Five main types of cancer affect a woman’s reproductive organs: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. As a group, they are referred to as gynecologic cancers. Learn more about these female reproductive cancers.
Female Abdomen and Pelvis Revealing Internal Organ
Image by TheVisualMD
About
Normal Uterus, Endometriosis, Endometrial Cancer
Image by TheVisualMD
Normal Uterus, Endometriosis, Endometrial Cancer
Normal Uterus, Endometriosis, Endometrial Cancer
Image by TheVisualMD
Gynecologic Cancer
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. When cancer starts in a woman’s reproductive organs, it is called gynecologic cancer. The five main types of gynecologic cancer are: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. (A sixth type of gynecologic cancer is the very rare fallopian tube cancer.)
Of all the gynecologic cancers, only cervical cancer has screening tests that can find this cancer early, when treatment can be most effective. Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs, and learn if there are things you can do to reduce your risk.
There are several ways to treat gynecologic cancer. The treatment depends on the type of cancer and how far it has spread.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Additional Materials (13)
Gynecologic Cancer Education: Genetics & Ovarian Cancer
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness: Mayo Clinic Radio
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Knowledge is Power: Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping for Gynecologic Cancers
Video by Memorial Sloan Kettering/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer: Risks, Screenings, and Treatment
Video by BayCare/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Prevention
Video by University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
About Endometrial Cancer - Dr. Jamie Bakkum-Gamez, Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer
Video by UW Medicine/YouTube
Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
Video by MainMD/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary Wallet Card
Use CDC's Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diaries to track possible symptoms over a two-week timespan.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer Factsheet
This fact sheet about cervical cancer is part of the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Inside Knowledge: About
Gynecologic Cancer campaign. The campaign helps women get
the facts about gynecologic cancer, providing important “inside
knowledge” about their bodies and health.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Uterine Cancer Fact Sheet
Uterine Cancer Fact Sheet
Document by CDC
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary
Use CDC's Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diaries to track possible symptoms over a two-week timespan.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
32:35
Gynecologic Cancer Education: Genetics & Ovarian Cancer
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
18:56
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness: Mayo Clinic Radio
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
0:16
Knowledge is Power: Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
2:11
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping for Gynecologic Cancers
Memorial Sloan Kettering/YouTube
27:26
Gynecologic Cancer: Risks, Screenings, and Treatment
BayCare/YouTube
1:23:08
Gynecologic Cancer Prevention
University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
1:43
About Endometrial Cancer - Dr. Jamie Bakkum-Gamez, Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:58
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer
UW Medicine/YouTube
3:04
Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
MainMD/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary Wallet Card
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer Factsheet
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Uterine Cancer Fact Sheet
CDC
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Female Reproductive Cancers
Female Reproductive Organ Revealing Urethra
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Reproductive Organ Revealing Urethra
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Lateral view of cross-section through the female reproductive organs revealing the urethra. Women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to a shorter urethra. UTIs are caused by growth of bacteria in the bladder, urethra, colon, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Reproductive Cancers
Reproductive cancers start in the organs related to reproduction (sex). These organs are in the pelvis. The pelvis is the area in the lower belly between the hip bones.
Female Reproductive Cancers
There are several reproductive cancers that occur in women. The most common ones are:
Cervical cancer – cancer of the cervix, the lower end of the uterus that extends to the vagina
Ovarian cancer – cancer in the ovaries, the two organs that make female hormones and produce a woman’s eggs
Uterine cancer – cancer in the uterus (womb), the organ where the baby grows when a woman is pregnant
Vaginal cancer – cancer of the vagina, the hollow channel that leads from the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body
Vulvar cancer – cancer of the vulva, the area around the opening of the vagina
Breast cancer – sometimes considered a reproductive cancer, breast cancer is in the tissues of the breast
HPV Vaccine and Cancer Prevention
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. There are many different types of HPV, some that are low-risk and others that are high-risk. Having high-risk strains of HPV can increase a person’s risk of certain reproductive cancers, namely cervical, vaginal and vulvar, and penile cancer.
HPV vaccines are safe and effective. They can protect males and females against diseases and health problems caused by HPV, including genital warts and some cancers.
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
Cote de Pablo for Inside Knowledge Behind-the-Scenes Video (2:05)
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
2:06
Cote de Pablo for Inside Knowledge Behind-the-Scenes Video (2:05)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness
Pelvic Pain
Image by TheVisualMD
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic Pain
Image by TheVisualMD
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness
Learn the symptoms of cancers that start in a woman’s reproductive organs and how to lower your risk.
Gynecologic cancers are cancers of women’s reproductive organs. The five main types are cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancer.
What Are the Symptoms?
These could be symptoms of a gynecologic cancer—
Pelvic pain or pressure that doesn’t go away, and you don’t know why.
Feeling too full, too fast, even when you eat just a little.
Unusual vaginal bleeding, like having longer or heavier periods than what’s normal for you, or bleeding after you’ve gone through menopause.
It is important to pay attention to your body and know what is normal for you, so you can recognize the symptoms of gynecologic cancer. If you notice anything unusual and it goes on for two weeks or longer, see a doctor.
How Can I Lower My Risk?
You can lower your risk for some gynecologic cancers with a vaccine and screening tests.
HPV Vaccine
Some gynecologic cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus. The HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers.
Cervical Cancer Screening Tests
Cervical cancer is the only gynecologic cancer that has recommended screening tests. The Pap test (or Pap smear) and HPV test can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early.
Hereditary Ovarian Cancer
Several hereditary conditions can raise your chance of getting cancer. Two of the most common are hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome. If you have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may have a higher ovarian cancer risk. Talk to your doctor about ways to reduce your risk.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Additional Materials (1)
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness: Mayo Clinic Radio
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
18:56
Gynecologic Cancer Awareness: Mayo Clinic Radio
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
Female Pelvis
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Pelvis
Female Pelvis
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
The upper two-thirds of the uterus is the body or corpus, which has its own diagnostic, staging and treatment guidelines. The lower third of the uterus comprises the cervix. The upper boundary of the cervix is the level of the internal os, a narrowing of the uterus that is also referred to as the isthmus. The internal os is the opening between the cervix and the corpus. The external os is the opening between the cervix and vagina. The cervix has no perimetrium (serosal covering).
