An aortic aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in the aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart through the chest and torso. If an aneurysm grows large, it can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or even death. Learn more about the causes, risk factors, and treatment options for this condition.
Aortic Aneurysm
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Aortic Aneurysm
Where Aneurysms Happen
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Where Aneurysms Happen
Aneurysms can occur in both veins and arteries, but they are much more common in arteries. The abdominal and thoracic (chest) aortas are the most frequent locations for arterial aneurysms.
Image by TheVisualMD
Aortic Aneurysm
An aneurysm is a bulge or "ballooning" in the wall of an artery. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other parts of the body. If an aneurysm grows large, it can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or even death.
Most aneurysms are in the aorta, the main artery that runs from the heart through the chest and abdomen.
There are two types of aortic aneurysm:
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) - these occur in the part of the aorta running through the chest
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) - these occur in the part of the aorta running through the abdomen
Most aneurysms are found during tests done for other reasons. Some people are at high risk for aneurysms. It is important for them to get screening, because aneurysms can develop and become large before causing any symptoms. Screening is recommended for people between the ages of 65 and 75 if they have a family history, or if they are men who have smoked. Doctors use imaging tests to find aneurysms. Medicines and surgery are the two main treatments.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (32)
Aortic Aneurysm - Symptoms, Treatments & More…
Video by Rehealthify/YouTube
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - Open Repair PreOp® Patient Engagement and Education
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
NEJM Procedure: Deployment of an Endovascular Graft in an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Video by NEJMvideo/YouTube
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) in Singapore - Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm
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What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm? (Aorta Enlargement)
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How open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery is carried out
Video by Bupa Health UK/YouTube
Heart Health Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery- Open Repair PreOp® Patient Education
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
Abdominal aortic aneurysms | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Abdominal & Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Treatment: Open Surgery | Q&A
Aneurysm and Dissection: Improving Your Long Term Outcomes
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
20:10
Understanding Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | Access Health
Access Health/YouTube
1:54
Types of Aneurysms
AllHealthGo/YouTube
What Is Aortic Aneurysm?
Aortic Aneurysm with stent
Image by TheVisualMD
Aortic Aneurysm with stent
Image by TheVisualMD
What Is Aortic Aneurysm?
Aortic aneurysms are balloon-like bulges that occur in the aorta, the main artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to your body.
The aorta has thick walls that stand up to normal blood pressure. However, certain medical problems, genetic conditions, and trauma can damage or weaken these walls. The force of blood pushing against the weakened or injured walls can cause an aneurysm.
This health topic focuses on two types of aneurysms that affect the aorta: abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA). Both types are separate conditions with different risk factors and causes.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is the most common place for an aneurysm. The abdominal part of the aorta runs through the stomach area. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues and organs of the abdomen and lower limbs.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs in the chest portion of the aorta, above the diaphragm, and is less common.
Aortic aneurysms. Figure A shows the thoracic and abdominal sections of a normal aorta. Figure B shows a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The one in this figure is located behind the heart. Figure C shows an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Aortic aneurysms can develop and grow before causing any symptoms. If the aortic aneurysm grows large, it can burst (rupture) or tear the wall of the artery (dissection), both of which can be life-threatening. Early diagnosis and treatment may slow the growth and prevent serious or life-threatening complications.
To screen for an aortic aneurysm, your provider may recommend an imaging study to look at and measure the aorta. Heart-healthy lifestyle changes can help prevent aortic aneurysms from developing or from growing larger.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (1)
What Is An Aortic Aneurysm Or Dissection?
Video by CBS New York/YouTube
2:16
What Is An Aortic Aneurysm Or Dissection?
CBS New York/YouTube
Risk Factors
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
Causes and Risk Factors of Aortic Aneurysm
You may have an increased risk of developing an aortic aneurysm because of your age, family history, genes, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or sex.
Age
Your risk for aortic aneurysms goes up as you age. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in adults after age 65.
Family history and genetics
One in 10 people with abdominal aortic aneurysms have a family history of them. The chance of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm is 1 in 5 for people who have a parent, brother, sister, or child with the condition, what is known as a first degree relative.
Several family or genetic conditions increase your risk for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. These include:
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Loeys–Dietz syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Turner syndrome
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which is an abnormal aortic valve
Lifestyle habits
Some lifestyle habits increase your risk of having an aortic aneurysm. These include:
Cigarette smoking is one of the main factors that increases your risk for an aortic aneurysm, especially an abdominal aortic aneurysm. If you are a current smoker, an abdominal aortic aneurysm may grow more quickly and be more likely to burst.
Stimulants such as cocaine, increase your blood pressure and your risk for an aortic aneurysm.
Medical conditions
Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include:
Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease
Unhealthy blood cholesterol level
High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm
Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Kidney conditions, such as renal failure, chronic kidney disease, and polycystic kidney disease
Obesity
Pheochromocytomaexternal link, a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that can lead to high blood pressure
Trauma, such as from car accidents or falls, which is a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms
Vasculitis
Sex
Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men.
Race and ethnicity
Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (2)
Aortic Aneurysm: Risk Factors and Treatment Options
Video by MassGeneralHospital/YouTube
Abdominal aortic aneurysms | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
3:59
Aortic Aneurysm: Risk Factors and Treatment Options
MassGeneralHospital/YouTube
12:48
Abdominal aortic aneurysms | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Prevention
Damage to your respiratory, neurological and cardiovascular health from Smoking
Image by TheVisualMD
Damage to your respiratory, neurological and cardiovascular health from Smoking
Damage to your respiratory, neurological and cardiovascular health from Smoking
Image by TheVisualMD
Preventing Aortic Aneurysms
If you have risk factors for developing an aneurysm, your provider may recommend heart-healthy lifestyle changes to help prevent the condition, including:
Avoid stimulants, such as cocaine
Heart-healthy eating
Manage stress, which can help lower high blood pressure
Quit smoking, especially cigarette smoking, a leading risk factor for developing an aortic aneurysm
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
Additional Materials (3)
Causes of Aortic Aneurysms
Video by NationwideChildrens/YouTube
Artery showing Blood Flow / Narrowed Vessels due to Hypertension
High Blood Pressure Damages Blood Vessels
1) Artery showing Blood Flow - In a healthy body, the blood vessels are smooth and elastic. But as we grow older, the elastic fibers in the vessel walls are replaced with a stiffer substance, collagen. This makes them less able to expand, increasing blood pressure inside the vessel. Uncontrolled hypertension puts additional stress on the walls. As a defense against the increased pressure, blood vessels stiffen their walls still more. This hardening and stiffening of the arteries is called atherosclerosis. The heart has to work harder to pump blood through the vessels, and blood pressure rises even more.
2) Narrowed Vessels due to Hypertension - Hypertension contributes to atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis can result when the arterial walls try to defend themselves against the increased force of the blood by becoming stiffer, thicker, and narrower. Narrowed vessels choke off blood flow and lead to heart attack, stroke, and a host of other complications. Reduced blood flow to the heart can cause angina (chest pain) and myocardial infarction—a heart attack. People with hypertension are 4-6 times more likely to have a stroke. Hardening of the large arteries leads to blockage and weakening of the smaller blood vessels of the brain. This makes them susceptible to both types of stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Atherosclerotic artery
Atherosclerotic artery
Atherosclerotic artery
Atherosclerotic artery
1
2
3
4
Atheroma Growing in an Artery Over Time
Atheroma Growing in an Artery Over Time
Interactive by TheVisualMD
0:34
Causes of Aortic Aneurysms
NationwideChildrens/YouTube
High Blood Pressure Damages Blood Vessels
TheVisualMD
Atheroma Growing in an Artery Over Time
TheVisualMD
Symptoms
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are the Symptoms of an Aortic Aneurysm?
An aortic aneurysm may not cause any symptoms. The types of symptoms you have will depend on the location of the aneurysm and whether it has become large enough to affect other parts of your body. If you do have symptoms of an aortic aneurysm, they may include:
Difficult or painful swallowing if the aneurysm pushes on your esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth and your stomach
Difficulty breathing if it pushes on your trachea, or windpipe
Feeling full after not eating very much
Hoarseness
Pain in the neck, jaw, back, chest, stomach area or shoulder, depending on where the aneurysm is located
A pulsating or throbbing feeling in your stomach area
Shortness of breath if the aneurysm presses on your lung
Swelling of the face, neck, or arms if the aneurysm pushes on the superior vena cava, the main vein returning blood from your upper body to your heart
If you know you have an aortic aneurysm, it is important to know the symptoms of a rupture, or tear in the aorta, since quick treatment may save your life. Symptoms of a rupture may include:
Light-headedness
Rapid heart rate
Sudden, severe pain in your stomach area, chest, or back
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
Additional Materials (3)
Abdominal Aorta with Aneurysm
3D visualization based on scanned human data of an aneurysm in the abdominal aorta. An aneurysm arises from a weakness in the wall of the aorta at that location, resulting in swelling of the vessel. Aortic aneurysms are more common in the abdominal aorta than the thoracic aorta due to lower levels of elastin, the principal load bearing protein, in the wall of the aorta.
Who Should Be Screened for a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?
Certain groups of people may be screened for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. They include:
People who have Marfan, Loeys–Dietz, Ehlers–Danlos, or Turner syndrome
Parents, children, and siblings (first-degree relatives) of people who have a thoracic aortic aneurysm or a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)-associated thoracic aortic aneurysm
Who should be screened for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
There are certain groups of people who may be screened for abdominal aortic aneurysm:
Men 65 to 75 years old who have ever smoked or who have a first-degree relative with the condition
Men 65 to 75 years old who never smoked but have other risk factors, such as a family history, other vascular aneurysms, or coronary heart disease
Men and women more than 75 years old who are in good health, who have ever smoked, or who have a first-degree relative with the condition
People who have peripheral artery disease, regardless of age, sex, smoking history, or family history
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment
MassGeneralHospital/YouTube
Diagnosis
Aortic aneurysm
Image by Milorad Dimic MD
Aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Image by Milorad Dimic MD
Diagnosis of Aortic Aneurysm
To diagnose an aortic aneurysm, your healthcare provider will do a physical exam and an imaging test. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is diagnosed when your abdominal aorta is three centimeters or greater in diameter. The normal diameter of the thoracic aorta depends on your age, your sex, and which part of the thoracic aorta is measured.
Physical exam
During a physical exam, your provider may do a few basic steps to look for an aortic aneurysm.
Feel your stomach area.
Listen to your heart for a heart murmur, softer heart sounds, or other changes in your blood flow that could be a sign of an aneurysm.
Check your pulse in your arms and legs to see whether it feels weaker than normal.
Look for symptoms of medical conditions that are risk factors for an aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This may include looking at your skin, muscles and bones, eyes, head and face, and heart.
Screening and diagnostic tests
Screening for aortic aneurysm is usually done using ultrasound. This test shows if the diameter of your aorta is bigger than it should be. If it is larger than normal, your provider may recommend another screening later to check for growth.
To make the diagnosis your provider may order some tests.
Ultrasound provides information about the size of the abdominal aortic aneurysm and monitors the aorta over time. If you have abdominal or back pain, an ultrasound can check for an abdominal aortic aneurysm or other possible causes of your pain. Once an aortic aneurysm is seen or suspected on ultrasound, you may have a CT scan or an MRI to provide more details about the shape or location of the aneurysm.
Echocardiography provides information about the size of the aortic aneurysm and about the thoracic aorta, which is close to heart. Other parts of the thoracic aorta are better seen with other imaging studies such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
MRI provides information about the size, shape, and location of the aneurysm.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
Additional Materials (1)
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment
Video by MassGeneralHospital/YouTube
1:56
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment
A chest computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging test that takes detailed pictures of the lungs and the inside of the chest. Computers combine the pictures to create a 3-D model showing the size, shape, and position of the lungs and structures in the chest.
A chest computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging test that takes detailed pictures of the lungs and the inside of the chest. Computers combine the pictures to create a 3-D model showing the size, shape, and position of the lungs and structures in the chest.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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Your result is Normal.
A chest CT scan provides detailed pictures of the size, shape, and position of your lungs and other structures in your chest. A normal chest CT means your chest appears normal.
Related conditions
A chest CT scan is a more detailed type of chest X-ray. This painless imaging test takes many detailed pictures, called slices, of your lungs and the inside of your chest. Computers can combine these pictures to create three-dimensional (3D) models to help show the size, shape, and position of your lungs and structures in your chest.
This imaging test is often done to follow up on abnormal findings from earlier chest x rays. A chest CT scan also can help determine the cause of lung symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain, or check to see if you have certain lung problems such as a tumor, excess fluid around the lungs that is known as pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism, emphysema, tuberculosis, and pneumonia.
A chest CT scan provides detailed pictures of the size, shape, and position of your lungs and other structures in your chest. Doctors use this test to:
Follow up on abnormal results from standard chest x rays.
Find the cause of lung symptoms, such as shortness of breath or chest pain.
Find out whether you have a lung problem, such as a tumor, excess fluid around the lungs, or a pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs). The test also is used to check for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumonia.
Your doctor may recommend a chest CT scan if you have symptoms of lung problems, such as chest pain or trouble breathing. The scan can help find the cause of the symptoms.
A chest CT scan looks for problems such as tumors, excess fluid around the lungs, and pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs). The scan also checks for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumonia.
Your doctor may recommend a chest CT scan if a standard chest x ray doesn't help diagnose the problem. The chest CT scan can:
Provide more detailed pictures of your lungs and other chest structures than a standard chest x ray
Find the exact location of a tumor or other problem
Show something that isn't visible on a chest x ray
Your chest CT scan may be done in a medical imaging facility or hospital. The CT scanner is a large, tunnel-like machine that has a table. You will lie still on the table and the table will slide into the scanner. Talk to your doctor if you are uncomfortable in tight or closed spaces to see if you need medicine to relax you during the test. You will hear soft buzzing or clicking sounds when you are inside the scanner and the scanner is taking pictures. You will be able to hear from and talk to the technician performing the test while you are inside the scanner. For some diagnoses, a contrast dye, often iodine-based, may be injected into a vein in your arm before the imaging test. This contrast dye highlights areas inside your chest and creates clearer pictures. You may feel some discomfort from the needle or, after the contrast dye is injected, you may feel warm briefly or have a temporary metallic taste in your mouth.
Wear loose-fitting, comfortable clothing for the test. Sometimes the CT scan technician (a person specially trained to do CT scans) may ask you to wear a hospital gown. You also may want to avoid wearing jewelry and other metal objects. You'll be asked to take off any jewelry, eyeglasses, and metal objects that might interfere with the test. You may be asked to remove hearing aids and dentures as well. Let the technician know if you have any body piercing on your chest.
Tell your doctor whether you're pregnant or may be pregnant. If possible, you should avoid unnecessary radiation exposure during pregnancy. This is because of the concern that radiation may harm the fetus.
