Genital warts are a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Learn about what they look like, prevention, and treatment.
High-Risk Papilloma Cells
Image by NIAMS/Photographer: Elisabetta Palazzo, Ph.D., NIAMS Laboratory of Skin Biology, Maria I. Morasso, Ph.D., Chief.
Genital Warts
Human papillomavirus, or HPV
Image by TheVisualMD
Human papillomavirus, or HPV
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a sneaky invader. Genital HPV, pictured above, is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., yet most of the people who have it have no idea that they've been exposed. More than 40 types of HPV can be spread through sexual contact. Approximately 20 million Americans are infected with the virus right now. About half of sexually active men and women will contract HPV during their lifetime. The good news is that nearly 90% of those infected will never know they had HPV. Their immune system will fight it off naturally, and they will remain symptom free. However, some varieties of HPV cause genital warts, which can also spread to the mouth and throat. Even more critically, certain varieties can lead to cervical cancer, and less common cancers of the sexual organs, head and neck. Because HPV is a silent attacker, thorough preventive measures and regular medical screening are the key to avoiding its worst effects.
Image by TheVisualMD
Genital Warts
Genital warts are a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They are flesh-colored and can be flat or look bumpy like cauliflower. Some genital warts are so small you cannot see them. In women, the warts usually occur in or around the vagina, on the cervix, or around the anus. In men, genital warts are less common. They may have warts on the tip of the penis, around the anus, or on the scrotum, thigh, or groin.
You can get genital warts during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected partner. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading HPV. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. HPV vaccines may help prevent some of the HPV infections that cause genital warts.
Your health care provider usually diagnoses genital warts by seeing them. The warts might disappear on their own. If not, your health care provider can treat or remove them. HPV stays in your body even after treatment, so warts can come back.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (8)
Anal condyloma (3)
Image by /Wikimedia
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Genital warts
Carcinoma in situ anal rim : A large red-brown plaque and condyloma acuminata
Image by James Shehan, Jeff F Wang, Susan Repertinger and Deba P Sarma
High-Risk Papilloma Cells
This image shows a cutaneous papilloma generated in a “two-step” mouse model of skin cancer formation. Such papilloma lesions are at high risk of developing into squamous cell carcinoma, the second most frequent form of skin cancer. Anti-Keratin 5 protein (red) specifically identifies keratinocytes within the lesion. Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). The image shows that the transcription factor DLX3 (green) is expressed by the most keratinized and differentiated cells, also referred to as “keratinized pearls.” This study will increase researchers’ understanding of the potential role of DLX3 in skin cancer development.
Image by NIAMS/Photographer: Elisabetta Palazzo, Ph.D., NIAMS Laboratory of Skin Biology, Maria I. Morasso, Ph.D., Chief.
Genital Warts (HPV - Movie)
Video by Miroslav Paskalev/YouTube
HPV and Genital Warts
Video by AllHealthGo/YouTube
Genital Warts
Video by Learning in 10/YouTube
Genital Warts
Video by DermOne Dermatology Centers/YouTube
Genital Warts 101
Video by spunout/YouTube
Anal condyloma (3)
/Wikimedia
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Genital warts
James Shehan, Jeff F Wang, Susan Repertinger and Deba P Sarma
High-Risk Papilloma Cells
NIAMS/Photographer: Elisabetta Palazzo, Ph.D., NIAMS Laboratory of Skin Biology, Maria I. Morasso, Ph.D., Chief.
6:10
Genital Warts (HPV - Movie)
Miroslav Paskalev/YouTube
1:35
HPV and Genital Warts
AllHealthGo/YouTube
4:20
Genital Warts
Learning in 10/YouTube
1:37
Genital Warts
DermOne Dermatology Centers/YouTube
1:39
Genital Warts 101
spunout/YouTube
What Are They?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are Genital Warts?