Round ligament
Uterus
Uterine cavity
Intestinal surface of Uterus
Versical surface (toward bladder)
Fundus of uterus
Body of uterus
Palmate folds of cervical canal
Cervical canal
Posterior lip
Cervical os (external)
Isthmus of uterus
Supravaginal portion of cervix
Vaginal portion of cervix
Anterior lip
Cervix
Within the cervix itself, the anatomy is subdivided into the endocervix and the exocervix or ectocervix. The upper two-thirds of the cervix (endocervix) contains columnar glandular epithelium. Adenosquamous carcinoma may arise here.
The lower third of the cervix (exocervix or ectocervix) is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium extending onto the lip of the cervix. The midpoint between the exocervix and the endocervix is the squamocolumnar junction, which is visible through a colposcope. The squamocolumnar junction is the most common primary site within the cervix.
The cervix projects into the vagina, and the circular trough formed at the upper end of the vagina around the cervix is the fornix. There are four fornices, two lateral, plus anterior and posterior. The lip or portio (portio vaginalis cervicis) is the portion of the cervix that extends into the vagina.
The Pouch of Douglas (cul-de-sac or rectovaginal septum) is the space between the rectum and the uterus. This is the lowest part of the abdominal cavity.
Source: Anatomy of the Female Pelvis | SEER Training
Additional Materials (4)
The female pelvic organs. Bladder, vagina, uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries
Video by 3D Anatomy Lyon/YouTube
Anatomy of the Uterus | Ovaries | 3D Anatomy Tutorial
Video by Geeky Medics/YouTube
Clinical Reproductive Anatomy - Uterus - 3D Anatomy Tutorial
Video by AnatomyZone/YouTube
How pregnancy changes your pelvis
Video by BabyCenter/YouTube
2:56
The female pelvic organs. Bladder, vagina, uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries
3D Anatomy Lyon/YouTube
11:11
Anatomy of the Uterus | Ovaries | 3D Anatomy Tutorial
Geeky Medics/YouTube
10:10
Clinical Reproductive Anatomy - Uterus - 3D Anatomy Tutorial
AnatomyZone/YouTube
0:59
How pregnancy changes your pelvis
BabyCenter/YouTube
Types
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
HPV is the most common virus that infects the reproductive tract and Cervical cancer is by far the most common disease caused by it.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
What Are the Types of Gynecologic Cancer?
Gynecologic cancer is any cancer that starts in a woman’s reproductive organs. Cancer is always named for the part of the body where it starts. Gynecologic cancers begin in different places within a woman’s pelvis, which is the area below the stomach and in between the hip bones.
This diagram shows different parts of a woman’s reproductive system.
Types of Gynecologic Cancer
Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus. (The uterus is also called the womb.)
Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which are located on each side of the uterus.
Uterine cancer begins in the uterus, the pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis where the baby grows when she is pregnant.
Vaginal cancer begins in the vagina, which is the hollow, tube-like channel between the bottom of the uterus and the outside of the body.
Vulvar cancer begins in the vulva, the outer part of the female genital organs.
Each gynecologic cancer is unique, with different signs and symptoms, different risk factors (things that may increase your chance of getting a disease), and different prevention strategies. All women are at risk for gynecologic cancers, and risk increases with age. When gynecologic cancers are found early, treatment is most effective.
Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Additional Materials (17)
Cancers of the female reproductive system | Cancer Research UK
What Is Vulvar Cancer? - Lynn Kowalski, MD - Gynecologic Oncologist
Video by MountainView Hospital/YouTube
What is Ovarian Cancer: 10 things you should know about ovarian cancer | Cancer Research UK
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Ovarian Cancer | Living Healthy Chicago
Video by LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
Ovarian Cancer | Did You Know?
Video by National Cancer Institute/YouTube
What Is Cervical Cancer? - Joshua G. Cohen, MD | UCLA Obstetrics and Gynecology
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Video by Parents/YouTube
Uterus with Uterine Cancer
The link between endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus) and obesity is very strong. Obese women have two to four times the risk of endometrial cancer as nonobese women, regardless of a woman's menopausal status, and about half of all endometrial cancers are linked to overweight or obesity. It's not clear why this is so, but it may be that long exposure to high levels of hormones, particularly estrogen and insulin, play a part.
What Is Vulvar Cancer? - Lynn Kowalski, MD - Gynecologic Oncologist
MountainView Hospital/YouTube
1:38
What is Ovarian Cancer: 10 things you should know about ovarian cancer | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
4:50
Ovarian Cancer | Living Healthy Chicago
LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
3:27
Ovarian Cancer | Did You Know?
National Cancer Institute/YouTube
4:25
What Is Cervical Cancer? - Joshua G. Cohen, MD | UCLA Obstetrics and Gynecology
UCLA Health/YouTube
7:48
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Parents/YouTube
Uterus with Uterine Cancer
TheVisualMD
Stages of Cervical Cancer
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Stages of Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Stages of Uterine Cancer
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Stages of Vaginal Cancer
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Stages of Vulvar Cancer
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Symptoms
Vaginal Canal
Image by TheVisualMD
Vaginal Canal
Medical visualization of the lumen of the vaginal canal looking back towards the cervix. Far from being a smooth tube, the vagina contains many folds and ridges. During sexual intercourse the sperm that may be deposited within the vaginal canal will benefit from the pH buffering makeup of semen because the vaginal environment is acidic. The vagina also produces lubrication to make penetration less difficult during intercourse. The vaginal opening, seen in this view in the extreme foreground, tightens involuntarily as intercourse progresses.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are the Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancer?
It is important to pay attention to your body and know what is normal for you, so you can recognize the warning signs or symptoms of gynecologic cancer (cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers).
If you have vaginal bleeding that is unusual for you, talk to a doctor right away. Any vaginal bleeding after menopause needs to be reported to your doctor. If you have not yet gone through menopause but notice that your periods are heavier, last longer than normal for you, or if you’re having unusual bleeding between periods, talk to your doctor.
You should also see a doctor if you have any other warning signs that last for two weeks or longer and are not normal for you. Symptoms may be caused by something other than cancer, but the only way to know is to see a doctor.
Signs and symptoms are not the same for everyone, and each gynecologic cancer has its own signs and symptoms.
Table showing the symptoms of cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge is common on all gynecologic cancers except vulvar cancer.