Chest CT scans have some risks. In rare instances, some people have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. There is a slight risk of cancer, particularly in growing children, because the test uses radiation. Although the amount of radiation from one test is usually less than the amount of radiation you are naturally exposed to over three years, patients should not receive more CT scans than the number that clinical guidelines recommend. Another risk is that chest CT scans may detect an incidental finding, which is something that doesn’t cause symptoms but now may require more tests after being found.
Talk to your doctor and the technicians performing the test about whether you are or could be pregnant. If the test is not urgent, they may have you wait to do the test until after your pregnancy. If it is urgent, the technicians will take extra steps to protect your baby during this test. Let your doctor know if you are breastfeeding because contrast dye can pass into your breast milk. If you must have contrast dye injected, you may want to pump and save enough breast milk for one to two days after your test or you may bottle-feed your baby for that time.
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/chest-ct-scan [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003788.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
Additional Materials (50)
Pleural empyema
CT chest showing large right sided hydro-pneumothorax from pleural empyema. Arrows A: air, B: fluid
Image by Amit Banga, GC Khilnani, SK Sharma1, AB Dey, Naveet Wig and Namrata Banga
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?
CT with the identification of underlying lung lesion: an apical bulla.
Image by Robertolyra
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?
Right-sided pneumothorax (right side of image) on CT scan of the chest with chest tube in place.
Image by en:User:Clinical Cases
Chest Radiograph
Chest X-Ray : Specialized test, like a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed to confirm the presence of an aneurysm.
Image by TheVisualMD
What To Expect During a Coronary Calcium Scan
3D reconstruction of the thin multislice CT, covering human heart and lungs
Image by Semnic
Incision for Open-Chest Bypass Surgery
Open-chest bypass surgery requires the surgeon to make an incision down the center of the chest, along the breastbone. The rib cage is spread open to expose the heart.
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A child's guide to hospital: CT Chest
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What is it like to have a CT scan? | Cancer Research UK
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Coronary CT angiography of coronary arteries
Researchers have found that anti-inflammatory biologic therapies used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis can significantly reduce coronary inflammation in patients with the chronic skin condition. Scientists said the findings are particularly notable because of the use of a novel imaging biomarker, the perivascular fat attenuation index (FAI), that was able to measure the effect of the therapy in reducing the inflammation.
The study published online in JAMA Cardiology, has implications not just for people with psoriasis, but for those with other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. These conditions are known to increase the risk for heart attacks and strokes. The study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of the National Institutes of Health.
In this image: Coronary CT angiography image of the coronary arteries depicting the perivascular fat attenuation index before and after biologic therapy at one-year follow-up for patients with excellent response to biologic therapy.
Image by Oxford Academic Cardiovascular CT Core Lab and Lab of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases at NHLBI
Coronary CT
Coronary CT
Image by Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
CT of the blood vessels and heart
CT of the blood vessels and heart
Image by Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
Chest CT showing pulmonary sequestration
chest CT: diagnosis is pulmonary sequestration
Image by RadsWiki
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Image by Matthew Cham, MD
/Wikimedia
Having a Cardiac CT Scan in Hospital
Video by Oxford AHSN/YouTube
What to Expect from a CT Exam with Contrast
Video by RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
Protocoling chest CTs
Video by Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
Low Dose CT Scans to Look for Lung Cancer
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
Lung Cancer Screening (LCS)
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CT Scan of the Chest Explained Clearly - High Resolution CT Scan (HRCT)
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What to Expect: CT Scan | Cedars-Sinai
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How I Read a Chest CT
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Introduction to Computed Tomographic imaging of the Chest
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Lung Cancer Screening: The Life-saving CT Scan
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How to prepare for a CT scan
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Using CT Scans to Screen for Lung Cancer
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Cardiac CT scan
Video by UHP_NHS/YouTube
Real look at Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT Scan from Start to Finish.
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What is it like to get a CT Scan with Contrast?
Video by STRIDE Project/YouTube
Thorax with Healthy Heart
3D visualization based on scanned human data of a healthy heart in the thorax.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart and Lungs
The heart and lungs are the primary contents of the thorax. They are interconnected with very large blood vessels. The heart sends oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, which oxygenate it and return it to the heart through the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary arteries arise from one large pulmonary trunk, and then begin branching exponentially once they enter the lungs in order to reach the functional respiratory units and pick up oxygen. The smallest pulmonary veins then take the oxygenated blood backwards through the lungs and empty into the back of the heart through four larger pulmonary veins. The oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by the heart out into the body through the aorta. Deoxygenated blood from body tissues returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava and the cardiac cycle repeats continuously. The pulmonary veins and arteries are the only case where arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry blood that has been oxygenated.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
3D visualization of an anterior view of the muscles involved in respiration. The primary job of the thorax is to promote movements necessary for breathing. Three muscles of the thorax assist in this function; the external intercostals, internal intercostals and diaphragm. The intercostals do the job of lifting the ribs up and pulling them outward, which in turn enlarges the lungs. As the lungs expand, the pressure inside them is reduced, and they suck in air. During extreme inhalation, the neck muscles also contract. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and pushes downward; during exhalation, it relaxes and is pushed up into a dome shape by the lower digestive organs, compressing the lungs. As pressure rises in the chest cavity, exhale occurs, pressure is equalized and the cycle restarts.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
3D visualization of an inferior view of the muscles involved in respiration. The primary job of the thorax is to promote movements necessary for breathing. Three muscles of the thorax assist in this function; the external intercostals, internal intercostals and diaphragm. The intercostals do the job of lifting the ribs up and pulling them outward, which in turn enlarges the lungs. As the lungs expand, the pressure inside them is reduced, and they suck in air. During extreme inhalation, the neck muscles also contract. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and pushes downward; during exhalation, it relaxes and is pushed up into a dome shape by the lower digestive organs, compressing the lungs. As pressure rises in the chest cavity, exhalation occurs, pressure is equalized and the cycle restarts.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with visible Lung and Heart
3D visualization of a posterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Thorax Showing Breast
Visualization based on scanned human data of an anterior view of female breast.
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Heart
Visualization of male heart. The nerve supply of the heart is emphasized specifically the cardiac plexus. The plexus which rest around the base of the heart, mainly in the epicardium, is formed by cardiac branches from the vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunks and ganglia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Heart and Lung
3D visualization of an anterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. The cone-shaped lungs occupy most of the thoracic cavity. Each lung is suspended in its own pleural cavity and connected to the mediastinum (which houses the heart) by its root which is made up of vascular and bronchial attachments. The anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces of the lung are in close contact with the ribs and form a continuously curving surface called the costal surface. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Thorax Showing Trachea and Lung
3D visualization of an anterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thoracic Aneurysm in the Aorta
Aneurysms that occur in the part of the aorta that is higher in the chest are called thoracic aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms often grow slowly and usually without any symptoms therefore making them difficult to detect
Image by TheVisualMD
Ventilation/perfusion scan
subFusion processing applied to a SPECT lung ventilation-perfusion scan.
Image by KieranMaher at English Wikibooks
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
3D visualization of an inferior view of a transverse section of the thorax, highlighting the lungs, reconstructed from scanned human data. The trachea, cardiac impression, and transverse sections of the thoracic aorta and esophagus are clearly illustrated. The bronchial tree is also visible. When air is inhaled into the lungs, it flows through large tubes called bronchi, branches into smaller tubes known as bronchioles, and ends up in the thousands of small pouches that are the alveoli. This is where the oxygen is transferred from the air into the bloodstream. Each alveolar sac, or air sac, is surrounded by a bed of capillaries, and the walls between the lung and the capillary are extremely thin. The walls are so delicate, in fact, that the inhaled oxygen can seep from the air sacs to bind to the hemoglobin in the blood, while the carbon dioxide and other waste gasses leave the blood and diffuse into the lungs where they can be exhaled.
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
Angina
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
Chest Pain
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain or Tightness
Image by TheVisualMD
CT scanner
A view of the CT scanner in the new Fort Belvoir Community Hospital. The hospital, still under construction, is a 2005 Base Realignment and Closure project, and is scheduled to open later this year.
Image by Official Navy Page from United States of America MC2 Todd Frantom/U.S. Marine Corps
Illustration of 3 X-ray images and a patient entering a CT scanner
Radiation can be dangerous, but it can also save lives. When you’re faced with a medical test that uses radiation, don’t let fear get in your way. Learn about the risks and benefits, and know what questions to ask.
Image by NIH News in Health
Drawing of a computerized tomography scanner with a health care professional looking on a computer screen as a patient lies inside the scanner
CT scan.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Advanced CT Scanning
An NIH Clinical Center study participant receives a scan in the Photon-Counting CT scanner.
Image by NIH Clinical Center
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
CAT Scan
A computer-assisted tomographic (CAT) scanner, with a Caucasian female technician working at a screen and behind a glass wall. A patient is on a table and being tested by the CAT scanner. The lighting is very subdued. This new technology revolutionized detection of brain tumors.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Linda Bartlett (Photographer)
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
Virtual colonoscopy is a new imaging technology that uses computed tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. A computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pleural empyema
Amit Banga, GC Khilnani, SK Sharma1, AB Dey, Naveet Wig and Namrata Banga
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?
Robertolyra
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?
en:User:Clinical Cases
Chest Radiograph
TheVisualMD
What To Expect During a Coronary Calcium Scan
Semnic
Incision for Open-Chest Bypass Surgery
TheVisualMD
4:22
A child's guide to hospital: CT Chest
The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne/YouTube
1:50
What is it like to have a CT scan? | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Coronary CT angiography of coronary arteries
Oxford Academic Cardiovascular CT Core Lab and Lab of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases at NHLBI
Coronary CT
Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
CT of the blood vessels and heart
Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
Chest CT showing pulmonary sequestration
RadsWiki
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Matthew Cham, MD
/Wikimedia
4:59
Having a Cardiac CT Scan in Hospital
Oxford AHSN/YouTube
2:33
What to Expect from a CT Exam with Contrast
RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
7:48
Protocoling chest CTs
Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
1:44
Low Dose CT Scans to Look for Lung Cancer
Lee Health/YouTube
8:27
Lung Cancer Screening (LCS)
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
5:10
CT Scan of the Chest Explained Clearly - High Resolution CT Scan (HRCT)
MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY/YouTube
3:29
What to Expect: CT Scan | Cedars-Sinai
Cedars-Sinai/YouTube
17:21
How I Read a Chest CT
Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
8:46
Introduction to Computed Tomographic imaging of the Chest
Yale Radiology and Biomedical Imaging/YouTube
3:09
Lung Cancer Screening: The Life-saving CT Scan
RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
2:19
How to prepare for a CT scan
Sunnybrook Hospital/YouTube
2:07
Using CT Scans to Screen for Lung Cancer
UConn Health/YouTube
5:04
Cardiac CT scan
UHP_NHS/YouTube
6:28
Real look at Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT Scan from Start to Finish.
Dumb Old Dad/YouTube
2:52
What is it like to get a CT Scan with Contrast?
STRIDE Project/YouTube
Thorax with Healthy Heart
TheVisualMD
Heart and Lungs
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
TheVisualMD
Thorax with visible Lung and Heart
TheVisualMD
Female Thorax Showing Breast
TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Heart
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Heart and Lung
TheVisualMD
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
TheVisualMD
Male Thorax Showing Trachea and Lung
TheVisualMD
Thoracic Aneurysm in the Aorta
TheVisualMD
Ventilation/perfusion scan
KieranMaher at English Wikibooks
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain or Tightness
TheVisualMD
CT scanner
Official Navy Page from United States of America MC2 Todd Frantom/U.S. Marine Corps
Illustration of 3 X-ray images and a patient entering a CT scanner
NIH News in Health
Drawing of a computerized tomography scanner with a health care professional looking on a computer screen as a patient lies inside the scanner
NIDDK Image Library
Advanced CT Scanning
NIH Clinical Center
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
CAT Scan
National Cancer Institute / Linda Bartlett (Photographer)
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
TheVisualMD
Chest MRI Test
Chest MRI Test
Also called: Chest MRI Scan, Chest Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Chest NMR, MRI of the thorax, Thoracic MRI
A chest MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is an imaging test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create detailed pictures of the structures in your chest, including your chest wall, heart, and blood vessels.
Chest MRI Test
Also called: Chest MRI Scan, Chest Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Chest NMR, MRI of the thorax, Thoracic MRI
A chest MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is an imaging test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create detailed pictures of the structures in your chest, including your chest wall, heart, and blood vessels.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A chest MRI evaluates blood flow, shows lymph nodes, blood vessels and the structures of the chest from many angles. A normal chest MRI means your chest area appears normal.
Related conditions
Chest MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a safe, noninvasive test. "Noninvasive" means that no surgery is done and no instruments are inserted into your body. This test creates detailed pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your chest wall, heart, and blood vessels.
Chest MRI uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create these pictures. The test is used to:
Look for tumors in the chest
Look at blood vessels, lymph (limf) nodes, and other structures in the chest
Help explain the results of other tests, such as a chest x ray or chest computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, also called a chest CT scan.
As part of some chest MRIs, a substance called contrast dye is injected into a vein in your arm. This dye allows the MRI to take more detailed pictures of the structures in your chest.
Chest MRI can provide detailed information to help your doctor diagnose lung problems such as a tumor or pleural disorder, blood vessel problems, or abnormal lymph nodes. Chest MRI can help explain the results of other imaging tests such as chest x rays and chest CT scans.
Your doctor may recommend chest MRI if he or she thinks you have a chest condition, such as:
A tumor
Problems in the blood vessels, such as an aneurysm (AN-u-rism) or blood clot
Abnormal lymph nodes
Another chest condition, such as a pleural disorder
Chest MRI also may be used to help explain the results of other tests, such as chest x ray and chest CT scan.
Researchers are exploring ways to use chest MRI to study blood flow in the lungs. The test may help detect early signs of pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH is increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries. These arteries carry blood from your heart to your lungs to pick up oxygen.
Chest MRI may be done in a medical imaging facility or hospital. Before your test, a technician may inject a contrast dye into a vein in your arm to highlight your heart and blood vessels. You may feel some discomfort from the needle or have a cool feeling as the contrast dye is injected. The MRI machine is a large, tunnel-like machine that has a table. You will lie still on the table, and the table will slide into the machine. You will hear loud humming, tapping, and buzzing sounds when you are inside the machine as pictures of your chest are being taken. You will be able to hear from and talk to the technician performing the test while you are inside the machine. The technician may ask you to hold your breath for a few seconds during the test.
Your doctor or an MRI technician will ask you some questions before the test, such as:
Are you pregnant or do you think you could be? Generally, you shouldn't have a chest MRI if you're pregnant, especially during the first trimester. Sometimes, though, an MRI is needed to help diagnose a serious condition that may harm you or your baby. If you're pregnant, discuss the risks and benefits of an MRI with your doctor.