Genital warts are a type of STI caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). While there is no cure for HPV, you can get treated for genital warts. Genital warts appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. Some genital warts are so small you cannot see them.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (3)
GENITAL WARTS, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Video by Medical Centric/YouTube
What are warts? | Infectious diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Snapshot of HPV
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
4:48
GENITAL WARTS, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Medical Centric/YouTube
10:53
What are warts? | Infectious diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
2:00
Snapshot of HPV
Lee Health/YouTube
Who Gets Them?
Young Couple
Image by StockSnap
Young Couple
Young Couple
Image by StockSnap
Who Gets Genital Warts?
About 400,000 Americans get genital warts each year.1 Researchers estimate that genital warts are more common in men.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (2)
Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata)
Video by CanadaQBank/YouTube
If my partner has genital warts, but my Pap test is normal, am I not infected with HPV?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
9:40
Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata)
CanadaQBank/YouTube
1:32
If my partner has genital warts, but my Pap test is normal, am I not infected with HPV?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
How Do You Get Them?
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Couple Having Sexual Intercourse
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Couple Having Sexual Intercourse
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data; lateral view of a naked couple having sexual intercourse. The skeletal systems of both the man and woman are visible, as well as the cardiovascular system in the man and the nervous system in the woman. In the spirit of the Masters and Johnson's human sexual response cycle, this image represents the third stage: orgasm. 3 of 4.
Image by TheVisualMD
How Do You Get Genital Warts?
Nearly all cases of genital warts are caused by HPV.
Genital warts are spread most often through direct skin-to-skin contact during vaginal or anal sex. HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, can be spread even if the person does not have any genital warts that you can see.
Rarely, genital warts are spread:
By giving oral sex to someone who has HPV or genital warts
By receiving oral sex from someone who has HPV or genital warts on his or her mouth, lips, or tongue
During childbirth from a woman to her baby
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (2)
How do you get genital warts?
Video by Patient/YouTube
Does HPV Cause Genital Warts? | STDs
Video by Howcast/YouTube
0:23
How do you get genital warts?
Patient/YouTube
1:16
Does HPV Cause Genital Warts? | STDs
Howcast/YouTube
Signs and Symptoms
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Genital Warts
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Genital Warts
Genital warts on the foreskin of a penis.
Image by Jmarchn
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Genital Warts?
Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They are flesh-colored and can be flat or look bumpy like cauliflower. Some genital warts are so small you cannot see them.
In women, genital warts can grow:
Inside the vagina
On the vulva, cervix, or groin
In or around the anus
On the lips, mouth, tongue, or throat (this is very rare)
In men, genital warts can grow:
On the penis
On the scrotum, thigh, or groin
In or around the anus
On the lips, mouth, tongue, or throat (this is very rare)
Genital warts can cause itching, burning, and discomfort. Talk to your doctor if you think you have genital warts.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (4)
Do I have genital warts?
Video by sexplanations/YouTube
Genital Warts ¦ Treatment and Symptoms
Video by MainMD/YouTube
What are the health issues related to HPV and how long does HPV infection last?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
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Genital warts
Genital warts on perineum : This male patient presented with venereal warts in the anal region of the perineum.
Image by CDC ID 4151
5:28
Do I have genital warts?
sexplanations/YouTube
3:03
Genital Warts ¦ Treatment and Symptoms
MainMD/YouTube
2:06
What are the health issues related to HPV and how long does HPV infection last?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
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Genital warts
CDC ID 4151
How Long Until They Appear?
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Genital Warts
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Genital Warts
A woman afflicted with genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).
How Long Does It Take for Genital Warts to Appear?
Warts usually appear within months after having sexual contact with someone with the HPV types that cause genital warts. Sometimes the warts appear in just days or weeks, while other people do not show genital warts until years later. Some people may get HPV but never get genital warts.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (2)
Genital Warts & Other Effects (HPV #2)
Video by Healthguru/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Statistics | Did You Know?
Video by National Cancer Institute/YouTube
3:24
Genital Warts & Other Effects (HPV #2)
Healthguru/YouTube
4:16
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Statistics | Did You Know?