Feeling full too quickly or difficulty eating, bloating, and abdominal or back pain are common only for ovarian cancer.
Pelvic pain or pressure is common for ovarian and uterine cancers.
More frequent or urgent need to urinate and/or constipation are common for ovarian and vaginal cancers.
Itching, burning, pain, or tenderness of the vulva, and changes in vulva color or skin, such as a rash, sores, or warts, are found only in vulvar cancer.
Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Additional Materials (6)
Not Just Words PSA (:60)
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Knowledge is Power: Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer
Video by UW Medicine/YouTube
Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
Video by MainMD/YouTube
Ovarian Cancer Symptoms, Detection & Screening | Memorial Sloan Kettering
Video by Memorial Sloan Kettering/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary
Use CDC's Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diaries to track possible symptoms over a two-week timespan.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1:00
Not Just Words PSA (:60)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:16
Knowledge is Power: Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
2:58
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer
UW Medicine/YouTube
3:04
Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
MainMD/YouTube
7:57
Ovarian Cancer Symptoms, Detection & Screening | Memorial Sloan Kettering
Memorial Sloan Kettering/YouTube
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms Diary
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Treatment
Last Chemo Today
Image by Sgerbic
/Wikimedia
Last Chemo Today
After 20 weeks and 17 treatments, this was the last one December 2013.
Image by Sgerbic
/Wikimedia
How Are Gynecologic Cancers Treated?
If your doctor says that you have a gynecologic cancer, ask to be referred to a gynecologic oncologist—a doctor who has been trained to treat cancers of a woman’s reproductive system. This doctor will work with you to create a treatment plan.
Types of Treatment
Gynecologic cancers are treated in several ways. It depends on the kind of cancer and how far it has spread. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Women with a gynecologic cancer often get more than one kind of treatment.
Surgery: Doctors remove cancer tissue in an operation.
Chemotherapy: Using special medicines to shrink or kill the cancer. The drugs can be pills you take or medicines given in your veins, or sometimes both.
Radiation: Using high-energy rays (similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer.
Different treatments may be provided by different doctors on your medical team.
Gynecologic oncologists are doctors who are trained to treat cancers of a woman’s reproductive system.
Surgeons are doctors who perform operations.
Medical oncologists are doctors who treat cancer with medicine.
Radiation oncologists are doctors who treat cancer with radiation.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Complementary and alternative medicine are medicines and health practices that are not standard cancer treatments. Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard treatments, and alternative medicine is used instead of standard treatments. Meditation, yoga, and supplements like vitamins and herbs are some examples.
Many kinds of complementary and alternative medicine have not been tested scientifically and may not be safe. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits before you start any kind of complementary or alternative medicine.
Which Treatment Is Right for Me?
Choosing the treatment that is right for you may be hard. Talk to your cancer doctor about the treatment options available for your type and stage of cancer. Your doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment and their side effects. Side effects are how your body reacts to drugs or other treatments.
Sometimes people get an opinion from more than one cancer doctor. This is called a “second opinion.” Getting a second opinion may help you choose the treatment that is right for you.
Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Additional Materials (4)
Gynecologic Cancer: Risks, Screenings, and Treatment
Video by BayCare/YouTube
Surgical Treatment for Ovarian Cancer Video – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Video by Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
Immunotherapy shows promise in cervical cancer treatment
Video by CBS Evening News/YouTube
Treatment of Cervical Cancer - Joshua G. Cohen, MD | UCLA Obstetrics and Gynecology
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
27:26
Gynecologic Cancer: Risks, Screenings, and Treatment
BayCare/YouTube
4:17
Surgical Treatment for Ovarian Cancer Video – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
2:21
Immunotherapy shows promise in cervical cancer treatment
CBS Evening News/YouTube
5:23
Treatment of Cervical Cancer - Joshua G. Cohen, MD | UCLA Obstetrics and Gynecology
UCLA Health/YouTube
Prevention
HPV Vaccine
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
HPV Vaccine
About 80 million people are infected with HPV right now in the United States. Vaccines are currently available for both males and females to help prevent the virus, which can be linked to various cancers, such as cervical cancer.
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Gynecologic Cancer?
Each type of gynecologic cancer (cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers) has different risk factors, and risk increases with age.
HPV Vaccine
Cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common sexually transmitted infection. The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers.
HPV vaccination is recommended for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, but can be given starting at age 9.
HPV vaccine also is recommended for everyone through age 26 years, if they are not vaccinated already.
HPV vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. HPV vaccination in this age range provides less benefit, as more people have already been exposed to HPV.
If vaccination is started before age 15, a two-dose schedule is recommended, with the doses given 6 to 12 months apart. For people who start the series after their 15th birthday, the vaccine is given in a series of three shots.
HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections, but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why the HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. You should get screened for cervical cancer regularly, even if you received an HPV vaccine.
Screening Tests
Screening is when a test is used to look for a disease before there are any symptoms. Cancer screening tests are effective when they can find disease early, which can lead to more effective treatment. (Diagnostic tests are used when a person has symptoms. The purpose of diagnostic tests is to find out, or diagnose, what is causing the symptoms.)
Pap Test
Of all the gynecologic cancers, only cervical cancer has a screening test—the Pap test—that can find this cancer early, when treatment works best. The Pap test also helps prevent cervical cancer by finding precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately.
HPV Test
A test called the HPV test looks for HPV infection. It can be used for screening women aged 30 years and older.
Recognize the Warning Signs
Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs and learn if there are things you can do to reduce your risk.
Talk with Your Doctor If You Believe You Are at Increased Risk
Learn your family’s health history of breast or ovarian cancer, your doctor may recommend genetic counseling and testing. It is useful for a small percentage of women who have a family history of these cancers. It is not recommended for all women, but it is important for all women to know and tell their doctors about their family history. Talk with your doctor if you believe that you are at increased risk for gynecologic cancer. Ask what you might do to lower your risk and whether there are tests that you should have.
Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Additional Materials (10)
Pap smears vs HPV testing and cervical cancer detection
Video by Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Screening for Cervical Cancer: Pap Test (English)
Video by ScreeningBC/YouTube
HPV test vs. Pap smear: Mayo Clinic Radio
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Pap test
Pap & HPV Testing: HPV, the Human Papillomavirus, is a sexually transmitted virus which 8 out of 10 women get by the time they are 50 years old. Usually there are no symptoms and it often goes away on its own. However, when an undetected HPV infection lasts for years, it can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix, which can sometimes lead to cervical cancer. Screening often involves two tests, a Pap test and an HPV test. A Pap test detects abnormal cell growth and can also tell if infections like herpes and yeast are present. An HPV test screens for high-risk HPV infections that are associated with abnormal cell growth. Co-testing refers to when Pap and HPV tests are collected at the same time and can be an important part of protecting your health.
Video by TheVisualMD
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Video by Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
Cervical Cancer Screening Saves Lives
Video by My Doctor - Kaiser Permanente/YouTube
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Video by Healthcare Triage/YouTube
Cervical Cancer, HPV, and Pap Test, Animation
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Video by Parents/YouTube
3:40
Pap smears vs HPV testing and cervical cancer detection
Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
1:50
Screening for Cervical Cancer: Pap Test (English)
ScreeningBC/YouTube
7:22
HPV test vs. Pap smear: Mayo Clinic Radio
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:57
Pap test
TheVisualMD
2:13
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
3:30
Cervical Cancer Screening Saves Lives
My Doctor - Kaiser Permanente/YouTube
6:52
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Healthcare Triage/YouTube
4:05
Cervical Cancer, HPV, and Pap Test, Animation
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
1:31
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
7:48
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Parents/YouTube
Pap Smear
Pap Smear
Also called: Papanicolaou Smear, Cervical Smear, Cervical Cytology, Vaginal Cytology, Cervical Screening, Gynecologic Pap Test, Pap Smear
A Pap smear is a routine test that looks for abnormal cells in the cervix (the uppermost portion of the vagina). Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cervical cancer.
Pap Smear
Also called: Papanicolaou Smear, Cervical Smear, Cervical Cytology, Vaginal Cytology, Cervical Screening, Gynecologic Pap Test, Pap Smear
A Pap smear is a routine test that looks for abnormal cells in the cervix (the uppermost portion of the vagina). Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cervical cancer.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A negative or normal test result is reported as "Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy". However, a negative report may also note benign findings such as infections or inflammation.
Related conditions
A Pap smear is a test to screen for cervical cancer. If cervical cancer is found and treated early, there is a better chance it can be cured. This type of cancer starts in the cells of the cervix. Your cervix is the lower part of your uterus, the place where a developing baby grows during pregnancy. The cervix opens into your vagina.
Cervical cancer develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes in which abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue. This is called dysplasia. Over time, if not destroyed or removed, the abnormal cells may become cancer cells. They can grow and spread into other parts of the cervix and the areas around it.
During a Pap smear, your health care provider collects cells from your cervix and sends them to a lab. There, the cells are checked under a microscope for cancer or signs that they are abnormal and may become cancer. Cells that may become cancer are called precancerous cells. Finding and treating precancerous cells can help prevent cervical cancer.
The Pap smear is also a reliable way to find cancer early, when it's easier to treat. A pap smear may also find certain infections or inflammation.
Other names for a Pap smear: Pap test, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, vaginal smear technique
A Pap smear looks for abnormal changes in cervical cells before they become cancer. Sometimes, the cells collected during a Pap smear are also checked for HPV (human papillomaviruses). HPV is the name of a group of related viruses, some of which can spread through sexual contact. HPV can cause cell changes that may lead to cancer, including in the cervix. Long-lasting infections with high-risk types of HPV cause almost all cervical cancers. So if you have a cervix and are infected with these types of HPV, you have a higher risk of getting cervical cancer.
Pap smears and HPV tests are cervical cancer screening tests that look for cancer before you have any symptoms. Cervical cancer screening can reduce your risk of getting cervical cancer or dying from the disease. Ask your provider which test is right for you or if you should have both a Pap smear and an HPV test.
Your age and health history will help determine how often you should have a Pap smear. If you have a cervix, it's recommended that you have your first Pap smear at age 21.
If you're between ages 21 and 29 and your last Pap test result was normal:
Your provider may say you can wait three years until your next Pap test.
At age 25, you should begin screening with an HPV test and have them every five years through age 65.
If you're between ages 30 and 65 and your last Pap smear result was normal:
Your provider may say you can wait three years until your next Pap smear.
If you also had a normal HPV test result, your provider may say that you can wait five years until your next test.
If you had an HPV test and a Pap smear, called co-testing, and had normal results for both, your provider may say that you can wait five years until your next test.
If you're over age 65, talk with your provider about whether you still need Pap smears. If you've had regular screenings with normal results, they may tell you that you don't need Pap smears anymore.
You don't need cervical cancer screening if you had a total hysterectomy (surgery to remove your uterus and cervix) because of a condition that was not cancer. But if your hysterectomy was related to cervical cancer or precancer, ask your provider whether you need screening.
If you are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer, your provider may recommend screening more often. You may be at higher risk if you:
Had an abnormal HPV test, Pap smear, or cervical biopsy in the recent past.
Have had a diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Have HIV. You may also need screenings after age 65.
Have a weakened immune system.
Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between the years 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages. It was later linked to an increased risk of certain cancers in the female children exposed to it before birth.
If you're under age 21, cervical cancer screening is not recommended. Your risk of cervical cancer is very low. Also, any changes in cervical cells will likely go away on their own.
If you are unsure whether you need a Pap smear, talk with your provider.
During a Pap smear:
You will be asked to undress completely or from the waist down.
You will lie on an exam table with your knees bent and your heels in footrests called stirrups.
Your provider will gently insert a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum into your vagina. This helps to widen your vagina so that your cervix can be seen. This may cause a feeling of cramping or pressure.
Your provider will then use a small, soft brush or swab to collect cells from the cervix. This doesn't usually hurt.
The cell sample is sent to a lab for examination under a microscope.
A Pap smear is often done as part of a pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your provider examines your uterus, ovaries, and genital area. But a pelvic exam doesn't always include a Pap smear. So, when you have a pelvic exam, ask your provider whether you'll have a Pap smear, too.
You should not have a Pap smear while you are having your period because this may affect your results. A good time to have the test is about five days after the last day of your period. For two days before your test, you should not:
Use tampons
Use birth control foam, jelly, or cream
Use other creams or medicines in your vagina
Douche (rinse the vagina with water or other fluid)
Have vaginal sex
You may feel some mild discomfort during a Pap smear and have some very light bleeding afterward, but there are no known risks to having a Pap smear.