Have you had any surgery? If so, what kind?
Do you use transdermal patches (patches that stick to the skin) to take any of your medicines? Some medicine patches contain aluminum and other metals. These metals can cause skin burns during an MRI. Examples of transdermal patches are nicotine and fentanyl (medicine used for pain) patches.
Do you have any metal objects in your body, like metal screws or pins in a bone?
Do you have any medical devices in your body, such as a pacemaker, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cochlear (inner-ear) implants, or brain aneurysm clips? The strong magnets in the MRI machine can damage these devices.
Your answers will help your doctor decide whether you should have chest MRI.
Chest MRI has few risks. Unlike a CT scan or standard x ray, MRI doesn't use radiation or pose any risk of cancer. Rarely, the contrast dye used for some chest MRIs may cause an allergic reaction or worsen kidney function in people who have kidney disease.
The pictures from chest MRI may show a tumor, problems in the blood vessels (such as an aneurysm or blood clot), abnormal lymph nodes, or another chest condition (such as a pleural disorder).
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/chest-mri [accessed on Feb 25, 2022]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003794.htm [accessed on Feb 25, 2022]
Additional Materials (23)
MRI and CT Scan the differences
Video by Vijayan Ragavan/YouTube
Having a Cardiac MRI scan
Video by Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Trust/YouTube
Chest MRI – Valley Children’s Hospital
Video by ValleyChildrens/YouTube
What To Expect During Cardiac MRI
Aberrant subclavian artery in MRI / MRA. Maximum intension projection.
Image by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute / NIH
MRI Scans
Philips MRI in Sahlgrenska Universitetsjukhuset, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Image by Jan Ainali
Human Heart
Composited image profile of a heart as seen through various rendering techniques. With volume rendering software, slices of Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI), and Computer Tomography (CT) scans can be compiled to produce a three-dimensional (3D) model of an organ such as a heart. Models can be viewed in various ways. As individual slices, as is seen along the left or as enhanced color, gray scale volume and 3D transparency, as is seen along the right.
Image by TheVisualMD
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Figure A shows the heart's position in the body and the location and angle of the MRI pictures shown in figure C. Figure B is an MRI angiogram, which is sometimes used instead of a standard angiogram. Figure C shows MRI pictures of a normal left ventricle (left image), a left ventricle damaged from a heart attack (middle image), and a left ventricle that isn't getting enough blood from the coronary arteries (right image).
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
MRI Scans
Woman lying face down on breast MRI table, right breast visible, for MRI exam. Breast MRI tables have special padded recesses that the breasts hang into for imaging. MRIs don't expose the patient to radiation, as they use magnetic energy and radiowaves to produce hundreds of images of the breast from multiple angles. Breast MRIs use a contrast agent called gadolinium, injected through an intravenous line, that causes tumors to "light up" in the MRI image.
Image by ser:KasugaHuang
Cardiac Mri
Figure A shows the heart's position in the body and the location and angle of the MRI pictures shown in figure C. Figure B is an MRI angiogram, which is sometimes used instead of a standard angiogram. Figure C shows MRI pictures of a normal left ventricle (left image), a left ventricle damaged from a heart attack (middle image), and a left ventricle that isn't getting enough blood from the coronary arteries (right image).
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
Enlarged right ventricle with poor function in a patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by CMR
Enlarged right ventricle with poor function in a patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by CMR
Image by Jccmoon (talk)
Cardiac MRI flow visualization
Cardiac MRI flow visualization
Image by Vasanawala
Cardiac MRI streamlines
Cardiac MRI streamlines visualization
Image by Vasanawala
Aberrant subclavian artery in MRI / MRA. Maximum intension projection.
Aberrant subclavian artery in MRI / MRA. Maximum intension projection.
Image by Hellerhoff
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion
Animated sagittal MRI slice of my beating heart
Image by Bionerd
Chest MRI
Video by MRI Arbil/YouTube
Diagnostic Imaging
MRI of the ThoraxSpecialized test,. like a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed to confirm the presence of an aneurysm.
Image by TheVisualMD
Imaging of the Heart With Contrast
Imaging of the Heart With Contrast
Image by TheVisualMD
Lumpectomy
Colorized MR of Breasts After Breast Conserving Surgery or Lumpectomy : Colorized breast MR of breasts, axial slice (horizontal view, as though seen from above). The breast on the right side of the image has had breast-conserving surgery, also called lumpectomy. This type of surgery removes the tumor, some breast tissue, and some lymph nodes, but preserves the chest muscles. The aim of the surgery is to take only as much tissue as is necessary to keep the chance of recurrence low, but to keep the breast looking as normal as possible.
Image by TheVisualMD
Aortic dissection
Aortic Dissection : CT of aortic dissection 1 descending aorta with dissection 2 left subclavian artery 3 ascending aorta
Image by Dr. Lars Grenacher (www.grenacher.de), uploaded by J. Heuser
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
Image by TheVisualMD
Breast MRI for Cancer Staging
Breast MRI for Cancer Staging
Image by TheVisualMD
Breast MRI (VIDEO)
Dr. Nora Jaskowiak of The University of Chicago Medical Center explains why Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, is a critical tool in her role as breast surgeon.
Image by TheVisualMD
PET/MR
Hybrid device for PET/MR diagnostics with a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla.
Image by Tomáš Vendiš/Wikimedia
5:35
MRI and CT Scan the differences
Vijayan Ragavan/YouTube
3:55
Having a Cardiac MRI scan
Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Trust/YouTube
1:58
Chest MRI – Valley Children’s Hospital
ValleyChildrens/YouTube
What To Expect During Cardiac MRI
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute / NIH
MRI Scans
Jan Ainali
Human Heart
TheVisualMD
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
MRI Scans
ser:KasugaHuang
Cardiac Mri
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
Enlarged right ventricle with poor function in a patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by CMR
Jccmoon (talk)
Cardiac MRI flow visualization
Vasanawala
Cardiac MRI streamlines
Vasanawala
Aberrant subclavian artery in MRI / MRA. Maximum intension projection.
Hellerhoff
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion
Bionerd
13:24
Chest MRI
MRI Arbil/YouTube
Diagnostic Imaging
TheVisualMD
Imaging of the Heart With Contrast
TheVisualMD
Lumpectomy
TheVisualMD
Aortic dissection
Dr. Lars Grenacher (www.grenacher.de), uploaded by J. Heuser
Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
Breast MRI for Cancer Staging
TheVisualMD
Breast MRI (VIDEO)
TheVisualMD
PET/MR
Tomáš Vendiš/Wikimedia
Cardiac Profile
Cardiac Profile
Also called: Heart Health Profile, Heart Profile, Cardiac Risk Assessment, Heart Health Tests, Cardiovascular Health
Heart diseases are the number one killer in the U.S. They are also a major cause of disability. If you do have a heart disease, it is important to find it early, when it is easier to treat. Blood tests and heart health tests can help find heart diseases or identify problems that can lead to heart diseases.
Cardiac Profile
Also called: Heart Health Profile, Heart Profile, Cardiac Risk Assessment, Heart Health Tests, Cardiovascular Health
Heart diseases are the number one killer in the U.S. They are also a major cause of disability. If you do have a heart disease, it is important to find it early, when it is easier to treat. Blood tests and heart health tests can help find heart diseases or identify problems that can lead to heart diseases.
Mayo Clinic: Blood tests for heart disease [accessed on Aug 17, 2018]
Cleveland Clinic: Blood Tests to Determine Risk of Coronary Artery Disease [accessed on Aug 17, 2018]
The high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is used to measure your heart disease risk even if you seem healthy. It can find much smaller changes in CRP levels than the regular CRP test.
The high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is used to measure your heart disease risk even if you seem healthy. It can find much smaller changes in CRP levels than the regular CRP test.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/L
1
3
10
Your result is Low.
You have a low risk of developing heart disease.
Related conditions
C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced in the liver in case of trauma or inflammation. It can also be produced in the case fever or some asymptomatic chronic disease.
The main function of CRP is to aid the people’s immune system. It notifies other protective cells (e.g., white blood cells) to take action against foreign bodies (bacteria, viruses, cancer cells) that may cause harm to your body.
In the hs-CRP test, the sensitivity to detect low-grade inflammation has been improved, which can aid in the detection of acute inflammation (injury, infection).
The hs-CRP test is most commonly used to assess the risk of heart disease. Heart and vascular diseases are often caused by the chronic inflammation of arteries.
Your doctor may want to order this test if you have a suspected heart disease, or if you have risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This includes:
Unbalanced diet
Physical inactivity (sedentarism)
Being overweight or obese
More than 50 years of age in women
More than 45 years of age in men
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Family history of early heart disease
Previously diagnosed heart disease
Your doctor may also want to order this test in case that your blood analysis tests have shown increased levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol, or decreased levels of HDL cholesterol.
A small amount of blood will be drawn from a vein in your arm by using a needle.
Usually, no fasting or other special preparations are needed.
Only the risks related to blood extraction, which are temporary discomfort, bruising, little bleeding, and risk of infection in the place where the needle was inserted.
The levels of hs-CRP test are related to the risk of heart disease, its results indicate:
Low risk: 1.00 mg/L
Average risk: 1.00 - 3.00 mg/L
High risk: >3.00 mg/L
The levels of hs-CRP rise rapidly in the case of acute inflammation and decrease as the inflammation subsides.
You should inform your doctor about any medications that you are taking because some drugs (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen or hormonal replacement therapy) may affect your tests results.
As your hs-CRP levels may vary over time, this test should be taken twice within a period frame of two weeks to properly assess the risk of coronary artery disease.
MedicineNet. C-Reactive Protein CRP Test, Ranges, Symptoms, and Treatment. Melissa Conrad Stöppler. [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
Kiran Musunuru et al. The use of high-sensitive protein in clinical practice. Published online 2008 Aug 19. [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
Cleveland Clinic. Blood Tests to Determine Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: C-Reactive Protein. Reviewed by Dr. Leslie Cho. [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories. Test ID: HSCRP CReactive Protein, High Sensitivity, Serum. [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
LabTests Online. High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP). [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
Pritikin Longevity Centre. What is high-sensitivity C-reactive protein? Can you lower it with food? [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
Doc’s opinion. Blog About Heart Disease, Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Prevention of Disease. Hs-CRP. [accessed on Aug 14, 2018]
120766: C-Reactive Protein (CRP), High Sensitivity ... | LabCorp [accessed on Oct 11, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (17)
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
Video by EmpowHER/YouTube
Chronic Inflammation: The Root Cause of a Multitude of Diseases
Video by Criticalbench/YouTube
Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes
Video by WEHImovies/YouTube
Part I - Inflammation
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
Part II - Inflammation
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is Inflammation?
Inflammation is the body's response to damage. It takes many forms. Chronic inflammation is common in overweight and obese people, because their fat cells manufacture damaging substances that trigger a reaction from the immune system's white blood cells. Keeping track of a key biomarker for inflammation, C-reactive Protein or CRP, helps doctors determine whether an overweight patient is at risk for such conditions as heart disease, dementia, diabetes, cancers, and more.
Video by TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Liver and Heart
C-Reactive protein is synthesized by the liver in response to either signals from fat cells (adipocytes) or when there is inflammation throughout the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Fat cells
Researchers have found that fat cells trigger the production of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is why individuals who are overweight or obese tend to have chronically higher levels of CRP. High levels of CRP are sometimes treated with aspirin or statins.
Image by TheVisualMD
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Molecule
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver; infection and inflammation can trigger the release of CRP within hours. Elevated CRP levels are also seen after a heart attack or surgery. Levels can jump 1000-fold in response to acute inflammation, often rising before the appearance of pain, fever or other clinical symptoms. The high sensitivity version of the test (hs-CRP) measures the same molecule, but in very small amounts, and is used to assess the risk of heart disease in otherwise healthy people. The C-reactive protein (CRP) test is a general test for inflammation in the body; it can indicate that inflammation is present, but cannot determine the location or cause. The test is sometimes used to monitor flare-ups of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. A version of the test called high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is used to evaluate a person's risk for heart disease.
Image by TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation. CRP levels also seem to be associated with an increased risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the arteries. For this reason, a high sensitivity C-reactive protein test (hs-CRP) is increasingly ordered along with other tests as part of a cardiovascular risk profile (other components of the profile include cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose levels, lifestyle and family history).
Image by TheVisualMD
Phagocytosis - C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response. White blood cells are also mobilized by the immune system and CRP is believed to enhance the activity of the white blood cells called macrophages. Each type of white blood cell has its own specialized immune functions; macrophages, for example, basically engulf and \"eat\" foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Macrophages in the spleen and the liver weed out old and defective red blood cells and break them into recyclables (iron, heme, and some globin) and wastes (such as bilirubin). The bilirubin is then used by the liver to produce bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid digestion.
Image by TheVisualMD
CRP High Sensitivity Cardiac Risk Assessment from Walk-in Lab
Video by Walk-In Lab LLC/YouTube
C-reactive Protein, Fat cells
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response. Researchers have found, however, that fat cells also seem to trigger the production of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is why individuals who are overweight or obese tend to have chronically higher levels of CRP.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Can Give False Readings on an hs-CRP Test? : Health Tips
Video by ehowhealth/YouTube
CRP Indicates Heart Disease Risk Video - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Video by Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Cardiovascular Inflammation
Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. The most common cause of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries that leads to the hardening of arterial walls and the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques, or atheromas. Although the process of inflammation can be beneficial in other parts of the body, chronic inflammation within arterial walls is problematic as it seems to promote this underlying growth of plaque. The combination of arterial inflammation and the growth of plaque can lead to the rupture of the plaque, and result in a blood clot. Blood clots can lead to dangerous conditions such as heart attack or stroke.
Video by TheVisualMD
Inflammation In Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation (VIDEO)
Image by TheVisualMD
2:12
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
EmpowHER/YouTube
1:35
Chronic Inflammation: The Root Cause of a Multitude of Diseases
Criticalbench/YouTube
5:09
Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes
WEHImovies/YouTube
8:27
Part I - Inflammation
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
7:54
Part II - Inflammation
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
1:57
What Is Inflammation?
TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Liver and Heart
TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Fat cells
TheVisualMD
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Molecule
TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease
TheVisualMD
Phagocytosis - C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response.
TheVisualMD
1:51
CRP High Sensitivity Cardiac Risk Assessment from Walk-in Lab
Walk-In Lab LLC/YouTube
C-reactive Protein, Fat cells
TheVisualMD
2:25
What Can Give False Readings on an hs-CRP Test? : Health Tips
ehowhealth/YouTube
3:37
CRP Indicates Heart Disease Risk Video - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
4:26
Cardiovascular Inflammation
TheVisualMD
Inflammation In Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation (VIDEO)
TheVisualMD
Homocysteine Test
Homocysteine Test
Also called: Homocyst(e)ine, Homocysteine Cardiac Risk
A homocysteine test measures the level of homocysteine in your blood. High levels may mean a vitamin deficiency, heart disease, or an inherited disorder.
