change how your body stores and passes stool. The most common types of surgery for ulcerative colitis are
ileoanal reservoir surgery. Surgeons create an internal reservoir, or pouch, from the end part of the small intestine, called the ileum. Surgeons attach the pouch to the anus. Ileoanal reservoir surgery most often requires two or three operations. After the operations, stool will collect in the internal pouch and pass through the anus during bowel movements.
ileostomy. Surgeons attach the end of your ileum to an opening in your abdomen called a stoma. After an ileostomy, stool will pass through the stoma. You’ll use an ostomy pouch—a bag attached to the stoma and worn outside the body—to collect stool.
Surgery may be laparoscopic or open. In laparoscopic surgery, surgeons make small cuts in your abdomen and insert special tools to view, remove, or repair organs and tissues. In open surgery, surgeons make a larger cut to open your abdomen.
If you are considering surgery to treat ulcerative colitis, talk with your doctor or surgeon about what type of surgery might be right for you and the possible risks and benefits.
Doctors most often treat severe and fulminant ulcerative colitis in a hospital.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
New Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
3:27
New Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis - IBD in the News
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Treatment for Symptoms & Complications
Acetaminophen
Image by Paracetamol_acetaminophen_500_mg_pills.jpg: Michelle Tribe from Ottawa, Canada derivative work: Anrie (talk)
Acetaminophen
Paracetamol/acetaminophen pills, 500 mg.
Image by Paracetamol_acetaminophen_500_mg_pills.jpg: Michelle Tribe from Ottawa, Canada derivative work: Anrie (talk)
How Do Doctors Treat Symptoms and Complications of Ulcerative Colitis?
Doctors may recommend or prescribe other treatments for symptoms or complications of ulcerative colitis. Talk with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medicines.
To treat mild pain, doctors may recommend acetaminophen instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). People with ulcerative colitis should avoid taking NSAIDs for pain because these medicines can make symptoms worse.
To prevent or slow loss of bone mass and osteoporosis, doctors may recommend calcium and vitamin D supplements or medicines, if needed. For safety reasons, talk with your doctor before using dietary supplements or any other complementary or alternative medicines or practices.
Doctors most often treat severe complications in a hospital. Doctors may give
antibiotics, if severe ulcerative colitis or complications lead to infection
blood transfusions to treat severe anemia
IV fluids and electrolytes to prevent and treat dehydration
Doctors may treat life-threatening complications with surgery.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Eating, Diet, & Nutrition
Digestive System and Nutrition
Image by TheVisualMD
Digestive System and Nutrition
Digestive System and Nutrition
Image by TheVisualMD
What Should I Eat If I Have Ulcerative Colitis?
If you have ulcerative colitis, you should eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. Talk with your doctor about a healthy eating plan.
Ulcerative colitis symptoms may cause some people to lose their appetite and eat less, and they may not get enough nutrients. In children, a lack of nutrients may play a role in problems with growth and development.
Researchers have not found that specific foods cause ulcerative colitis symptoms, although healthier diets appear to be associated with less risk of developing IBD. Researchers have not found that specific foods worsen ulcerative colitis. Talk with your doctor about any foods that seem to be related to your symptoms. Your doctor may suggest keeping a food diary to help identify foods that seem to make your symptoms worse.
Depending on your symptoms and the medicines you take, your doctor may recommend changes to your diet. Your doctor may also recommend dietary supplements.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
Eating Healthy with Ulcerative Colitis
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
2:18
Eating Healthy with Ulcerative Colitis
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
Complications
What Is Inflammation
Image by TheVisualMD
What Is Inflammation
Inflammation is the body's response to damage. It takes many forms. Chronic inflammation is common in overweight and obese people, because their fat cells manufacture damaging substances that trigger a reaction from the immune system's white blood cells. Keeping track of a key biomarker for inflammation, C-reactive Protein or CRP, helps doctors determine whether an overweight patient is at risk for such conditions as heart disease, dementia, diabetes, cancers, and more.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are the Complications of Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative colitis may lead to complications that develop over time, such as
anemia, a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal. Ulcerative colitis may lead to more than one type of anemia, including iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation or chronic disease.
bone problems, because ulcerative colitis and corticosteroids used to treat the disease can affect the bones. Bone problems include low bone mass, such as osteopenia or osteoporosis.
problems with growth and development in children, such as gaining less weight than normal, slowed growth, short stature, or delayed puberty.
colorectal cancer, because patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis that involves a third or more of the colon are at increased risk and require closer screening.
In some cases, ulcerative colitis may lead to serious complications that develop quickly and can be life-threatening. These complications require treatment at a hospital or emergency surgery. Serious complications include
fulminant ulcerative colitis, which causes extremely severe symptoms, such as more than 10 bloody bowel movements in a day, often with fever, rapid heart rate, and severe anemia. People with fulminant ulcerative colitis have a higher chance of developing other complications, such as toxic megacolon and perforation.
perforation, or a hole in the wall of the large intestine.
severe rectal bleeding, or passing a lot of blood from the rectum. In some cases, people with ulcerative colitis may have severe or heavy rectal bleeding that may require emergency surgery.
toxic megacolon, which occurs when inflammation spreads to the deep tissue layers of the large intestine, and the large intestine swells and stops working.
Severe ulcerative colitis or serious complications may lead to additional problems, such as severe anemia and dehydration. These problems may require treatment at a hospital with blood transfusions or intravenous (IV) fluids and electrolytes.
Health problems affecting other parts of the body
Some people with ulcerative colitis also have inflammation in parts of the body other than the large intestine, including the
joints, causing certain types of arthritis
skin
eyes
liver and bile ducts, causing conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis
People with ulcerative colitis also have a higher risk of blood clots in their blood vessels.
Colorectal cancer
Ulcerative colitis increases the chance of getting colorectal cancer. People have a higher risk for developing colorectal cancer if ulcerative colitis affects more of their large intestine, is more severe, started at a younger age, or has been present for a longer time. People with ulcerative colitis also have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer if they have primary sclerosing cholangitis or have a family history of colorectal cancer.
If you have ulcerative colitis, your doctor may recommend a colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. Screening can check for dysplasia—precancerous cells—or colorectal cancer. Diagnosing cancer early can improve chances for recovery.
For people with ulcerative colitis, doctors typically recommend colonoscopies every 1 to 3 years, starting 8 years after ulcerative colitis started. For people with ulcerative colitis and primary biliary cholangitis, doctors typically recommend colonoscopies every year, starting at diagnosis.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Send this HealthJournal to your friends or across your social medias.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation and ulcers on the inner lining of your large intestine. Ulcerative colitis can develop at any age, but the disease is more likely to develop in people between the ages of 15 and 30. Learn more about ulcerative colitis.