A Pap smear test could have the following results:
Normal or "negative" result, which usually means that no abnormal changes were found in your cervix cells. Your provider may tell you that you can wait three years for your next test. If you also had a normal HPV test result, you may be able to wait five years for your next test, depending on your age and medical history.
Unsatisfactory results, which may mean that the lab sample did not have enough cells, or the cells may have been clumped together or hidden by mucus. Your provider may ask you to come in for another test in a few months.
Unclear results, which may mean that your cells look abnormal, but it's unclear if it's due to HPV. Unclear results could also be related to pregnancy, menopause, or an infection. An HPV test may help to find out if unclear results are due to HPV. Your provider will let you know if other tests need to be done.
Abnormal or "positive" result, which usually means that abnormal changes were found in your cervical cells. Most of the time, abnormal results do not mean you have cervical cancer. Minor changes in the cells usually go back to normal on their own. But your provider may recommend a follow-up test to check. More serious cell changes may turn into cancer if they are not removed. Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cancer from developing.
A Pap smear doesn't diagnose cancer. It's also possible to receive a false-positive result, in which your results appear abnormal, but there are no precancerous or cancerous cells. Or you could have a false-negative, which happens when your results appear normal but there are precancer or cancerous cells.
Talk with your provider to learn what your Pap smear results mean. If they are concerned about your results, they may perform a colposcopy. This is an exam that uses a special magnifying instrument to look closely at your cervix to help diagnose or rule out cervical cancer.
Pap Smear: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Sep 25, 2024]
Definition of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
192005: Gynecologic Pap Test, Liquid-based Preparation | LabCorp [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Abnormal-Cervical-Cancer-Screening-Test-Results [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Understanding Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Results [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (19)
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Video by Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
Cervical Dysplasia (Gynecology - Pap Smear)
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Pap Smear showing Chlamydia
Human pap smear showing Chlamydia in the vacuoles at 500x and stained with H&E.
Image by Dr. Lance Liotta Laboratory / Unknown Photographer
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Pap Test: Pap Smear (Pap Test)
A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer as well as a number of different types of infections. The test involves collecting cells from the cervix. A speculum is inserted into the vagina, and samples of cervical cells are collected and examined under a microscope for abnormalities. Detecting cervical cancer early with a Pap smear gives women a greater chance of being cured. A Pap smear can also detect changes in cervical cells that suggest cancer may develop in the future. The Pap smear is usually done in conjunction with a pelvic exam. In women over 30, the Pap smear may be combined with a test for human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection that may cause cervical cancer in some women.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap Test: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact. It may cause genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually. However, only a small subset of these strains are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. HPV vaccines are available for both men and women to prevent infection by some of the more dangerous virus strains associated with the development of cervical cancer.
Image by TheVisualMD
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HPV E6 E7 mRNA and Pap Tests
HPV E6 E7 mRNA and Pap Tests: Pap tests (ie, cervical cytology) are the most common way to screen for cervical cancer and routine Pap testing is credited with widely reducing the incidence of cervical cancer since the tests implementation. Pap tests are, however, limited by their relatively low sensitivity and specificity.Studies suggest that testing for high-risk HPV DNA is a more sensitive method of determining a woman`s risk of developing cervical cancer. Though current high-risk HPV DNA testing methods provide adequate sensitivity, specificity is lacking, which can lead to false-positive results and unnecessary invasive procedures such as colposcopy and biopsy. Its important for every woman to talk to her doctor about what tests are right for her.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap smears vs HPV testing and cervical cancer detection
Video by Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Risk Factors for Cancer: Virus : Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid the virus responsible for genital HPV infection one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Often asymptomatic genital HPV infection is spread through genital skin-to-skin contact causes genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer as well as some cases of anal rectal and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV and more than 40 of these are transmitted sexually; however only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. Consistent condom use has been shown to reduce the risk of HPV infection by as much as 70% but condoms do not protect all anatomy vulnerable to the virus. Vaccines that can prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains are widely available.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap Smear
A female Caucasian scientist examining pap smears under the microscope.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Bill Branson (Photographer)
Sensitive content
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Pap Smear Laser
One of the many uses for the laser in medical research is as a light source to detect premalignant and malignant cells in a Pap smear. Gynecologic cells passing in a stream through the laser beam where each cell is analyzed. Abnormal-appearing cells can be sorted from the rest of the cells and later examined by a pathologist for evidence of cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecological cancer. Women with clear cell endometrial cancer, a rare type of endometrial cancer, generally have poorer clinical outcomes
Image by Darryl Leja, NHGRI
Advanced Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of advanced cancerous cell growth of cervix. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 3 of 3.
Image by TheVisualMD
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Healthy Cervix
The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus where it joins with the top of the vagina. The opening of the the cervix into the vagina is called the external os, and can vary in appearance from a small, circular opening in women who have not given birth, to a wider, more slit-like opening in women who have had children. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Women should be screened for cellular changes of the cervix with a pap smear as part of a regular pelvic exam. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that are often sexually transmitted. Most infections clear up quickly and cause few problems, though HPV can cause genital warts. Infection by certain types of HPV, however, can lead to cervical cancer. In 2006, the FDA approved an HPV vaccine (Gardisil) that protects against viral types that cause most cases of cervical cancer as well as genital warts. Public health experts recommend routine vaccination for girls ages 11-12 to ensure vaccine effectiveness.
Image by TheVisualMD
Studying Cells
These uterine cervix cells, viewed through a light microscope, were obtained from a Pap smear. Normal cells are on the left. The cells on the right are infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Notice that the infected cells are larger; also, two of these cells each have two nuclei instead of one, the normal number. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman, MD; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
Image by CNX Openstax
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Anterior view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
Normal Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of healthy cervical cells. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 3.