Homocysteine Test
Also called: Homocyst(e)ine, Homocysteine Cardiac Risk
A homocysteine test measures the level of homocysteine in your blood. High levels may mean a vitamin deficiency, heart disease, or an inherited disorder.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/L
0.68
2.02
Your result is Normal.
Homocysteine is an amino acid found in most cells of the body, in trace amounts. Normally, homocysteine levels are low, because it is constantly turned into other substances your body needs.
Related conditions
A homocysteine test measures the amount of homocysteine in a sample of your blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid. Amino acids are molecules that your body uses to make proteins.
Normally, your homocysteine levels are low. That's because your body uses vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid (also called folate or vitamin B9) to quickly break down homocysteine and change it into other substances that your body needs. High levels of homocysteine in your blood may be a sign that this process isn't working properly or that you're lacking certain B vitamins.
High levels of homocysteine can damage the inside of your arteries and increase your risk of forming blood clots. This may increase your risk for heart attack, stroke, and other heart diseases and blood vessel disorders.
A homocysteine test may be used to:
Find out if you're lacking vitamin B6, B12, or folic acid. These vitamins break down homocysteine. So if you don't have enough of them, your homocysteine levels will increase. A homocysteine test may be done with a blood test to measure your vitamin B levels.
Help diagnose homocystinuria. Homocystinuria is a rare, genetic disease that prevents your body from using a certain amino acid to make important proteins. Symptoms usually show up in the first year of life, but they may not appear until childhood or later. Common symptoms include problems with eyesight, blood clots, and weak bones. In the U.S., most newborns have a routine screening test to check for homocystinuria.
Better understand your risk for heart attack or stroke if you already have an increased risk. Your health care provider may order a homocysteine test if you have been diagnosed with heart or blood vessel disease or if you have conditions that increase your risk for heart and blood vessel disease, such as:
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Medical experts don't recommend routine homocysteine testing to screen for heart disease risk in everyone. That's because researchers aren't sure how much homocysteine levels affect heart and blood vessel diseases. And so far, studies have shown that lowering homocysteine levels doesn't reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke.
You may need this test if you have symptoms that suggest you lack vitamin B12 or folic acid. The symptoms may be very mild to severe and may include:
Dizziness
Fatigue and/or weakness
Headache
Heart palpitations (racing or pounding heart)
Changes in the color of your skin or fingernails
Sores on your tongue or in your mouth
Tingling or numbness in your hands, feet, arms, and/or legs
Your provider may order this test if you have a high risk for low levels of vitamin B12 or folic acid because you:
Have malnutrition.
Are an older adult. Older people often can't absorb enough vitamin B12 from food.
Have alcohol use disorder or a drug addiction.
Your provider may recommend this test if you:
Have had a heart attack or stroke
Have one or more conditions that increase your risk for heart attack or stroke, such as high LDL "bad" cholesterol or high blood pressure
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 8–12 hours before a homocysteine test. Some medicines and supplements may affect your test results. So, tell your provider about all medicines and supplements you take, especially vitamin B. But never stop taking any medicines unless your provider tells you to.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
A high homocysteine level may be a sign that:
You are not getting enough vitamin B12 or folic acid in your diet.
You (or your child) have homocystinuria. You will probably need more testing to rule out or confirm a diagnosis of homocystinuria.
You may have a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, or other blood vessel disorders.
Higher than normal homocysteine levels may also happen with other conditions, such as osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, or Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia.
If your homocysteine levels are high, it doesn't always mean you have a medical condition that needs treatment. Your results may be affected by:
Your age. Homocysteine levels may get higher as you get older.
Your sex. Males usually have higher homocysteine levels than females, but levels in females increase after menopause.
Smoking
If you have questions about your results, talk with your provider.
If you have high homocysteine levels, your provider may suggest that you make changes in the foods you eat. Eating a balanced diet can help you get the right amount of vitamins. If you're considering taking vitamin supplements, talk with your provider first. Research has not shown that reducing homocysteine levels can reduce your risk of heart attack or stroke.
Homocysteine Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
Homocysteine [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
706994: Homocyst(e)ine | LabCorp [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
Homocysteine Blood Test [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
Fontanarosa, P., & Christiansen, S. (2009, April 01). Laboratory Values. AMA Manual of Style. Ed. [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/2017/04/04/low-homocysteine-concern/ [accessed on Sep 30, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (8)
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
Video by EmpowHER/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is Inflammation?
Inflammation is the body's response to damage. It takes many forms. Chronic inflammation is common in overweight and obese people, because their fat cells manufacture damaging substances that trigger a reaction from the immune system's white blood cells. Keeping track of a key biomarker for inflammation, C-reactive Protein or CRP, helps doctors determine whether an overweight patient is at risk for such conditions as heart disease, dementia, diabetes, cancers, and more.
Video by TheVisualMD
Homocystinuria Infographic
Video by HCU Network/YouTube
The Homocysteine Factor
Video by hcyfactor/YouTube
Homocysteine
homocysteine molecule (L-isomer).
Image by Ben Mills and Jynto
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene (-CH2-) group. It is biosynthesized from methionine, and can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins. While detection of high levels of homocysteine has been linked to cardiovascular disease, lowering homocysteine levels may not improve outcomes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Fasting for a Blood Test | WebMD
Video by WebMD/YouTube
Fasting Plasma Glucose
Fasting Plasma Glucose - The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, also known as the fasting blood sugar test, measures blood sugar levels and is used to diagnose diabetes.
Image by TheVisualMD
2:12
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
EmpowHER/YouTube
1:57
What Is Inflammation?
TheVisualMD
3:57
Homocystinuria Infographic
HCU Network/YouTube
3:23
The Homocysteine Factor
hcyfactor/YouTube
Homocysteine
Ben Mills and Jynto
Homocysteine
TheVisualMD
0:50
Fasting for a Blood Test | WebMD
WebMD/YouTube
Fasting Plasma Glucose
TheVisualMD
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Tests
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Tests
Also called: BNP, NT-proBNP, Natriuretic Peptide Test, N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Test
Natriuretic peptide tests measure levels of BNP or NT-proBNP in a sample of your blood. Natriuretic peptides are proteins that your heart and blood vessels make. High levels of either substance in the blood can be a sign of heart failure.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Tests
Also called: BNP, NT-proBNP, Natriuretic Peptide Test, N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Test
Natriuretic peptide tests measure levels of BNP or NT-proBNP in a sample of your blood. Natriuretic peptides are proteins that your heart and blood vessels make. High levels of either substance in the blood can be a sign of heart failure.
{"label":"BNP reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":100},"text":"B-type natriuretic peptide test reference values can widely vary according to a person\u2019s sex and age.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":100,"max":500},"text":"High levels of BNP indicate heart failure.","conditions":["Congestive heart failure","Left ventricular hypertrophy","Acute myocardial infarction","Coronary angioplasty","Hypertension","Kidney disease"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"pg\/mL","code":"pg\/mL","name":"picogram per milliliter"}],"value":50}[{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
pg/mL
100
Your result is Normal.
B-type natriuretic peptide test reference values can widely vary according to a person’s sex and age.
Related conditions
{"label":"NT-proBNP reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":100},"text":"NT-proBNP test reference values can widely vary according to a person\u2019s sex and age.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":100,"max":500},"text":"High levels of NT-proBNP indicate heart failure.","conditions":["Congestive heart failure","Left ventricular hypertrophy","Acute myocardial infarction","Coronary angioplasty","Hypertension","Kidney disease"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"pg\/mL","code":"pg\/mL","name":"picogram per milliliter"}],"value":50}[{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
pg/mL
100
Your result is Normal.
NT-proBNP test reference values can widely vary according to a person’s sex and age.
Related conditions
Natriuretic peptides are proteins that your heart and blood vessels make. Natriuretic peptide tests measure the amount of these proteins in a sample of your blood. They are mainly used to help confirm or rule out heart failure in people who have symptoms.
Heart failure is also called congestive heart failure. If you have this condition, your heart has trouble pumping enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your body's needs.
Two types of natriuretic peptides can be measured to check for possible heart failure. Your health care provider will decide which of these peptides to test:
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a protein that's a type of hormone. A hormone is a chemical messenger in your bloodstream that controls the actions of certain cells or organs. BNP has "brain" in its name because that's where researchers first discovered it. Your heart makes and releases BNP into your bloodstream when it's working harder than normal to pump blood.
The BNP tells your blood vessels to open wider and your kidneys to get rid of water and salt through urine (pee). This helps reduce the workload on your heart by lowering blood pressure and reducing the amount of blood your heart has to pump.
N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a protein that's an "ingredient" for making the BNP hormone. Like BNP, your heart makes larger amounts of NT-proBNP when it has to work harder to pump blood.
It's normal to have some BNP and NT-proBNP in your bloodstream. But higher than normal levels for your age and sex may be a sign of heart failure.
Other names: brain natriuretic peptide, NT-pro B-type natriuretic peptide test, B-type natriuretic peptide, N terminal proBNP
A BNP test or an NT-proBNP test is mainly used to help diagnose or rule out heart failure in a person who is having symptoms. Shortness of breath is the most common symptom of heart failure, but other conditions can cause the same type of breathing problems.
If a person with shortness of breath has normal BNP or NT-proBNP levels, heart failure can usually be ruled out. If high BNP or NT-proBNP levels are found, other tests will usually be done to confirm that heart failure is causing the symptoms.
For people who have already been diagnosed with heart failure, the test may be used to:
Find out how serious their heart condition is
Predict the chances that their condition will get worse
Check if an increase in symptoms means that heart failure has gotten worse
In certain cases, the test may also be used to monitor the heart health of people who:
Have had a heart attack
Have a heart condition that suddenly reduces the flow of blood to the heart, such as unstable angina
You may need a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test if you have symptoms that could mean you have heart failure. These include:
Feeling short of breath
Swelling in your abdomen (belly), feet, legs, and/or veins in your neck
Fatigue and/or general weakness
Coughing
Inability to sleep lying flat
Needing to urinate (pee) a lot, especially at night
Loss of appetite and nausea
If you have already been diagnosed with heart failure, your provider may order one of these tests to learn more about your condition.
For a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
If you're being tested in a hospital, you may have a fingerstick test. Your finger will be pricked with a small needle and a few drops of blood will be gathered for testing. This method provides quicker results than using blood from a vein.
You don't need any special preparations for a BNP test or an NT-proBNP test.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
The meaning of your test results will depend on your age, sex, medical history, family history, and the results of other tests. Ask your provider to explain what the results of your BNP or NT-proBNP test say about your health and how this information may affect your treatment.
A BNP or NT-proBNP test alone can't diagnose the cause of your symptoms. But in general, if you have symptoms that could be caused by heart failure:
Normal results on a BNP or NT-proBNP usually mean that you're unlikely to have heart failure. Your provider may order other tests to find out what's causing your symptoms.
If you have obesity, your weight may affect the accuracy of your test results, making your levels lower than they really are. If your provider suspects heart failure, you may have other heart health tests even if your BNP or NT-proBNP levels are normal.
Higher than normal levels of BNP or NT-proBNP mean that you could have heart failure. Your provider will probably order other heart health tests to help make a final diagnosis.
In most cases, the higher the level of your test results, the more serious your heart failure may be. But other health conditions can increase BNP and NT-proBNP levels. That's why your medical history is important for understanding whether high test results mean you have heart failure.
Other conditions that can cause high levels of BNP and NT-proBNP include:
Kidney failure
Other types of heart disease, including conditions that affect your heart valves or heart muscle
Certain lung disorders, including a blood clot in your lung (pulmonary embolism) and high blood pressure in your lungs (pulmonary hypertension)
If you have questions about your results, talk with your provider.
Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP): MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 19, 2024]
Brain natriuretic peptide test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 19, 2024]
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Test (BNP and NT-proBNP) - Testing.com. Jan 21, 2022 [accessed on Jan 19, 2024]
Additional Materials (2)
Heart Revealing Blood in Left Ventricle
3d visualization based on scanned human data of the anterior view of a heart. The anterior wall of the epicardium is transparent to reveal the blood in the left ventricle as it is being pumped into the aorta.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Heart with Enlarged Left Ventricle
3D visualization based on scanned human data of an enlarge heart. The coronal cut reveals the right ventricle and the enlarged left ventricle. The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker and larger to do the increase force required to push blood into the systemic system.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Revealing Blood in Left Ventricle
TheVisualMD
Human Heart with Enlarged Left Ventricle
TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein (A) Test
Lipoprotein (A) Test
Also called: Cholesterol Lp(a), Lp(a), Lp "Little a", lipoprotein (a) blood test
Lipoprotein(a) is a particle that carries cholesterol, proteins and fats in blood vessels. The level of Lp(a) is genetically inherited and not affected by lifestyle or treatment. Lp(a) test allows to assess the risk of heart disease.
Lipoprotein (A) Test
Also called: Cholesterol Lp(a), Lp(a), Lp "Little a", lipoprotein (a) blood test
Lipoprotein(a) is a particle that carries cholesterol, proteins and fats in blood vessels. The level of Lp(a) is genetically inherited and not affected by lifestyle or treatment. Lp(a) test allows to assess the risk of heart disease.
{"label":"Lipoprotein (A) Reference Range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"units":[{"printSymbol":"mg\/dL","code":"mg\/dL","name":"milligram per deciliter"}],"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":30},"text":"Some cholesterol and Lp(a) in your blood is normal.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":30,"max":100},"text":"High levels of Lp(a) in blood are associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or narrowed arteries supplying blood to vital organs.","conditions":["Atherosclerosis","Coronary artery disease","Heart attack","Peripheral vascular disease","Aortic stenosis","Thrombosis","Stroke"]}],"value":15}[{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
30
Your result is Normal.
Some cholesterol and Lp(a) in your blood is normal.
Related conditions
A lipoprotein (a) test measures the level of lipoprotein (a) in your blood. Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream. There are two main types of cholesterol:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good" cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol.
Lipoprotein (a) is a type of LDL (bad) cholesterol. A high level of lipoprotein (a) may mean you are at risk for heart disease.
A lipoprotein (a) test is used to check for risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart diseases. It is not a routine test. It is usually only given to people who have certain risk factors, such as a family history of heart disease.