National Cancer Institute/YouTube
Treatment
Scalpel
Image by Clker-Free-Vector-Images/Pixabay
Scalpel
Scalpel
Image by Clker-Free-Vector-Images/Pixabay
How Are Genital Warts Treated?
There is no cure for HPV, but genital warts can be removed. If you decide to have warts removed, do not use over-the-counter medicines meant for other kinds of warts. There are special, prescription-only treatments for genital warts. Your doctor or nurse must prescribe the medicine for you.
Your doctor or nurse may apply a chemical to treat the warts in the doctor's office, or prescribe a cream for you to apply at home. Surgery is also an option. Your doctor may:
Use an electric current to burn off the warts
Use a light/laser to destroy warts
Freeze off the warts
Cut out the warts
Treatment can only remove the genital wart. Treatment does not cure HPV, the virus that causes genital warts.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (3)
How can genital warts be treated?
Video by IntermountainMoms/YouTube
Genital Warts Treatment Options | Best Treatment Options For HPV
Video by Treatment Of Warts/YouTube
How to Treat Warts
Video by Howcast/YouTube
1:55
How can genital warts be treated?
IntermountainMoms/YouTube
3:22
Genital Warts Treatment Options | Best Treatment Options For HPV
Treatment Of Warts/YouTube
1:42
How to Treat Warts
Howcast/YouTube
Do I Have To Treat Them?
Drawing of a Female Doctor Talking to a Female Patient
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Drawing of a Female Doctor Talking to a Female Patient
Drawing of a female doctor who is leaning against a desk, holding an open booklet and a pen in her hand. She is talking to a female patient seated in a chair.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Do I Have to Treat Genital Warts?
No. Some people choose not to treat genital warts. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size and number. Genital warts will not turn into cancer.
Even if you treat the genital warts, you can still spread genital warts and HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, to other people. Doctors do not know how long you are contagious after warts appear.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
Do genital warts go away on their own?
Video by Patient/YouTube
0:36
Do genital warts go away on their own?
Patient/YouTube
Could I Still Have HPV?
HPV Virus
Image by TheVisualMD
HPV Virus
Human Papillomavirus Viruses
Image by TheVisualMD
Could I Still Have HPV If I Get My Genital Warts Removed?
Yes. Even when warts are treated, you may still have HPV. This is why warts can come back after treatment. You can still spread HPV to other people after genital warts are removed.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
What are the health issues related to HPV and how long does HPV infection last?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
2:06
What are the health issues related to HPV and how long does HPV infection last?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
Prevention
HPV Vaccine
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
HPV Vaccine
About 80 million people are infected with HPV right now in the United States. Vaccines are currently available for both males and females to help prevent the virus, which can be linked to various cancers, such as cervical cancer.
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
How Can I Prevent Genital Warts?
The best way to prevent genital warts or any STI is to not have vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
If you do have sex, lower your risk of getting an STI with the following steps:
Get the HPV vaccine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the HPV vaccine for people ages 9 through 45. The HPV vaccine protects against HPV types that cause most genital warts and most cervical cancers. Find a clinic near you where you can get the HPV vaccine.
Use condoms. Condoms are the best way to prevent STIs when you have sex. Make sure to put the condom on before the penis touches the vagina, mouth, or anus. HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, can infect areas that are not covered by a condom. You can get genital warts from direct skin-to-skin contact. Other methods of birth control, like birth control pills, shots, implants, or diaphragms, will not protect you from STIs.
Get tested. Be sure you and your partner are tested for STIs. Talk to each other about the test results before you have sex.
Be monogamous. Having sex with just one partner can lower your risk for STIs. After being tested for STIs, be faithful to each other. That means that you have sex only with each other and no one else.
Limit your number of sex partners. Your risk of getting STIs goes up with the number of partners you have.
Do not douche. Douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protects you from infection. This may increase your risk of getting STIs.
Be aware of how much alcohol you drink and keep control of your own drink. Some people use alcohol or drugs as a way to make a person drunk or high. Someone who is drunk, drugged, or high on drugs is unable to consent or understand what is happening. This puts you at risk of sexual assault and possible exposure to STIs.