Image by TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
Medical visualization of a lateral cross-section of a healthy cervix, as well as the uterus and vagina. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 2.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
Image by TheVisualMD
2:13
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
6:01
Cervical Dysplasia (Gynecology - Pap Smear)
Med Twice/YouTube
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Pap Smear showing Chlamydia
Dr. Lance Liotta Laboratory / Unknown Photographer
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TheVisualMD
3:40
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Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
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National Cancer Institute / Bill Branson (Photographer)
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Pap Smear Laser
National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
Endometrial Cancer
Darryl Leja, NHGRI
Advanced Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Healthy Cervix
TheVisualMD
Studying Cells
CNX Openstax
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Normal Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Also called: HPV, HPV DNA, High-risk HPV, HPV Genotyping
An HPV test looks for high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in women. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Most infections aren't serious. But some high-risk HPV infections can cause cervical and other types of cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Also called: HPV, HPV DNA, High-risk HPV, HPV Genotyping
An HPV test looks for high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in women. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Most infections aren't serious. But some high-risk HPV infections can cause cervical and other types of cancer.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
A negative HPV test means that no "high-risk" HPV strains were found in the tissue sample. It is recommended that women age 30 and older have an HPV test with their pelvic exam and Pap test. If both tests are negative, they should be repeated every 5 years.
Related conditions
{"label":"HPV genotyping reference range","description":"This test looks for HPV-16 and HPV-18, the HPV strains associated with the highest risk of HPV-associated cancer. Testing may include other high-risk HPV types. HPV genotyping is usually done following abnormal Pap smear test results.","scale":"lin","step":0.25,"items":[{"flag":"negative","label":{"short":"Negative","long":"Negative","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":1},"text":"A negative result indicates the absence of HPV DNA of the targeted genotypes (HPV-16 and HPV-18). Women with a negative HPV-16 and HPV-18 result, negative Pap smear, but positive high-risk HPV test result should consider repeat testing by both Pap smear and HPV testing in 12 months.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"positive","label":{"short":"Positive","long":"Positive","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":2},"text":"A positive result indicates the presence of HPV DNA of the targeted genotypes (HPV-16 and HPV-18). Women positive for HPV-16 and\/or HPV-18 having a negative Pap smear may be referred for colposcopy.","conditions":["High-risk HPV"]}],"hideunits":true,"value":0.5}[{"negative":0},{"positive":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
A negative result indicates the absence of HPV DNA of the targeted genotypes (HPV-16 and HPV-18). Women with a negative HPV-16 and HPV-18 result, negative Pap smear, but positive high-risk HPV test result should consider repeat testing by both Pap smear and HPV testing in 12 months.
Related conditions
HPV stands for human papillomavirus. There are many types of HPVs. Some of them are spread through close skin-to-skin touching during sex with a person who has the virus. These HPVs are the most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
Certain types of HPV cause genital warts. Other types, called "high-risk HPV," can cause cancer, especially cancer of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus where a baby grows during pregnancy. Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV. That means if you have a cervix and are infected with certain types of HPV, you have a higher risk of getting cervical cancer.
HPV tests use a sample of cells from your cervix to look for signs of infection with high-risk HPVs that can lead to cervical cancer. Knowing whether you have HPV helps your healthcare provider understand your risk for developing cervical cancer. If you have an HPV infection, you can discuss whether you need other tests and how often you should be checked for cervical cancer.
Usually, your immune system gets rid of an HPV infection naturally within two years without causing any health problems. But in certain cases, high-risk HPV infections can stay in the body for many years, even decades. These long-lasting infections can lead to cancer.
The test is used to check a sample of cervical cells for signs of infection with high-risk HPV that can lead to cervical cancer. The test is often done at the same time as a Pap smear, which is a test that checks cervical cells for abnormal changes caused by HPV. When an HPV test and a Pap smear are done at the same time, it's called an HPV/Pap cotest.
An HPV test may also be used to make treatment decisions after a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer. This cancer grows in the back of the throat, including the tonsils and the base of the tongue. It is mostly caused by HPV. Oropharyngeal cancer from HPV has its own treatment and usually has a better chance of recovery than other throat cancers.
You may need an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer if you:
Had an abnormal result on a Pap smear. An HPV test can show whether HPV caused the abnormal changes in your cervical cells.
Are age 30 through 65. An HPV test alone or an HPV/Pap cotest is recommended every five years as long as you have had normal test results.
If you are between ages 21 and 29, you should have a Pap smear every three years. But you don't need HPV testing if your Pap smear results are normal. While HPV infections are common in this age group, they usually clear up on their own within a year or two without causing any problems. Some medical experts recommend starting HPV testing at age 25 and getting tested every 5 years if your last test was normal.
If you have a high risk for developing cervical cancer, you may need to get tested more often. Your risk may be higher if you:
Had an abnormal HPV test, Pap smear, or cervical biopsy in the recent past
Have HIV
Have a weakened immune system
Have had cervical cancer
Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages. It was later linked to an increased risk of certain cancers in the female children exposed to it before birth.
Ask your provider which cervical cancer screening test is right for you and how often you should be tested.
If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have.
If you're getting an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer, you will lie on an exam table. Your provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to widen the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a small, soft brush or swab to collect cells from the cervix. The cell sample is sent to a lab for testing.
HPV testing is often done as part of a routine pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your provider examines your uterus, ovaries, and genital area. But a pelvic exam doesn't always include an HPV test. So, when you have a pelvic exam, ask your provider whether you'll have and HPV test, too.
At-home tests to screen for cervical HPV are available. These kits provide a special swab so you can collect a sample of cells from your cervix and vagina to send to a lab. Talk with your provider if you are considering at-home HPV testing.
If you have oropharyngeal cancer, you probably won't need another test to find out whether HPV caused your cancer. That's because oropharyngeal cancer is usually diagnosed by examining a sample of throat tissue that's removed during a biopsy. The tissue sample is usually checked for HPV, too.
You should not have the test while you are having your period. For two days before your test, you should not:
Use tampons
Use birth control foam, jelly, or cream
Use other creams or medicines in the vagina
Douche (rinse the vagina with water or other fluid)
Have vaginal sex
For an at-home test, be sure to read all the instructions before you collect your sample.
You may feel some mild discomfort when the cervical cells are collected. Afterward, you may have some very light bleeding. But there are no known risks to an HPV test.
Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again.
Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer.
A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future.
There's no treatment to get rid of an HPV infection. So, the next steps will depend on your risk for developing cervical cancer. To estimate your risk, your provider will consider past test results, your age, and other health conditions you have or have had.