You may need this test if you have:
Heart disease, despite normal results on other lipid tests
High cholesterol, despite maintaining a healthy diet
A family history of heart disease, especially heart disease that has occurred at an early age and/or sudden deaths from heart disease
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for a lipoprotein (a) test. If your health care provider has ordered other tests, such as a cholesterol test, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 9 to 12 hours before your blood is drawn. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
A high lipoprotein (a) level may mean you are at risk for heart disease. There are no specific treatments to lower lipoprotein (a). Your level of lipoprotein (a) is determined by your genes and is not affected by your lifestyle or by most medicines. But if your test results show a high level of lipoprotein (a), your health care provider may make recommendations to reduce other risk factors that can lead to heart disease. These may include medicines or lifestyle changes such as:
Eating a healthy diet
Weight Control
Quitting smoking
Getting regular exercise
Reducing stress
Lowering blood pressure
Reducing LDL cholesterol
Certain situations and factors can affect your test results. You should not get a lipoprotein (a) test if you have any of these conditions:
Fever
Infection
Recent and considerable weight loss
Pregnancy
Lipoprotein (a) Blood Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [accessed on Sep 09, 2018]
120188: Lipoprotein(a) | LabCorp [accessed on Sep 09, 2018]
https://www.labcorp.com/tests/related-documents/L15045 [accessed on Sep 09, 2018]
Understand Inherited Lipoprotein(a) - Lipoprotein(a) Foundation [accessed on Sep 09, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (10)
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase: Macrophage
Lp-PLA2 (or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) is an enzyme produced by specialized immune cells called macrophages that engulf and destroy pathogens, foreign particles, aging cells and biological debris.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lp-PLA2, Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. There is no single biomarker that can perfectly predict a person's risk of heart disease; half of all people who suffer heart attacks have normal cholesterol. This is why researchers have developed additional biomarkers for heart disease, such as Lp-PLA2 (or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2), an enzyme linked to the inflammation of blood vessels. Individuals with high levels of Lp-PLA2 are at much higher risk of heart attack and stroke even if their cholesterol levels are normal.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipoproteins
Lipid logistics: transport of triglycerides and cholesterol in organisms in form of lipoproteins as chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL.
Image by Peter Forster
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and Stroke
Video by Children's Stroke Foundation/YouTube
Lipoprotein(a) Foundation Thanks Bob Harper ...
Video by BusinessWire/YouTube
What Is Lipoprotein(a)?
Video by Rush University System for Health/YouTube
High Cholesterol Medical Animation (Hyperlipidemia)
Video by Silverback Video/YouTube
What is FH?
Video by NationalLipid/YouTube
Jeanine's Story
Video by Rush University System for Health/YouTube
Lipids and Lipoproteins
TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase: Macrophage
TheVisualMD
Lp-PLA2, Coronary heart disease
TheVisualMD
Lipoproteins
Peter Forster
4:09
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and Stroke
Children's Stroke Foundation/YouTube
2:20
Lipoprotein(a) Foundation Thanks Bob Harper ...
BusinessWire/YouTube
3:47
What Is Lipoprotein(a)?
Rush University System for Health/YouTube
1:19
High Cholesterol Medical Animation (Hyperlipidemia)
Silverback Video/YouTube
1:54
What is FH?
NationalLipid/YouTube
2:48
Jeanine's Story
Rush University System for Health/YouTube
Cholesterol Test
Cholesterol Test
Also called: Cholesterol Levels, Blood Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol
A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of each type of cholesterol and certain fats in your blood. Cholesterol is needed to carry out functions such as hormone and vitamin production. High cholesterol can put you at risk for heart disease.
Cholesterol Test
Also called: Cholesterol Levels, Blood Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol
A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of each type of cholesterol and certain fats in your blood. Cholesterol is needed to carry out functions such as hormone and vitamin production. High cholesterol can put you at risk for heart disease.
{"label":"Cholesterol reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Desirable","long":"Desirable","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":125,"max":200},"text":"While cholesterol levels can vary widely among healthy individuals, total cholesterol levels below 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg\/dL) are considered most desirable.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"borderline","label":{"short":"Borderline high","long":"Borderline high","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":200,"max":240},"text":"High cholesterol generally means your total cholesterol is 200 mg\/dL or higher.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":240,"max":400},"text":"Total cholesterol levels of 240 mg\/dL and higher may put people at high risk for cardiovascular disease.","conditions":["Hypercholesterolemia","Cardiovascular disease","Diabetes","Biliary cirrhosis","High-fat diet","Familial hyperlipidemia"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"mg\/dL","code":"mg\/dL","name":"milligram per deciliter"}],"value":162.5}[{"normal":0},{"borderline":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
200
240
Your result is Desirable.
While cholesterol levels can vary widely among healthy individuals, total cholesterol levels below 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) are considered most desirable.
Related conditions
{"label":"HDL reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Low","long":"Low","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":1,"max":40},"text":"HDL levels less than 40 mg\/dL for men and less than 50 mg\/dL for women are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.","conditions":["Cardiovascular disease","Atherosclerosis"]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Desirable","long":"Desirable","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":40,"max":60},"text":"HDL levels between 40-50 mg\/dL for men, and 50-60 mg\/dl for women, are associated with average risk of heart disease. The higher HDL levels, the better.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Optimal","long":"Optimal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":60,"max":160},"text":"HDL levels of 60 mg\/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or higher are associated with a less-than-average risk of heart disease.","conditions":[]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"mg\/dL","code":"mg\/dL","name":"milligram per deciliter"}],"value":50}[{"abnormal":0},{"normal":0},{"normal":1}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
40
60
Your result is Desirable.
HDL levels between 40-50 mg/dL for men, and 50-60 mg/dl for women, are associated with average risk of heart disease. The higher HDL levels, the better.
Related conditions
{"label":"LDL reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"O","long":"Optimal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":20,"max":100},"text":"The optimal level of LDL has changed over time and depends on the number of risk factors you have for heart disease and stroke. Generally, you want your LDL to be low. It's possible to have extremely low levels of LDL, but this is rare.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"NO","long":"Near optimal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":100,"max":130},"text":"The optimal level of LDL has changed over time and depends on the number of risk factors you have for heart disease and stroke. You want your LDL to be low. Too much LDL is linked to heart disease and stroke.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"borderline","label":{"short":"BH","long":"Borderline high","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":130,"max":160},"text":"Borderline LDL represents the at-risk stage of developing high LDL. High LDL contributes to cardiovascular disease, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.","conditions":["Dyslipidemia"]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"H","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":160,"max":190},"text":"If you have a high LDL level, this means that you have too much LDL cholesterol in your blood. High LDL contributes to cardiovascular disease, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.","conditions":["Angina","Atherosclerosis","Dyslipidemia","Familial hypercholesterolemia","Heart attack","Metabolic syndrome","Peripheral artery disease","Stroke"]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"VH","long":"Very high","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":190,"max":300},"text":"If you have a high LDL level, this means that you have too much LDL cholesterol in your blood. High LDL contributes to cardiovascular disease, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.","conditions":["Angina","Atherosclerosis","Dyslipidemia","Familial hypercholesterolemia","Heart attack","Metabolic syndrome","Peripheral artery disease","Stroke"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"mg\/dL","code":"mg\/dL","name":"milligram per deciliter"}],"value":60}[{"normal":1},{"normal":0},{"borderline":0},{"abnormal":0},{"abnormal":1}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
100
130
160
190
Your result is Optimal.
The optimal level of LDL has changed over time and depends on the number of risk factors you have for heart disease and stroke. Generally, you want your LDL to be low. It's possible to have extremely low levels of LDL, but this is rare.
Related conditions
A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in your blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in your blood and every cell of your body. You need some cholesterol to keep your cells and organs healthy.
Your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. But you can also get cholesterol from the foods you eat, especially meat, eggs, poultry, and dairy products. Foods that are high in dietary fat can also make your liver produce more cholesterol.
There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good" cholesterol.
Too much LDL cholesterol in your blood increases your risk for coronary artery disease and other heart diseases. High LDL levels can cause the buildup of a sticky substance called plaque in your arteries. Over time, plaque can narrow your arteries or fully block them. When this happens, parts of your body don't get enough blood:
If the blood flow to the heart is blocked, it can cause a heart attack.
If the blood flow to the brain is blocked, it can cause a stroke.
If the blood flow to the arms or legs is blocked, it can cause peripheral artery disease.
Other names for a cholesterol test: Lipid profile, Lipid panel
A cholesterol test gives you and your health care provider important information about your risk of developing heart disease. If your test shows you have high cholesterol, you can take steps to lower it. This may decrease your risk of developing heart problems in the future. A cholesterol test measures:
LDL levels. Also known as the "bad" cholesterol, LDL is the main source of blockages in the arteries.
HDL levels. Considered the "good" cholesterol, HDL helps get rid of "bad" LDL cholesterol.
Total cholesterol. The combined amount of LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in your blood.
Triglyceride levels. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. Some studies show that high levels of triglycerides may increase the risk of heart disease, especially in women.
VLDL levels. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is another type of "bad" cholesterol. High VLDL levels have been linked to plaque buildup in the arteries. VLDL isn't usually included in routine cholesterol tests because it's difficult to measure. About half of VLDL is triglycerides, so your VLDL level can be estimated as a percentage of your triglyceride level.
Your provider may order a cholesterol test as part of a routine exam. You may also have a cholesterol test if you have a family history of heart disease or if your risk for heart problems is high because of:
High blood pressure
Type 2 diabetes
Smoking
Excess weight or obesity
Lack of physical activity
A diet high in saturated fat
Your age may also be a factor, because your risk for heart disease increases as you get older.
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You may be able to use an at-home kit to check your cholesterol levels. Your kit will include a device to prick your finger to collect a drop of blood for testing. Be sure to follow the kit instructions carefully. Also, be sure to tell your provider if your at-home test shows that your total cholesterol level is higher than 200 mg/dl.
You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 9 to 12 hours before your blood cholesterol test. That's why the tests are often done in the morning. Your provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any other special instructions.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
Cholesterol is usually measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. The information below will help you understand what your test results mean. In general, low LDL levels and high HDL cholesterol levels are good for heart health.
Total cholesterol
Total Cholesterol Level
Category
Less than 200mg/dL
Desirable
200-239 mg/dL
Borderline high
240mg/dL and above
High
LDL (bad) cholesterol
LDL (Bad) Cholesterol Level
LDL Cholesterol Category
Less than 100mg/dL
Optimal (best for your health)
100-129mg/dL
Near optimal
130-159 mg/dL
Borderline high
160-189 mg/dL
High
190 mg/dL and above
Very High
HDL (good) cholesterol
HDL (Good) Cholesterol Level
HDL Cholesterol Category
60 mg/dL and higher
Considered protective against heart disease
40-59 mg/dL
The higher, the better
Less than 40 mg/dL
A major risk factor for heart disease
The LDL listed on your results may say "calculated." This means that your LDL level is an estimate based on your total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides. Your LDL level may also be measured "directly" from your blood sample. Either way, you want your LDL number to be low.
A healthy cholesterol level for you may depend on your age, family history, lifestyle, and other risk factors for heart disease, such as high triglyceride levels. Your provider can explain what's right for you.
High cholesterol can lead to heart disease, the number one cause of death in the United States. You can't change some risk factors for high cholesterol, such as age and your genes. But there are actions you can take to lower your LDL levels and reduce your risk, including:
Eating a healthy diet. Reducing or avoiding foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol can help reduce the cholesterol levels in your blood.
Losing weight. Being overweight can increase your cholesterol and risk for heart disease.
Staying active. Regular exercise may help lower your LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and raise your HDL (good) cholesterol levels. It may also help you lose weight.
Talk to your provider before making any major change in your diet or exercise routine.
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (12)
Total Cholesterol: Heart
The heart beats about 100,000 times a day, pumping blood through a vast system of arteries, veins and microscopic capillaries. While many risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including cholesterol levels, are related to lifestyle, others are largely genetic.
Image by TheVisualMD
Total Cholesterol: Heart and Liver
The liver produces most of the body's cholesterol in order to package fats in the form of lipoproteins. HDL is referred to as \"good\" cholesterol because it picks up excess cholesterol in the bloodstream and carries it back to the liver for disposal.
Image by TheVisualMD
Total Cholesterol: Thrombus
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel. If the clot is large or persistent enough, it can obstruct blood flow, which can starve tissue of oxygen-carrying blood. Most strokes are the result of thrombosis.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
Your blood "knows" what you eat, meaning that the cardiovascular system is a sensitive barometer of a person's health, including diet. What individuals eat is reflected in their blood chemistry and the health of their heart, arteries and vessels. Fats (also known as lipids), for example, are vital to health and wellbeing throughout our lives and yet they are mostly associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. The problem is that not all fats (or cholesterol) are equal. They share basic chemical similarities, but they also have important differences, which, in turn, result in different roles and effects in the body. Tests that offer information on diet and heart health include total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol), and triglycerides.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is Atherosclerosis?
Voyage inside your body to see where cholesterol is made and how plaques form inside your arteries. Witness the inner workings of your own personal cholesterol factory: your liver. Dr. Mehmet Oz, Dr. Peter Fail, and other top experts talk about cholesterol-how it accumulates with other substances in your arteries as plaque, and what happens when plaques rupture. See exactly how tiny stents are inserted in blocked vessels, and view footage of actual bypass surgery. Discover how you can keep your arteries clear and flexible through lifestyle changes and medications.
Video by TheVisualMD
What cholesterol is and what cholesterol blood tests show
Video by Bupa Health UK/YouTube
Cholesterol Blood Test
Video by Baptist Health Physician Partners/YouTube
Cholesterol - what is it and how can you prevent high cholesterol?
Video by Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
Cholesterol Good and Bad
Video by The National Library of Medicine/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
This video explains the difference between HDL and LDL cholesterol. It also reveals what may occur when there are high levels of LDL in the body.LDL may stick to an artery's inner wall causing the build up of plaque, affecting blood flow. When an artery stiffens and constricts, aneurysm, heart attack, and stroke can occur.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Refined Carbohydrates and Atherosclerosis
Refined Carbohydrates and Atherosclerosis : In atherosclerosis, hard, fatty deposits called plaque build up inside your arteries. For decades it was thought that eating too many fatty foods, especially foods rich in cholesterol, was to blame for plaque accumulation.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Cardiovascular Inflammation
Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. The most common cause of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries that leads to the hardening of arterial walls and the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques, or atheromas. Although the process of inflammation can be beneficial in other parts of the body, chronic inflammation within arterial walls is problematic as it seems to promote this underlying growth of plaque. The combination of arterial inflammation and the growth of plaque can lead to the rupture of the plaque, and result in a blood clot. Blood clots can lead to dangerous conditions such as heart attack or stroke.
Video by TheVisualMD
Total Cholesterol: Heart
TheVisualMD
Total Cholesterol: Heart and Liver
TheVisualMD
Total Cholesterol: Thrombus
TheVisualMD
2:46
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
3:10
What Is Atherosclerosis?
TheVisualMD
3:53
What cholesterol is and what cholesterol blood tests show
Bupa Health UK/YouTube
3:06
Cholesterol Blood Test
Baptist Health Physician Partners/YouTube
2:42
Cholesterol - what is it and how can you prevent high cholesterol?
Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
3:01
Cholesterol Good and Bad
The National Library of Medicine/YouTube
0:45
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
TheVisualMD
2:21
Refined Carbohydrates and Atherosclerosis
TheVisualMD
4:26
Cardiovascular Inflammation
TheVisualMD
High-Density Lipoprotein Test
High-Density Lipoprotein Test
Also called: HDL, HDL-C, HDL Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is the "good" cholesterol. It helps to remove bad cholesterol from your arteries, so a higher HDL level is better.
High-Density Lipoprotein Test
Also called: HDL, HDL-C, HDL Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is the "good" cholesterol. It helps to remove bad cholesterol from your arteries, so a higher HDL level is better.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
40
60
Your result is Desirable.
HDL levels between 40-50 mg/dL for men, and 50-60 mg/dl for women, are associated with average risk of heart disease. The higher HDL levels, the better.
Related conditions
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease.
HDL and LDL are two types of lipoproteins.They are a combination of fat (lipid) and protein. The lipids need to be attached to the proteins so they can move through the blood. HDL and LDL have different purposes:
HDL stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body.
LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries.
A blood test can measure your cholesterol levels, including HDL. When and how often you should get this test depends on your age, risk factors, and family history. The general recommendations are:
For people who are age 19 or younger:
The first test should be between ages 9 to 11
Children should have the test again every 5 years
Some children may have this test starting at age 2 if there is a family history of high blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke
For people who are age 20 or older:
Younger adults should have the test every 5 years
Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should have it every 1 to 2 years
With HDL cholesterol, higher numbers are better, because a high HDL level can lower your risk for coronary artery disease and stroke. How high your HDL should be depends on your age and sex:
Group
Healthy HDL Level
Age 19 or younger
More than 45mg/dl
Men age 20 or older
More than 40mg/dl
Women age 20 or older
More than 50mg/dl
If your HDL level is too low, lifestyle changes may help. These changes may also help prevent other diseases, and make you feel better overall:
Eat a healthy diet. To raise your HDL level, you need to eat good fats instead of bad fats. This means limiting saturated fats, which include full-fat milk and cheese, high-fat meats like sausage and bacon, and foods made with butter, lard, and shortening. You should also avoid trans fats, which may be in some margarines, fried foods, and processed foods like baked goods. Instead, eat unsaturated fats, which are found in avocado, vegetable oils like olive oil, and nuts. Limit carbohydrates, especially sugar. Also try to eat more foods naturally high in fiber, such as oatmeal and beans.
Stay at a healthy weight. You can boost your HDL level by losing weight, especially if you have lots of fat around your waist.
Exercise. Getting regular exercise can raise your HDL level, as well as lower your LDL. You should try to do 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise on most, if not all, days.
Avoid cigarettes. Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can lower your HDL level. If you are a smoker, ask your health care provider for help in finding the best way for you to quit. You should also try to avoid secondhand smoke.
Limit alcohol. Moderate alcohol may lower your HDL level, although more studies are needed to confirm that. What we do know is that too much alcohol can make you gain weight, and that lowers your HDL level.
Some cholesterol medicines, including certain statins, can raise your HDL level, in addition to lowering your LDL level. Health care providers don't usually prescribe medicines only to raise HDL. But if you have a low HDL and high LDL level, you might need medicine.
Taking certain medicines can lower HDL levels in some people. They include
Beta blockers, a type of blood pressure medicine
Anabolic steroids, including testosterone, a male hormone
Progestins, which are female hormones that are in some birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy
Benzodiazepines, sedatives that are often used for anxiety and insomnia
If you are taking one of these and you have a very low HDL level, ask your provider if you should continue to take them.
Diabetes can also lower your HDL level, so that gives you another reason to manage your diabetes.
HDL: The "Good" Cholesterol: MedlinePlus [accessed on Oct 08, 2018]
Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to Know: MedlinePlus [accessed on Oct 08, 2018]
High blood cholesterol levels: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Oct 08, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (21)
HDL and LDL Molecules Subfractionization
The standard lipid profile, which measures the quantity of LDL and HDL cholesterol in the blood stream, has proven itself to be very useful in identifying many people who are risk for heart disease. But it doesn't catch everyone at risk. A more detailed lipid profile, called lipoprotein subfraction testing, divides the basic cholesterol groups into finer categories, which makes possible more accurate risk assessment. This interactive features all of the different tests involved in a lipid panel- HDL, LDL and VLDL, and the different subclasses for each.
Image by TheVisualMD
LDL particle
LDL (low-density lipoprotein or \"bad cholesterol\") along with HDL (high-density lipoprotein or \"good cholesterol\") are the two main types of cholesterol particles in the bloodstream. LDL is referred to as \"bad\" cholesterol because it forms deposits (plaque) in the lining of blood vessels. The size and density of the lipoprotein determines whether its cholesterol is classified as \"good: or \"bad\". Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are larger, lighter, and fluffier; high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are small and dense. An LDL test is part of a lipid panel that measures total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Cholesterol tests do not diagnose heart disease; instead, they are used to estimate risk. And while cholesterol levels can vary widely among healthy individuals, the evidence suggests that low levels of LDL cholesterol decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke, while high levels of LDL increase that risk.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cholesterol, Healthy Heart
A heart-healthy lifestyle includes a diet based on the principles of balance, variety and moderation in the consumption of fats. Fats are essential nutrients and critical building blocks. The type of fat in a diet, however, turns out to be even more important than the total amount; there are \"good\" fats and \"bad\" dietary fats, just as there are \"good\" and \"bad\" types of cholesterol in our bloodstream. Other keys to cardiovascular health and wellbeing: get aerobic exercise, don't smoke, and drink alcohol only in moderation.
Image by TheVisualMD
Aerobic athletes in general, particularly lean ones, have lower LDL (or "bad" cholesterol) levels
There are many factors that can potentially influence cholesterol levels. Exercise may be an important one, though evidence is not definitive; studies have shown that endurance athletes have higher HDL (or \"good\" cholesterol) levels, and aerobic athletes in general, particularly lean ones, have lower LDL (or \"bad\" cholesterol) levels.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross-Section View of HDL Lipoprotein
This image shows a cross-section of a globule of High Density-Lipoprotein (HDL). HDL has a large amount of protein, which makes it denser than other lipoproteins. The purple area shows protein content (33-57%), the off-white shell shows phospholipids (26-43%), and the yellow and red interior shows cholesterol (17-40%) and triglycerides (3-15%). HDL supplies two other lipoproteins-chylomicrons and VLDLs-with proteins that signal the liver to trap and extract their fat. HDL also sponges up excess cholesterol from blood vessel linings and carries it to the liver for removal. This reduces the risk of plaque build-up in the arteries and gives HDL its nickname \"good\" cholesterol.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cholesterol, Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty deposits called plaque build up inside arteries; one of the components of plaque is LDL or \"bad\" cholesterol. Over time, plaque narrows the arteries, which limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body; plaque in coronary arteries restricts blood supply to the heart. Plaque also makes the arterial walls stiff and less elastic, which is why a common term for artherosclerosis is \"hardening\" of the arteries. To try to clean up the mess, the endothelial cells that make up the inner lining send out chemical signals that summon inflammatory cells. These cells invade the area and engulf the fatty molecules, leaving behind the fatty streaks. If the levels of cholesterol don't drop, the buildup continues. The fats start to accumulate faster than the cleanup process can remove them and develop into noticeable deposits known as plaque. As the plaques grow, so do the problems. The bulging plaque reduces the diameter of the arteries, which decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure. As a defense, the arteries start shoring up, making more support cells to cope with the rising blood pressure. The arteries become less flexible; hence the description of the condition as hardening of the arteries.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cholesterol pathway
Cholesterol is essential for the maintenance of cell membranes, production of sex hormones, and absorption of key vitamins. We get cholesterol from the foods we eat (particularly red meat, dairy and eggs), but our livers produce most of it in a multi-step process (drugs like statins interrupt this process). Cholesterol is carried in the bloodstream in specialized packages called lipoproteins.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cholesterol Traveling Through Cell Membrane to HDL
This image shows the healthy membrane of an endothelial cell in a blood vessel wall. You can see the semi-permeable double layer of phospholipids that allows lipids to move across the membrane. The cholesterol molecules (yellow) maintain permeability by keeping the phospholipid tails from sticking together. Excess cholesterol molecules are passing through the phospholipid bilayer through passive, aqueous diffusion to a mature high-denisty lipoprotein (HDL) molecule. HDL is considered \"good\" cholesterol. The cell membrane benefits from this interaction with HDL and now has less cholesterol in the membrane. The HDL molecule carries the cholesterol away and back to the liver for recycling or degradation.
Image by TheVisualMD
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Molecule
High-density lipoproteins, abbreviated HDL, are small and dense protein spheres that transport cholesterol, triglyceride, and other lipids through the bloodstream. Because the density of a protein bundle is associated with its ability to gather cholesterol from cells and transport it to the liver for eventual elimination, high-density lipoproteins are commonly referred to as the \"good\" cholesterol. A heart-healthy diet is rich in HDL sources. Wholesome foods that deliver Omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and soluble fibers can raise HDL levels and provide numerous health benefits, including the warding off of life-threatening diseases.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
This video explains the difference between HDL and LDL cholesterol. It also reveals what may occur when there are high levels of LDL in the body.LDL may stick to an artery's inner wall causing the build up of plaque, affecting blood flow. When an artery stiffens and constricts, aneurysm, heart attack, and stroke can occur.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Cardiovascular Inflammation
Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. The most common cause of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries that leads to the hardening of arterial walls and the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques, or atheromas. Although the process of inflammation can be beneficial in other parts of the body, chronic inflammation within arterial walls is problematic as it seems to promote this underlying growth of plaque. The combination of arterial inflammation and the growth of plaque can lead to the rupture of the plaque, and result in a blood clot. Blood clots can lead to dangerous conditions such as heart attack or stroke.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
Your blood "knows" what you eat, meaning that the cardiovascular system is a sensitive barometer of a person's health, including diet. What individuals eat is reflected in their blood chemistry and the health of their heart, arteries and vessels. Fats (also known as lipids), for example, are vital to health and wellbeing throughout our lives and yet they are mostly associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. The problem is that not all fats (or cholesterol) are equal. They share basic chemical similarities, but they also have important differences, which, in turn, result in different roles and effects in the body. Tests that offer information on diet and heart health include total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol), and triglycerides.
Video by TheVisualMD
The 5 Most Important Molecules in Your Body
Video by SciShow/YouTube
Cholesterol Blood Test
Video by Baptist Health Physician Partners/YouTube
High Cholesterol Medical Animation (Hyperlipidemia)
Video by Silverback Video/YouTube
British Heart Foundation - Cholesterol and heart disease
Video by British Heart Foundation/YouTube
HDL: When Good Cholesterol Goes Bad
Video by UW Video/YouTube
Lipid Panel Interpretation
Video by FatIsNotYourFault/YouTube
Triglycerides and HDL
Video by Joslin Diabetes Center/YouTube
Tri HDL
Video by ACAP Health/YouTube
HDL Molecule
HDL Molecule
Image by TheVisualMD
HDL and LDL Molecules Subfractionization
TheVisualMD
LDL particle
TheVisualMD
Cholesterol, Healthy Heart
TheVisualMD
Aerobic athletes in general, particularly lean ones, have lower LDL (or "bad" cholesterol) levels
TheVisualMD
Cross-Section View of HDL Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Cholesterol, Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
TheVisualMD
Cholesterol pathway
TheVisualMD
Cholesterol Traveling Through Cell Membrane to HDL
TheVisualMD
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Molecule
TheVisualMD
0:45
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
TheVisualMD
4:26
Cardiovascular Inflammation
TheVisualMD
2:46
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
7:55
The 5 Most Important Molecules in Your Body
SciShow/YouTube
3:06
Cholesterol Blood Test
Baptist Health Physician Partners/YouTube
1:19
High Cholesterol Medical Animation (Hyperlipidemia)
Silverback Video/YouTube
6:23
British Heart Foundation - Cholesterol and heart disease
British Heart Foundation/YouTube
54:59
HDL: When Good Cholesterol Goes Bad
UW Video/YouTube
1:16:38
Lipid Panel Interpretation
FatIsNotYourFault/YouTube
3:25
Triglycerides and HDL
Joslin Diabetes Center/YouTube
2:17
Tri HDL
ACAP Health/YouTube
HDL Molecule
TheVisualMD
Low Density Lipoprotein Test
Low Density Lipoprotein Test
Also called: LDL, LDL-C, LDL Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is the "bad" cholesterol. A high LDL level can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. Too much LDL is linked to heart disease and stroke.
Low Density Lipoprotein Test
Also called: LDL, LDL-C, LDL Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is the "bad" cholesterol. A high LDL level can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. Too much LDL is linked to heart disease and stroke.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
100
130
160
190
Your result is Optimal.
The optimal level of LDL has changed over time and depends on the number of risk factors you have for heart disease and stroke. Generally, you want your LDL to be low. It's possible to have extremely low levels of LDL, but this is rare.
Related conditions
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease.
LDL and HDL are two types of lipoproteins. They are a combination of fat (lipid) and protein. The lipids need to be attached to the proteins so they can move through the blood. LDL and HDL have different purposes:
LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries.
HDL stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body.
If you have a high LDL level, this means that you have too much LDL cholesterol in your blood. This extra LDL, along with other substances, forms plaque. The plaque builds up in your arteries; this is a condition called atherosclerosis.
Coronary artery disease happens when the plaque buildup is in the arteries of your heart. It causes the arteries to become hardened and narrowed, which slows down or blocks the blood flow to your heart. Since your blood carries oxygen to your heart, this means that your heart may not be able to get enough oxygen. This can cause angina (chest pain), or if the blood flow is completely blocked, a heart attack.
A blood test can measure your cholesterol levels, including LDL. When and how often you should get this test depends on your age, risk factors, and family history. The general recommendations are:
For people who are age 19 or younger:
The first test should be between ages 9 to 11
Children should have the test again every 5 years
Some children may have this test starting at age 2 if there is a family history of high blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke
For people who are age 20 or older:
Younger adults should have the test every 5 years
Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should have it every 1 to 2 years
Things that can affect your LDL level include
Diet. Saturated fat and cholesterol in the food you eat make your blood cholesterol level rise
Weight. Being overweight tends to raise your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total cholesterol level
Physical Activity. A lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain, which can raise your LDL level
Smoking. Cigarette smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol. Since HDL helps to remove LDL from your arteries, if you have less HDL, that can contribute to you having a higher LDL level.
Age and Gender. As women and men get older, their cholesterol levels rise. Before the age of menopause, women have lower total cholesterol levels than men of the same age. After the age of menopause, women's LDL levels tend to rise.
