Everyone needs social connections to survive and thrive. But as people age, they often find themselves spending more time alone. Being alone may leave older adults more vulnerable to loneliness and social isolation, which can affect their health and well-being. Studies show that loneliness and social isolation are associated with higher risks for health problems such as heart disease, depression, and cognitive decline.

If you are in poor health, you may be more likely to be socially isolated or lonely. If you are socially isolated or feeling lonely, it can put your physical and mental health at risk. Adults who are lonely or socially isolated are less healthy, have longer hospital stays, are readmitted to the hospital more often, and are more likely to die earlier than those with meaningful and supportive social connections.

The number of older adults age 65 and older is growing, and many are socially isolated and regularly feel lonely. The coronavirus outbreak in 2020 brought even more challenges due to health considerations and the need to practice physical distancing.

Loneliness and social isolation are different, but related. Loneliness is the distressing feeling of being alone or separated. Social isolation is the lack of social contacts and having few people to interact with regularly. You can live alone and not feel lonely or socially isolated, and you can feel lonely while being with other people.

Older adults are at higher risk for social isolation and loneliness due to changes in health and social connections that can come with growing older, hearing, vision, and memory loss, disability, trouble getting around, and/or the loss of family and friends.

People who are socially isolated or lonely are more likely to be admitted to the emergency room or to a nursing home. Social isolation and loneliness also are associated with higher risks for:

• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Obesity
• Weakened immune function
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Cognitive decline
• Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease
• Death

People who are lonely or socially isolated may get too little exercise, drink too much alcohol, smoke, and often don’t sleep well, which can further increase the risk of serious health conditions.

People who are lonely experience emotional pain. Losing a sense of connection and community can change the way a person sees the world. Someone experiencing chronic loneliness may feel threatened and mistrustful of others.

Emotional pain can activate the same stress responses in the body as physical pain. When this goes on for a long time, it can lead to chronic inflammation (overactive or prolonged release of factors that can damage tissues) and reduced immunity (ability to fight off disease). This raises your risk of chronic diseases and can leave a person more vulnerable to some infectious diseases.

Social isolation and loneliness may also be bad for brain health. Loneliness and social isolation have been linked to poorer cognitive function and higher risk for dementia, including and especially for Alzheimer's disease. Also, little social activity and being alone most of the time may contribute to a decline in the ability to perform everyday tasks such as driving, paying bills, taking medicine, and cooking.

Those who find themselves unexpectedly isolated due to the illness of a loved one, separation from friends or family, loss of mobility, worsening vision or hearing problems, disability, or lack of mobility or access to transportation, are at particular risk of loneliness and social isolation.

You also may be at greater risk if you:

• Live alone
• Can’t leave your home
• Had a major loss or life change, such as the death of a spouse or partner, or retirement
• Struggle with money
• Are a caregiver
• Have psychological or cognitive challenges, or depression
• Have limited social support
• Have trouble hearing
• Live in a rural, unsafe, and/or hard-to-reach neighborhood
• Have language barriers where you live
• Experience age, racial, ethnic, sexual orientation, and/or gender identity discrimination where you live
• Are not meaningfully engaged in activities or are feeling a lack of purpose

People with hearing loss may find it hard to have conversations with friends and family, which can lead to less interaction with people, social isolation, and higher rates of loneliness.

If you are feeling isolated or lonely a lot of the time, you may want to tell your doctor or health professional. Talking about your health with your doctor means sharing information about how you feel physically, emotionally, and mentally. Describing your symptoms can help your doctor identify the problem.

Make sure to bring up your concerns. For example, let your doctor know about any major changes or stresses in your life, such as a divorce or the death of a loved one. A doctor who knows about your losses is better able to understand how you are feeling. They can make suggestions that may be helpful to you.

Be open and honest with your doctor about your health habits and what’s happening in your life. It will help them to understand your medical conditions and emotional health more fully and recommend the best treatment options for you.

There are things you can do to help protect yourself or a loved one from the negative effects of loneliness and social isolation. First, it’s important to take care of yourself. Try exercising, eating healthy, getting enough sleep (7 to 9 hours), and pursuing activities you enjoy to help manage stress and stay as mentally and physically healthy as possible.

It’s also important to stay active and connect with others. People who engage in meaningful, productive activities they enjoy with others feel a sense of purpose and tend to live longer. For example, helping others through volunteering helps you feel less lonely and allows you to have a sense of mission and purpose in life, which is linked to better health. Studies show activities like these may help boost your mood and improve your well-being and cognitive function.

Here are some other ideas to help you stay connected.

• Find an activity that you enjoy, restart an old hobby, or take a class to learn something new. You might have fun and meet people with similar interests.
• Schedule time each day to stay in touch with family, friends, and neighbors in person, by email, social media, voice call, or text. Talk with people you trust and share your feelings. Suggest an activity to help nurture and strengthen existing relationships. Sending letters or cards is another good way to keep up friendships.
• Use communication technologies such as video chat, smart speakers, or even companion robots to help keep you engaged and connected.
• If you’re not tech-savvy, sign up for an online or in-person class at your local public library or community center to help you learn how to use email or social media.

• Consider adopting a pet if you are able to care for them. Animals can be a source of comfort and may also lower stress and blood pressure.
• Stay physically active and include group exercise, such as joining a walking club or working out with a friend. Adults should aim for at least 150 minutes (2 1/2 hours) of activity a week that makes you breathe hard.
• Introduce yourself to your neighbors.
• Find a faith-based organization where you can deepen your spirituality and engage with others in activities and events.
• Check out resources and programs at your local social service agencies, community and senior centers, and public libraries.
• Join a cause and get involved in your community.

If you or a loved one has dementia and lives alone, family members, friends, or other caregivers may be able to help in different ways.

• Identify a person you trust, such as a neighbor, who can visit regularly in-person or via a video call and be an emergency contact.
• Learn about home- and community-based support and services from social service agencies, local nonprofits, and Area Agencies on Aging.
• Stay connected with family and friends through video chats, email, and social media. If you’re not tech savvy, ask for help to learn.
• Talk with others who share common interests. Try a support group online or in person. Maybe your community has a memory café you can visit — a safe place to enjoy activities and socialize for people living with memory loss and their families and caregivers.

Have you ever felt lonely in a busy supermarket or a crowded party? While we all feel lonely sometimes, social ties are important for everyone. Strong connections are particularly important for the health and well-being of older adults.

Loneliness and social isolation aren’t the same thing, but they are related. Loneliness is a feeling of emotional pain about being alone or separated from other people (even if we’re not physically alone). Social isolation results from not having many social contacts or people to interact with, which can lead to feeling very lonely.

As people age, they often find themselves spending more time alone. Certain things can put older adults at a higher risk for social isolation and loneliness. These include living alone, having limited mobility or no reliable way to get around, financial struggles, language barriers, and caregiving duties. Physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic also made it harder to see family and friends in person.

One in four adults aged 65 and older are socially isolated, and research shows that this can take a toll on overall health and well-being. Loneliness and social isolation have been linked to conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline.

Ways to stay connected include:

• Checking in regularly with family and friends via phone, email, or video chat
• Meeting other people with shared interests
• Trying a new activity or revisiting an old hobby
• Getting involved in the community