Your provider may suggest other tests to check your cervical cells for abnormal changes. You may also need more frequent HPV tests or HPV/Pap cotests.
The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.
The vaccine works best when it's given before a person has any exposure to the virus. That's why it's recommended for children before they become sexually active.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that 11 to 12-year-olds have two shots of HPV vaccine 6 to 12 months apart. But the vaccine can be given as early as age 9. Ask your child's provider about when to vaccinate your child against HPV.
Teens and young adults who get their first HPV shot between ages 15 and 26 need to have 3 doses. If you're over 26 and haven't been vaccinated, talk with your provider about the possible benefits of vaccination.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [accessed on Aug 08, 2023]
HPV DNA test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 08, 2019]
500306: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) High- and Low-risk... | LabCorp [accessed on Jan 08, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (8)
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Pap & HPV Testing
HPV, the Human Papillomavirus, is a sexually transmitted virus which 8 out of 10 women get by the time they are 50 years old. Usually there are no symptoms and it often goes away on its own. However, when an undetected HPV infection lasts for years, it can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix, which can sometimes lead to cervical cancer. Screening often involves two tests, a Pap test and an HPV test. A Pap test detects abnormal cell growth and can also tell if infections like herpes and yeast are present. An HPV test screens for high-risk HPV infections that are associated with abnormal cell growth. Co-testing refers to when Pap and HPV tests are collected at the same time and can be an important part of protecting your health.
Video by TheVisualMD
Cervical Cancer - Treatment Options by Stage
Location of cervical cancer and an example of normal and abnormal cells
Image by Blausen Medical Communications, Inc.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Anterior view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
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Freezing of Abnormal Tissue in the Cervix
Medical visualization of an anterior view of pre-cancerous cells on the cervix being frozen via cryotherapy. During cryosurgery, probes deliver liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -50 degrees Celsius to the surface of the cervix to freeze and destroy abnormal cervical tissue. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
Medical visualization of a lateral cross-section of a healthy cervix, as well as the uterus and vagina. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 2.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cervix Infected with Cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that are often sexually transmitted (half of all sexually active men and women are infected with HPV at some point in their lives). Most infections clear up quickly and cause few problems, though HPV can cause genital warts. Infection by certain types of HPV, however, can lead to cervical cancer. More than a dozen HPV types are considered \"high risk\" for cervical cancer, two of them are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers; genetic and environmental risk factors also play roles. The human papillomavirus (HPV) test is like a Pap test in that it involves the collection of cells from the cervix for analysis; the cell sample is taken with a special swab or brush during a pelvic examination. But while a Pap test is designed to spot abnormal cells, which often indicate an HPV infection, it cannot distinguish among different HPV types. An HPV test uses DNA techniques to determine whether an HPV infection has been caused by one of the viral types that lead to an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Image by TheVisualMD
HPV, Cancer Cells
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that infect skin and mucous membranes; there are 30-40 types that are transmitted sexually. More than a dozen HPV types are considered high risk for cervical cancer, but just two of these types are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. It isn't clear how HPV triggers cancer; evidence of the virus is found in nearly all cases, but most women infected with HPV never develop cervical cancer. Genetic and environmental risk factors also play roles
Image by TheVisualMD
2:41
Pap & HPV Testing
TheVisualMD
Cervical Cancer - Treatment Options by Stage
Blausen Medical Communications, Inc.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Freezing of Abnormal Tissue in the Cervix
TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
TheVisualMD
Cervix Infected with Cancer
TheVisualMD
HPV, Cancer Cells
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Also called: Gardasil®, Gardasil® 9
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus. The vaccine is given to individuals 9 through 45 years of age to help protect against diseases caused by nine high-risk types of HPV (Gardasil 9).
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Also called: Gardasil®, Gardasil® 9
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus. The vaccine is given to individuals 9 through 45 years of age to help protect against diseases caused by nine high-risk types of HPV (Gardasil 9).
HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus.
HPV infections can cause certain types of cancers, including:
cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers in women
penile cancer in men
anal cancers in both men and women
cancers of tonsils, base of tongue, and back of throat (oropharyngeal cancer) in both men and women
HPV infections can also cause anogenital warts.
HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of cancers caused by HPV.
HPV is spread through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. HPV infections are so common that nearly all people will get at least one type of HPV at some time in their lives. Most HPV infections go away on their own within 2 years. But sometimes HPV infections will last longer and can cause cancers later in life.
HPV vaccine is routinely recommended for adolescents at 11 or 12 years of age to ensure they are protected before they are exposed to the virus. HPV vaccine may be given beginning at age 9 years and vaccination is recommended for everyone through 26 years of age.
HPV vaccine may be given to adults 27 through 45 years of age, based on discussions between the patient and health care provider.
Most children who get the first dose before 15 years of age need 2 doses of HPV vaccine. People who get the first dose at or after 15 years of age and younger people with certain immunocompromising conditions need 3 doses. Your health care provider can give you more information.
HPV vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.
Tell your vaccination provider if the person getting the vaccine:
Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of HPV vaccine, or has any severe, life-threatening allergies
Is pregnant—HPV vaccine is not recommended until after pregnancy
In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone HPV vaccination until a future visit.
People with minor illnesses, such as a cold, may be vaccinated. People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting HPV vaccine.
Your health care provider can give you more information.
Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot is given can happen after HPV vaccination.
Fever or headache can happen after HPV vaccination.
People sometimes faint after medical procedures, including vaccination. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy or have vision changes or ringing in the ears.
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.
An allergic reaction could occur after the vaccinated person leaves the clinic. If you see signs of a severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, or weakness), call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital.
For other signs that concern you, call your health care provider.
Adverse reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your health care provider will usually file this report, or you can do it yourself. Visit the VAERS website or call 1-800-822-7967. VAERS is only for reporting reactions, and VAERS staff members do not give medical advice.
Vaccine Information Statement | HPV | VIS | CDC [accessed on Aug 06, 2021]
GARDASIL 9 (human papillomavirus 9-valent vaccine, recombinant) injection, suspension [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
GARDASIL (human papillomavirus quadrivalent (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine, recombinant) injection, suspension [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
Human Papillomavirus 9 Valent (Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) Vaccine, Recombinant. AIDSinfo/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine . MedlinePlus/AHFS® Drug Information. [accessed on Oct 29, 2018]
FDA NEWS RELEASE: FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old [accessed on Oct 05, 2018]
These FAQs provide a summary of the most important information about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine. If you would like more information or have any questions, talk to your healthcare provider.