The steps work best when used together. No single step can protect you from every single type of STI.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (2)
how to treat Genital Warts and how to prevent them | animated
Video by LifeStyle Therapy/YouTube
Genital warts - 10 Tips to Prevent and Treat
Video by myfamilydoc/YouTube
2:27
how to treat Genital Warts and how to prevent them | animated
LifeStyle Therapy/YouTube
10:51
Genital warts - 10 Tips to Prevent and Treat
myfamilydoc/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Also called: Gardasil®, Gardasil® 9
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus. The vaccine is given to individuals 9 through 45 years of age to help protect against diseases caused by nine high-risk types of HPV (Gardasil 9).
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Also called: Gardasil®, Gardasil® 9
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus. The vaccine is given to individuals 9 through 45 years of age to help protect against diseases caused by nine high-risk types of HPV (Gardasil 9).
HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine can prevent infection with some types of human papillomavirus.
HPV infections can cause certain types of cancers, including:
cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers in women
penile cancer in men
anal cancers in both men and women
cancers of tonsils, base of tongue, and back of throat (oropharyngeal cancer) in both men and women
HPV infections can also cause anogenital warts.
HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of cancers caused by HPV.
HPV is spread through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. HPV infections are so common that nearly all people will get at least one type of HPV at some time in their lives. Most HPV infections go away on their own within 2 years. But sometimes HPV infections will last longer and can cause cancers later in life.
HPV vaccine is routinely recommended for adolescents at 11 or 12 years of age to ensure they are protected before they are exposed to the virus. HPV vaccine may be given beginning at age 9 years and vaccination is recommended for everyone through 26 years of age.
HPV vaccine may be given to adults 27 through 45 years of age, based on discussions between the patient and health care provider.
Most children who get the first dose before 15 years of age need 2 doses of HPV vaccine. People who get the first dose at or after 15 years of age and younger people with certain immunocompromising conditions need 3 doses. Your health care provider can give you more information.
HPV vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.
Tell your vaccination provider if the person getting the vaccine:
Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of HPV vaccine, or has any severe, life-threatening allergies
Is pregnant—HPV vaccine is not recommended until after pregnancy
In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone HPV vaccination until a future visit.
People with minor illnesses, such as a cold, may be vaccinated. People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting HPV vaccine.
Your health care provider can give you more information.
Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot is given can happen after HPV vaccination.
Fever or headache can happen after HPV vaccination.
People sometimes faint after medical procedures, including vaccination. Tell your provider if you feel dizzy or have vision changes or ringing in the ears.
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.
An allergic reaction could occur after the vaccinated person leaves the clinic. If you see signs of a severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, or weakness), call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital.
For other signs that concern you, call your health care provider.
Adverse reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your health care provider will usually file this report, or you can do it yourself. Visit the VAERS website or call 1-800-822-7967. VAERS is only for reporting reactions, and VAERS staff members do not give medical advice.
Vaccine Information Statement | HPV | VIS | CDC [accessed on Aug 06, 2021]
GARDASIL 9 (human papillomavirus 9-valent vaccine, recombinant) injection, suspension [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
GARDASIL (human papillomavirus quadrivalent (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine, recombinant) injection, suspension [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
Human Papillomavirus 9 Valent (Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) Vaccine, Recombinant. AIDSinfo/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [accessed on Oct 14, 2019]
Gardasil 9. FDA Vaccines. [accessed on Apr 25, 2019]
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. [accessed on Oct 29, 2018]
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine . MedlinePlus/AHFS® Drug Information. [accessed on Oct 29, 2018]
FDA NEWS RELEASE: FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old [accessed on Oct 05, 2018]
These FAQs provide a summary of the most important information about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine. If you would like more information or have any questions, talk to your healthcare provider.
Additional Materials (47)
HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens
HPV vaccination is recommended at ages 11-12 to protect against cancers caused by HPV infection.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
HPV Adolescent Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
HPV vaccination provides safe, effective, and long-lasting protection against cancers caused by HPV.