Genetics. Your genes partly determine how much cholesterol your body makes. High cholesterol can run in families. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited form of high blood cholesterol.
Medicines. Certain medicines, including steroids, some blood pressure medicines, and HIV/AIDS medicines, can raise your LDL level.
Other medical conditions. Diseases such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS can cause a higher LDL level.
Race. Certain races may have an increased risk of high blood cholesterol. For example, African Americans typically have higher HDL and LDL cholesterol levels than whites.
With LDL cholesterol, lower numbers are better, because a high LDL level can raise your risk for coronary artery disease and related problems:
LDL (Bad) Cholesterol Level
LDL Cholesterol Category
Less than 100mg/dL
Optimal
100-129mg/dL
Near optimal/above optimal
130-159 mg/dL
Borderline high
160-189 mg/dL
High
190 mg/dL and above
Very High
There are two main ways to lower your LDL cholesterol:
Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC). TLC includes three parts:
Heart-healthy eating. A heart-healthy eating plan limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. Examples of eating plans that can lower your cholesterol include the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet and the DASH eating plan.
Weight Management. If you are overweight, losing weight can help lower your LDL cholesterol.
Physical Activity. Everyone should get regular physical activity (30 minutes on most, if not all, days).
Drug Treatment. If lifestyle changes alone do not lower your cholesterol enough, you may also need to take medicines. There are several types of cholesterol-lowering drugs available, including statins. The medicines work in different ways and can have different side effects. Talk to your health care provider about which one is right for you. While you are taking medicines to lower your cholesterol, you still should continue with the lifestyle changes.
Some people with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) may receive a treatment called lipoprotein apheresis. This treatment uses a filtering machine to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. Then the machine returns the rest of the blood back to the person.
https://medlineplus.gov/ldlthebadcholesterol.html [accessed on Mar 01, 2019]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000386.htm [accessed on Mar 01, 2019]
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/ldl-cholesterol [accessed on Mar 01, 2019]
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11920-cholesterol-numbers-what-do-they-mean [accessed on Mar 01, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (18)
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipid Absorption
Lipid Absorption
Image by OpenStax College
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a soft, waxy, fatty substance that's found naturally in every cell in your body. It's categorized as a lipid-that is, a fat, oil, or wax that won't dissolve in water. Cholesterol is necessary for your body's health because it helps to make cell membranes, digest fats, and produce vitamin D and various steroid hormones. Your bloodstream transports cholesterol throughout your body bound to water-soluble particles called lipoproteins.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipids & Fats
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipids & Fats
Lipids & Fats
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Dr. Tara Dall discusses LDL, LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C) & LDL Particles (LDL-P)
Video by AdvLip/YouTube
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
This video explains the difference between HDL and LDL cholesterol. It also reveals what may occur when there are high levels of LDL in the body.LDL may stick to an artery's inner wall causing the build up of plaque, affecting blood flow. When an artery stiffens and constricts, aneurysm, heart attack, and stroke can occur.
Image by TheVisualMD
The New Marker for Heart Disease that is BETTER than LDL Cholesterol
Video by Dr. Adrian Chavez/YouTube
% Small Dense LDL Cholesterol
The predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is now recognized as a serious cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. Research showed that the predominance of small, dense LDL is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
This video explains the difference between HDL and LDL cholesterol. It also reveals what may occur when there are high levels of LDL in the body.LDL may stick to an artery's inner wall causing the build up of plaque, affecting blood flow. When an artery stiffens and constricts, aneurysm, heart attack, and stroke can occur.
Video by TheVisualMD
HDL and LDL Cholesterol Sub-fraction, Heart Disease
The standard lipid profile, which measures the quantity of LDL (\"bad\") and HDL (\"good\") cholesterol in the bloodstream, has proven itself to be useful in identifying many people who are at risk for heart disease. But it doesn't catch everyone at risk. A more detailed lipid profile, called lipoprotein sub-fraction testing, categorizes cholesterol particles according to their size and density. Such testing is more sensitive and is especially useful for people who have a strong family history of heart disease. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) is a condition when blood flow to the heart is reduced or blocked. Heart cells die when the blood supply is cut off; the longer the blood supply is cut off, the greater the area of heart damage.
Image by TheVisualMD
Low Density Lipoprotein: Arterial Wall
It's estimated that there are nearly 100,000 miles of arteries in an adult body. The walls of these arteries are composed of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, elastica interna, and an endothelial cell layer.
Image by TheVisualMD
Low Density Lipoprotein: Clogged Arteries (Atherosclerosis) / Plaque in Coronary Artery, close up
Plaque in Coronary Artery / Leading to a Heart Attack
1) Plaque in Coronary Artery - In this image, a tiny coronary artery has been cross-sectioned to reveal a stenosis, or narrowing, caused by fatty deposits in the blood stream. Plaque in a coronary artery may break apart, and the resulting release of platelet adhesion-enhancing substances encourages clots to form on the plaque surface. The clot may then block the flow of blood through the already narrowed artery. Having this condition present in the coronary arteries is particularly dangerous because these are the arteries that wrap around the surface of the heart and supply the organ itself with oxygen and nutrients needed to pump blood to the entire body.
2) Leading to a Heart Attack - In this image, a tiny coronary artery has been cross-sectioned to reveal a stenosis, or narrowing, caused by fatty deposits in the blood stream. It is evident that this stenosis has advanced such that tissue necrosis, or death, has occurred in the area upstream from the blockage. Plaque in a coronary artery may break apart, and the resulting release of platelet adhesion-enhancing substances encourages clots to form on the plaque surface. The clot may then block the flow of blood through the already narrowed artery. Having this condition present in the coronary arteries is particularly dangerous because these are the arteries that wrap around the surface of the heart and supply the organ itself with oxygen and nutrients needed to pump blood to the entire body. This heart has been severely injured and the individual is at a high risk for heart attack.
Lp-PLA2 (or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) is an enzyme produced by specialized immune cells called macrophages that engulf and destroy pathogens, foreign particles, aging cells and biological debris. Most of the Lp-PLA2 in the body is bound to LDL (or `bad` cholesterol) and the enzyme, like LDL, is linked to inflammation and the formation of plaques on blood vessel walls. Because Lp-PLA2 is very specifically linked to inflammation of blood vessels rather than inflammation that is systemic (throughout the body), it is a particularly good biomarker for vessel health.
Image by TheVisualMD
Oleic Acid Molecule
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated Omega-9 fatty acid found in animal and vegetable fats. Monounsaturated fats have one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond. These fats lower the risk of heart disease by reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad" cholesterol) in the blood. In this model, carbon atoms are dark gray, hydrogen atoms are white, and oxygen atoms are red. Interactive also available on white background.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein(a) Molecule
The test for Lipoprotein(a) is used to help assess an individual's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Unlike other risk factors for heart disease, however, Lp(a) levels are largely genetically determined and remain fairly stable over a person's life; they are also relatively resistant to treatment by either lifestyle changes or drugs. So why test for it? Because it is additional risk factor that can flag patients and their doctors to take an aggressive approach towards other, more treatable risk factors.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipids and Lipoproteins
TheVisualMD
Lipid Absorption
OpenStax College
Cholesterol
TheVisualMD
Lipids & Fats
TheVisualMD
Lipids & Fats
TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
8:37
Dr. Tara Dall discusses LDL, LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C) & LDL Particles (LDL-P)
AdvLip/YouTube
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
TheVisualMD
5:19
The New Marker for Heart Disease that is BETTER than LDL Cholesterol
Dr. Adrian Chavez/YouTube
% Small Dense LDL Cholesterol
TheVisualMD
0:45
What Is HDL and LDL Cholesterol?
TheVisualMD
HDL and LDL Cholesterol Sub-fraction, Heart Disease
TheVisualMD
Low Density Lipoprotein: Arterial Wall
TheVisualMD
Plaque in Coronary Artery / Leading to a Heart Attack
A triglycerides test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. High triglyceride levels may put you at risk for heart disease. The test is usually part of a lipid profile.
Triglycerides Test
Also called: TRIG
A triglycerides test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. High triglyceride levels may put you at risk for heart disease. The test is usually part of a lipid profile.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mg/dL
150
200
500
Your result is Optimal.
For adults, triglyceride levels less than 150 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) are considered optimal.
Related conditions
A triglycerides test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat in your body. If you eat more calories than you need, the extra calories are changed into triglycerides. These triglycerides are stored in your fat cells for later use. When your body needs energy, triglycerides are released into your bloodstream to provide fuel for your muscles to work. If you eat more calories than you burn off, especially calories from carbohydrates and fats, you may get high triglyceride levels in your blood. High triglycerides may put you at greater risk for a heart attack or stroke.
A triglycerides test is usually part of a lipid profile. Lipid is another word for fat. A lipid profile is a test that measures the level of fats in your blood, including triglycerides and cholesterol, a waxy, fatty substance found in every cell of your body. If you have high levels of both LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides, you may be at an increased risk for a heart attack or stroke.
Your health care provider may order a lipid profile as part of a routine exam or to diagnose or monitor heart conditions.
Healthy adults should get a lipid profile, which includes a triglycerides test, every four to six years. You may need to be tested more often if you have certain risk factors for heart disease. These include:
Family history of heart disease
Smoking
Being overweight
Unhealthy eating habits
Lack of exercise
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Age. Men 45 years or older and women 50 years or older are at a higher risk for heart disease
A triglycerides test is a blood test. During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You may need to fast (not food or drink) for 9 to 12 hours before your blood is drawn. Your health care provider will let you know if you need to fast and if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
Triglycerides are usually measured in milligrams (mg) of triglycerides per deciliter (dL) of blood. For adults, results are usually categorized as:
Normal/desirable triglyceride range: less than 150mg/dL
Borderline high triglyceride range: 150 to 199 mg/dL
High triglyceride range: 200 to 499 mg/dL
Very high triglyceride range: 500 mg/dL and above
Higher than normal triglyceride levels may put you at risk for heart disease. To reduce your levels and lower your risk, your health care provider may recommend lifestyle changes and/or prescribe medicines.
If your results were borderline high, your provider may recommend that you:
Lose weight
Eat a healthier diet
Get more exercise
Reduce alcohol intake
Take a cholesterol lowering medicine
If your results were high or very high, your provider may recommend the same lifestyle changes as above and also that you:
Follow a very low-fat diet
Lose a significant amount of weight
Take medicine or medicines designed to lower triglycerides
Be sure to talk to your health care provider before making any major changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Triglycerides Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on May 17, 2022]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (39)
Triglycerides
A Triglyceride model showing the positions of Sn1, Sn2 and Sn3, fatty acids, and the glycerol backbone
Image by Roger Daniels, Bunge Oils Director of Research & Development
Excess fat cells growing on top of the muscle tissue
Triglycerides are a large and varied category of fats found in both plants and animals. Because fats and blood, like oil and water, do not mix, triglycerides (as well as cholesterol) circulate through the body in special parcels called lipoproteins, which are fat-and-protein packages that enable fats to move freely within the bloodstream. Proteins and other components make up the outer shell; fats, in the form of triglycerides and cholesterol, are packed together inside.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Lipids and Lipoproteins
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
Your blood "knows" what you eat, meaning that the cardiovascular system is a sensitive barometer of a person's health, including diet. What individuals eat is reflected in their blood chemistry and the health of their heart, arteries and vessels. Fats (also known as lipids), for example, are vital to health and wellbeing throughout our lives and yet they are mostly associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. The problem is that not all fats (or cholesterol) are equal. They share basic chemical similarities, but they also have important differences, which, in turn, result in different roles and effects in the body. Tests that offer information on diet and heart health include total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol), and triglycerides.
Video by TheVisualMD
Thoracic Duct
The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and nodes that collect and carry a clear fluid called lymph that plays roles in immune function as well as the transport of nutrients. The thoracic duct, which is the largest vessel in the lymphatic system, delivers lymph into the bloodstream, including lymph from the intestinal system, called chyle, which is milky rich in fats.
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
Triglycerides are the body's primary form of stored fat. When you consume excess calories, your body converts them right away into triglycerides. In the liver, triglycerides are packaged up with cholesterol and with proteins in carriers called lipoproteins, which are transported through the blood to various sites of the body to be stored in fat cells. Luckily for anyone with a high triglyceride reading in their lipid profile, levels can often be lowered by making smart changes to the diet. Even if you are prescribed medication to lower triglyceride levels, your physician will also recommend improving food choices. In this model, carbon atoms are dark gray, hydrogen atoms are white, and oxygen atoms are red.
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
Triglycerides are the body's primary form of stored fat. When you consume excess calories, your body converts them right away into triglycerides. In the liver, triglycerides are packaged up with cholesterol and with proteins in carriers called lipoproteins, which are transported through the blood to various sites of the body to be stored in fat cells. Luckily for anyone with a high triglyceride reading in their lipid profile, levels can often be lowered by making smart changes to the diet. Even if you are prescribed medication to lower triglyceride levels, your physician will also recommend improving food choices. In this model, carbon atoms are dark gray, hydrogen atoms are white, and oxygen atoms are red.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lowering Triglycerides - Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Tri HDL
Video by ACAP Health/YouTube
Triglycerides: Liver and Intestines
The liver is the body's central chemical plant, removing toxins, storing sugars and lipids and producing a wide range of proteins that play key roles as enzymes. The liver also produces packages cholesterol and triglycerides, along with special proteins, into lipoproteins.
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglycerides: Triglyceride
Triglycerides are a large and varied category of fats found in both plants and animals. When we eat our bodies convert excess calories into triglycerides, which can be stored in fat cells and then released as needed into the bloodstream for energy between meals.
Image by TheVisualMD
LDL-Particles: Triglycerides
One factor that may contribute to a high LDL particle count is raised levels of triglycerides. Elevated triglyceride levels in the blood start a chain of biochemical reactions that eventually leads to a reduction in the size of LDL particles. The smaller LDL particles can't carry as much cholesterol as larger LDL particles, so a greater number of them is needed to carry a given amount of cholesterol.
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglycerides and HDL
Video by Joslin Diabetes Center/YouTube
Asian Heart Hospital - What is Triglycerides?
Video by Asian Heart Institute/YouTube
What is Plaque?
Video by CardioTabs/YouTube
Lipid Absorption
Lipid Absorption
Image by OpenStax College
lipid vesicles in these adipocytes
The preadipocyte cell line PA6 fully differentiated into adipocytes. The lipid vesicles in these adipocytes are stained using oil-red-O staining.