Additional Materials (47)
HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens
HPV vaccination is recommended at ages 11-12 to protect against cancers caused by HPV infection.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
HPV Adolescent Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
HPV vaccination provides safe, effective, and long-lasting protection against cancers caused by HPV.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer and HPV
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Improving HPV Vaccination Rates Will Help Save Lives
The HPV vaccine Gardasil 9® protects against infection with nine HPV types: the two low-risk HPV types that cause most genital warts, plus the seven high-risk HPV types that cause most HPV-related cancers.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Preventing HPV Infection with HPV Vaccination
The HPV vaccine Gardasil 9® protects against infection with nine HPV types: the two low-risk HPV types that cause most genital warts, plus the seven high-risk HPV types that cause most HPV-related cancers.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
HPV is the most common virus that infects the reproductive tract and Cervical cancer is by far the most common disease caused by it.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
Vaccines
Thanks to a vaccine, one of the most terrible diseases in history – smallpox – no longer exists outside the laboratory. Over the years, vaccine have prevented countless cases of disease and saved millions of lives.
Image by Courtesy photo
HPV Vaccine
About 80 million people are infected with HPV right now in the United States. Vaccines are currently available for both males and females to help prevent the virus, which can be linked to various cancers, such as cervical cancer.
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Video by Healthcare Triage/YouTube
Should You Get the HPV Vaccine?
Video by DocMikeEvans/YouTube
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
HPV in the spotlight as a cause of oral cancers
Video by News Direct/YouTube
Mayo Clinic Minute: Protect your child with HPV vaccine
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Video by Parents/YouTube
Talking with Parents Who Refuse HPV Vaccine – One Pediatrician’s View
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
HPV Vaccine: My Recommendation as a Doctor and a Parent
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
The HPV Vaccine | Why Parents Really Choose to Refuse
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
How the HPV vaccine works
Video by WHO Regional Office for Europe/YouTube
HPV vaccine: Help your kids prevent cancer
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
Does the HPV Vaccine Prevent Cancer? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Can the HPV Vaccine Cause Infertility? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Why Do 11-12 Year Olds Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
What Diseases Are Caused by HPV? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Do Boys Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Is My Child Too Young to Get the HPV Vaccine? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Can a single injection prevent cervical cancer? | NHS Behind the headlines
Video by NHS/YouTube
Who Should Be Getting the HPV Vaccine Now?
Video by Medscape/YouTube
How the HPV vaccine works
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
Should You Get The HPV Vaccine?
Video by Seeker/YouTube
FDA OKs HPV vaccine to age 45
Video by UW Medicine/YouTube
Are There Different HPV Vaccines?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV vaccination for teenagers
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
What is HPV: Your questions about HPV and the HPV vaccine answered | Cancer Research UK
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Can I Still Get HPV Vaccine if I’m Older?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention Talk
Video by Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Cervical Cancer
Video by Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
A boys' guide to the HPV vaccine
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Video by NEJMvideo/YouTube
Dr. Nita Lee on the HPV Vaccine & Cervical Cancer
Video by UChicago Medicine/YouTube
If I already had the HPV vaccine, do I need the HPV-9 vaccine?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 1
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
HPV vaccination: Risk factors, sexual history shouldn't guide decisions about it
Video by Michigan Medicine/YouTube
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 3
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
Merck’s 9-Valent HPV Vaccine, GARDASIL®9 ...
Video by BusinessWire/YouTube
HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
HPV Adolescent Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer and HPV
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Improving HPV Vaccination Rates Will Help Save Lives
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Preventing HPV Infection with HPV Vaccination
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
Scientific Animations, Inc.
Vaccines
Courtesy photo
HPV Vaccine
U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
6:52
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Healthcare Triage/YouTube
8:47
Should You Get the HPV Vaccine?
DocMikeEvans/YouTube
1:31
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
0:33
HPV in the spotlight as a cause of oral cancers
News Direct/YouTube
1:00
Mayo Clinic Minute: Protect your child with HPV vaccine
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
7:48
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Parents/YouTube
1:31
Talking with Parents Who Refuse HPV Vaccine – One Pediatrician’s View
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:31
HPV Vaccine: My Recommendation as a Doctor and a Parent
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
4:45
The HPV Vaccine | Why Parents Really Choose to Refuse
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
2:48
How the HPV vaccine works
WHO Regional Office for Europe/YouTube
1:28
HPV vaccine: Help your kids prevent cancer
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
0:47
Does the HPV Vaccine Prevent Cancer? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:52
Can the HPV Vaccine Cause Infertility? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:53
Why Do 11-12 Year Olds Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:54
What Diseases Are Caused by HPV? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:46
Do Boys Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:45
Is My Child Too Young to Get the HPV Vaccine? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
1:27
Can a single injection prevent cervical cancer? | NHS Behind the headlines
NHS/YouTube
1:51
Who Should Be Getting the HPV Vaccine Now?
Medscape/YouTube
3:05
How the HPV vaccine works
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
3:48
Should You Get The HPV Vaccine?
Seeker/YouTube
2:51
FDA OKs HPV vaccine to age 45
UW Medicine/YouTube
2:26
Are There Different HPV Vaccines?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
3:20
HPV vaccination for teenagers
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
1:45
What is HPV: Your questions about HPV and the HPV vaccine answered | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
3:09
Can I Still Get HPV Vaccine if I’m Older?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
1:14:38
HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention Talk
Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
1:59
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Cervical Cancer
Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
1:53
A boys' guide to the HPV vaccine
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
1:57
HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
NEJMvideo/YouTube
3:58
Dr. Nita Lee on the HPV Vaccine & Cervical Cancer
UChicago Medicine/YouTube
1:51
If I already had the HPV vaccine, do I need the HPV-9 vaccine?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
1:19
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 1
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
2:52
HPV vaccination: Risk factors, sexual history shouldn't guide decisions about it
Michigan Medicine/YouTube
0:55
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 3
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
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Gynecologic Cancers
Five main types of cancer affect a woman’s reproductive organs: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. As a group, they are referred to as gynecologic cancers. Learn more about these female reproductive cancers.