Image by M. Oktar Guloglu
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol, triglycerides, or other lipids through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are protein spheres that consist of a core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, surrounded by a shell made up of water-soluble phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol. The lipid-laden core of the lipoprotein is insoluble in aqueous (water-based) blood, so the phospholipid-protein shell is necessary to allow the lipoprotein to float freely in the bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Breast Milk Component Pathway
The components of breast milk are brought together in the alveoli via different routes. Breast milk constituents are either absorbed from the bloodstream from nutrients in the mother's diet or synthesized in special milk-producing cells called lactocytes. These constituents are brought together in the alveoli via different routes. Some components pass through or between the lactocytes, while others are assembled within the lactocytes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Maintaining Cardiovascular Health
This series of images illustrates diet and lifestyle changes that help maintain cardiovascular health, and which may actually help improve existing damage. From left to right: 1) A woman eats an apple, with visible cardiovascular system and digestive system. 2) Fresh vegetables, including tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, cauliflower and carrots, are high in fiber which helps keep blood lipid levels healthy. 3) Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are better for heart health than trans fats and saturated fats. Good sources include those shown: nuts, seeds, olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids like those found in salmon. 4) A woman takes a vigorous walk with muscles, skeletal bones and heart visible. Regular exercise in combination with a heart-healthy diet helps keep your heart and blood vessels in top condition.
Image by TheVisualMD
Fat Cells Growing on the Surface of a Blood Vessel
This image shows mature fat cells growing on the surface of a blood vessel. The image is from an animation that shows how fat cells, or adipocytes, expand and contribute to obesity. Some tissue is also visible in the image.
Image by TheVisualMD
Healthy Cell Membrane
This image shows the healthy membrane of an endothelial cell in a blood vessel wall. You can see the semi-permeable double layer of phospholipids that allows lipids to move across the membrane. The cholesterol molecules (yellow) maintain permeability by keeping the phospholipid tails from sticking together.
Managing Atherosclerosis Risk : Certain lifestyle habits, traits, and conditions may increase the probability that you'll develop atherosclerosis. These conditions are known as risk factors. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chances of developing atherosclerosis. Fortunately, most of these risk factors are within your control.
Image by TheVisualMD
Abnormal blood lipid levels and hypertension both increase the risk of atherosclerosis
Message From The Heart : Abnormal blood lipid levels and hypertension both increase the risk of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, cholesterol and other substances create hard, waxy plaques inside your arteries, narrowing them and making it more difficult for blood to get through.
Image by TheVisualMD
Fat: What Is It Good For?
Adipose tissue (fat tissue) is a type of connective tissue. The two main types of adipose tissue in humans are subcutaneous (under the skin) and visceral (inside the abdomen). Adipose tissue performs many functions in your body. Its main job is to store energy in the form of lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol). When you eat fatty foods, often there are more lipids than you need for energy at that time. The excess lipids are stored in your adipose tissue. The same holds true for proteins and carbohydrates—when you eat more of them than you need immediately, excess amounts are converted to lipids and stored in adipose tissue for future use.
Image by TheVisualMD
Coronary Artery Disease - Risk Factors Of Atherosclerosis
Risk Factors Of Atherosclerosis : Scientists think that immune system cells may gather at injures areas of the lining of the arteries in an attempt to "heal" the damage. Lipids like cholesterol adhere as well, together with other substances in the blood like calcium and fibrin (connective tissue). Together they form the hard, fatty deposit called plaques.
Image by TheVisualMD
Getting to the Heart of Things
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood itself. Blood is mostly made up of plasma and red and white blood cells. But it contains many other substances as well, like platelets, hormones, and nutrients such as glucose. The cardiovascular system distributes these substances throughout the body as needed and collects waste products from your cells for elimination.
Image by TheVisualMD
Obese Child Showing Cardiovascular System and Visceral Fat
Most of the kids diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are obese. Normally, insulin in the blood binds with an insulin receptor on a cell surface to allow glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cell. In type 2 diabetes, insulin doesn't work to allow glucose into the cell. Obesity and its related conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal glucose tolerance, and high lipid levels, are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Most of us think of CVD, the leading cause of death in the US, as an adult disease. But CVD can begin early on, even in childhood, and get progressively worse. Obese children and children with abnormally high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels can develop fatty streaks in their arteries, the first steps in the formation of plaques. Some may even develop plaques. CVD has become a pediatric disease.
Image by TheVisualMD
Obese Young Child Showing Cardiovascular System and Visceral Fat
Most of the kids diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are obese. Normally, insulin in the blood binds with an insulin receptor on a cell surface to allow glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cell. In type 2 diabetes, insulin doesn't work to allow glucose into the cell. Obesity and its related conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal glucose tolerance, and high lipid levels, are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Most of us think of CVD, the leading cause of death in the US, as an adult disease. But CVD can begin early on, even in childhood, and get progressively worse. Obese children and children with abnormally high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels can develop fatty streaks in their arteries, the first steps in the formation of plaques. Some may even develop plaques. CVD has become a pediatric disease.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are protein spheres that transport lipids through your bloodstream.
Image by TheVisualMD
Bile Acids
Digestion of Fats : You need cholesterol in order to digest food. One of the other major uses of cholesterol is the production of bile acids (also known as bile salts) in the liver. Bile contains a number of ingredients, including water, cholesterol, and bile acids. Bile is necessary for the absorption of fats from fecal matter passing through the intestine.
Image by TheVisualMD
Statins Lowering Cholesterol
Statins lower cholesterol levels by reducing the production of cholesterol by the liver. They also increase the capacity of the liver to remove cholesterol from the blood. When less produced and more gets removed from the bloodstream, the level of cholesterol can drop significantly.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors, Major Risk Factors You Can Control:
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
Triglycerides are the body's primary form of stored fat. When you consume excess calories, your body converts them right away into triglycerides. In the liver, triglycerides are packaged up with cholesterol and with proteins in carriers called lipoproteins, which are transported through the blood to various sites of the body to be stored in fat cells. Luckily for anyone with a high triglyceride reading in their lipid profile, levels can often be lowered by making smart changes to the diet. Even if you are prescribed medication to lower triglyceride levels, your physician will also recommend improving food choices. In this model, carbon atoms are dark gray, hydrogen atoms are white, and oxygen atoms are red
Image by TheVisualMD
The ABC's of Vitamins
Image by TheVisualMD
Triglycerides
Roger Daniels, Bunge Oils Director of Research & Development
Excess fat cells growing on top of the muscle tissue
TheVisualMD
Lipids and Lipoproteins
TheVisualMD
2:46
Lipids, Heart Health and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
Thoracic Duct
TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
TheVisualMD
2:46
Lowering Triglycerides - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:17
Tri HDL
ACAP Health/YouTube
Triglycerides: Liver and Intestines
TheVisualMD
Triglycerides: Triglyceride
TheVisualMD
LDL-Particles: Triglycerides
TheVisualMD
3:25
Triglycerides and HDL
Joslin Diabetes Center/YouTube
3:11
Asian Heart Hospital - What is Triglycerides?
Asian Heart Institute/YouTube
2:19
What is Plaque?
CardioTabs/YouTube
Lipid Absorption
OpenStax College
lipid vesicles in these adipocytes
M. Oktar Guloglu
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Anatomy of a Lipoprotein
TheVisualMD
Breast Milk Component Pathway
TheVisualMD
Maintaining Cardiovascular Health
TheVisualMD
Fat Cells Growing on the Surface of a Blood Vessel
Abnormal blood lipid levels and hypertension both increase the risk of atherosclerosis
TheVisualMD
Fat: What Is It Good For?
TheVisualMD
Coronary Artery Disease - Risk Factors Of Atherosclerosis
TheVisualMD
Getting to the Heart of Things
TheVisualMD
Obese Child Showing Cardiovascular System and Visceral Fat
TheVisualMD
Obese Young Child Showing Cardiovascular System and Visceral Fat
TheVisualMD
Lipoproteins
TheVisualMD
Bile Acids
TheVisualMD
Statins Lowering Cholesterol
TheVisualMD
Cardiovascular disease
TheVisualMD
Triglyceride Molecule
TheVisualMD
The ABC's of Vitamins
TheVisualMD
Treatment
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery
Image by TheVisualMD
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery
Image by TheVisualMD
Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm
Treatment for your aortic aneurysm will depend on its size, location, and the factors that put you at risk. Small aortic aneurysms may be managed with healthy lifestyle changes. The goal is to slow the growth of the aneurysm and lower the chance of rupture or dissection. Your healthcare provider may treat other medical conditions that raise your risk for rupture or dissection, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and high blood cholesterol. Surgery may be recommended to repair large aneurysms.
Healthy lifestyle changes
Your provider may recommend heart-healthy lifestyle changes.
Quit smoking. This is the most important part of your treatment to slow the growth of the aneurysm. The risk of rupture drops after smoking stops, especially in women. Visit Smoking and Your Heart and Your Guide to a Healthy Heart. Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking. For free help and support to quit smoking, you can call the National Cancer Institute's Smoking Quitline at 1-877-44U-QUIT (1-877-448-7848).
Heart-healthy eating helps lower high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol.
Manage stress to help control high blood pressure, especially for thoracic aortic aneurysms. Your provider may also suggest that you avoid heavy weightlifting and powerful stimulants, such as cocaine.
Get physical activity. Studies show that moderate physical activity does not raise the risk of rupture or growth of the aneurysm and can have health benefits. Talk to your provider to learn which level of physical activity is right for you.
Medicines
Your provider may recommend some medicines.
Aspirin, may be recommended, especially if you have other cardiovascular risks. This medicine may increase the risk of bleeding.
Blood pressure medicines lower blood pressure. These medicines include beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
Statins control cholesterol levels.
Procedures or surgery
Depending on the cause or size of an aortic aneurysm or how quickly it is growing, your provider may recommend surgery to repair it. Rupture or dissection of an aneurysm may require emergency surgery.
Open surgical repair is the most common type of surgery. You will be asleep during the procedure. Your doctor first makes a large cut in your stomach area or chest, depending on the location of the aneurysm. Then, the aneurysm is removed and a graft is sewn in its place. This graft is typically a tube made of leak-proof polyester. Recovery time for open surgical repair is about a month.
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is done by cardiac catheterization and is less invasive than open surgical repair. This is because the cut is smaller, and you usually need less recovery time. EVAR is used to repair abdominal aortic aneurysms more often than thoracic aortic aneurysms. During the procedure, your surgical team makes a small cut, usually in the groin, then guides a stent graft — a tube covered with fabric — through your blood vessels up to the aorta. The stent graft then expands and attaches to the aortic walls. A seal forms between the stent graft and the vessel wall to prevent blood from entering the aortic aneurysm.
Endovascular repair. The illustration shows the placement of a stent graft in an abdominal aortic aneurysm. In figure A, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin. The catheter is threaded to the abdominal aorta, and the stent graft is released from the catheter. In figure B, the stent graft is expanded and allows blood to flow through the aorta.
Possible surgical risks
Complications of both types of aortic aneurysm repair can occur, and they may be life-threatening. These include:
Bleeding and blood loss
Blood clots in blood vessels leading to the bowel, kidneys, legs, or in the graft
Damage to blood vessels or walls of the aorta when placing the stent graft or if the stent graft moves after it is placed
Decreased blood flow to the bowels, legs, kidneys or other organs during surgery, which may lead to injury to these organs
Endoleak, or a blood leak around the stent graft into the aneurysm, must be treated to prevent aneurysm rupture if it happens
Gastrointestinal bleeding rarely occurs, but can happen if an abnormal connection forms between the aorta and your intestines after the repair
Heart problems such as heart attack or arrhythmia
Infection of the incision or the graft
Kidney damage
Spinal cord injury, which may cause paralysis
Stroke
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
Additional Materials (2)
Aortic Aneurysm: What is it and how is it treated?
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Open Abdominal Surgery 1
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Open Abdominal Surgery 2
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Open Abdominal Surgery 3
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Open Abdominal Surgery
Large or fast growing abdominal aortic aneurysms require surgery to repair. Additional symptoms include leaking, tender or pain. There are 2 different surgical repairs: Open Abdominal Synthetic Graft and Endovascular Stent Graft. Both use a stent to either replace or reinforce the weakened part of the aorta. Image 1 of 3.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
5:37
Aortic Aneurysm: What is it and how is it treated?
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Open Abdominal Surgery
TheVisualMD
Living With
Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent / Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent
1) Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent 2) stent is placed in the constricted vessel pushing the accumu
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent / Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent
1) Abdomen Showing Abdominal Aorta with Stent 2) stent is placed in the constricted vessel pushing the accumu
3d visualization based on scanned human data of a stent placed in the abdominal aorta. The stent is placed in the constricted vessel pushing the accumulated plaque outwards.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Living with Aortic Aneurysm
Monitor your condition
As aneurysms increase in size, they expand more quickly and are more likely to rupture. Your healthcare provider may recommend regular imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasounds, to see how quickly your aortic aneurysm is growing, to decide if you need surgery, or to check for leaks and monitor repairs after surgery. How often these tests are done depends on your risk factors, the causes, and the size of your aortic aneurysm. People who had surgical treatment to repair an aortic aneurysm may need regular monitoring.
Know the warning signs of problems Learn the signs and symptoms of an aortic aneurysm and those of possible rupture or dissection. Contact your provider immediately or call 9-1-1 if you experience any symptoms that may be related to serious problems with your aortic aneurysm.
Aortic dissection, a tear in the inner layer of the aortic wall, causes blood to collect between the inner and middle layers of the aortic wall, which may lead to rupture of the aorta or not enough blood flow to your organs.
Aortic insufficiency and aortic regurgitation are both conditions that may occur when the aortic valve does not close properly because a nearby section of the aorta is enlarged. This allows some backward flow of blood back into the heart. As a result, your heart works harder and that may lead to heart failure.
Aortic rupture causes serious bleeding inside the body and can lead to shock
Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is pressure on the heart from fluid or blood build up in between the heart muscle and outer heart covering.
Kidney failure can happen when there is a lack of blood flow to the kidneys
Reduced blood flow to the bowels may cause inflammation and injury in the large intestine
Infection may occur after surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm. Pain, drainage, or fever may be some signs to look for that you may have a graft infection.
Prevent problems over your lifetime
To help you prevent complications due to an aortic aneurysm, your provide may give you some recommendations.
Continue any medicines as prescribed, including those to control other conditions such as high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure.
Take antibiotics, if they are prescribed, to prevent infection of the stent graft before dental and other medical procedures.
Avoid lifting heavyweights or objects, stress, and other situations that might raise your blood pressure.
Quit smoking and adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle. For free help and support to quit smoking, you can call the National Cancer Institute's Smoking Quitline at 1-877-44U-QUIT (1-877-448-7848).
Screen for aneurysms in other locations, such as your pelvis or legs.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (1)
Overcoming Aortic Aneurysm - Jason’s Story of Hope
Video by American Heart Association/YouTube
3:36
Overcoming Aortic Aneurysm - Jason’s Story of Hope
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Aortic Aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in the aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart through the chest and torso. If an aneurysm grows large, it can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or even death. Learn more about the causes, risk factors, and treatment options for this condition.