Document by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer and HPV
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause several types of cancer. For example, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer incidences around the world by two-thirds.
See also https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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Improving HPV Vaccination Rates Will Help Save Lives
The HPV vaccine Gardasil 9® protects against infection with nine HPV types: the two low-risk HPV types that cause most genital warts, plus the seven high-risk HPV types that cause most HPV-related cancers.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Preventing HPV Infection with HPV Vaccination
The HPV vaccine Gardasil 9® protects against infection with nine HPV types: the two low-risk HPV types that cause most genital warts, plus the seven high-risk HPV types that cause most HPV-related cancers.
Image by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
HPV is the most common virus that infects the reproductive tract and Cervical cancer is by far the most common disease caused by it.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
Vaccines
Thanks to a vaccine, one of the most terrible diseases in history – smallpox – no longer exists outside the laboratory. Over the years, vaccine have prevented countless cases of disease and saved millions of lives.
Image by Courtesy photo
HPV Vaccine
About 80 million people are infected with HPV right now in the United States. Vaccines are currently available for both males and females to help prevent the virus, which can be linked to various cancers, such as cervical cancer.
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Video by Healthcare Triage/YouTube
Should You Get the HPV Vaccine?
Video by DocMikeEvans/YouTube
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
HPV in the spotlight as a cause of oral cancers
Video by News Direct/YouTube
Mayo Clinic Minute: Protect your child with HPV vaccine
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Video by Parents/YouTube
Talking with Parents Who Refuse HPV Vaccine – One Pediatrician’s View
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
HPV Vaccine: My Recommendation as a Doctor and a Parent
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
The HPV Vaccine | Why Parents Really Choose to Refuse
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
How the HPV vaccine works
Video by WHO Regional Office for Europe/YouTube
HPV vaccine: Help your kids prevent cancer
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
Does the HPV Vaccine Prevent Cancer? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Can the HPV Vaccine Cause Infertility? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Why Do 11-12 Year Olds Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
What Diseases Are Caused by HPV? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Do Boys Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Is My Child Too Young to Get the HPV Vaccine? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
Can a single injection prevent cervical cancer? | NHS Behind the headlines
Video by NHS/YouTube
Who Should Be Getting the HPV Vaccine Now?
Video by Medscape/YouTube
How the HPV vaccine works
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
Should You Get The HPV Vaccine?
Video by Seeker/YouTube
FDA OKs HPV vaccine to age 45
Video by UW Medicine/YouTube
Are There Different HPV Vaccines?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV vaccination for teenagers
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
What is HPV: Your questions about HPV and the HPV vaccine answered | Cancer Research UK
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Can I Still Get HPV Vaccine if I’m Older?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention Talk
Video by Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Cervical Cancer
Video by Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
A boys' guide to the HPV vaccine
Video by Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Video by NEJMvideo/YouTube
Dr. Nita Lee on the HPV Vaccine & Cervical Cancer
Video by UChicago Medicine/YouTube
If I already had the HPV vaccine, do I need the HPV-9 vaccine?
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 1
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
HPV vaccination: Risk factors, sexual history shouldn't guide decisions about it
Video by Michigan Medicine/YouTube
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 3
Video by Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
Merck’s 9-Valent HPV Vaccine, GARDASIL®9 ...
Video by BusinessWire/YouTube
HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
HPV Adolescent Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cervical Cancer and HPV
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
HPV and Cancer
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Improving HPV Vaccination Rates Will Help Save Lives
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Preventing HPV Infection with HPV Vaccination
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cervical Cancer and the HPV Virus
Scientific Animations, Inc.
Vaccines
Courtesy photo
HPV Vaccine
U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Benjamin W. Stratton
6:52
The HPV Vaccine, and Why Your Kids Should Get It: Healthcare Triage #4
Healthcare Triage/YouTube
8:47
Should You Get the HPV Vaccine?
DocMikeEvans/YouTube
1:31
How does the HPV vaccine work?
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
0:33
HPV in the spotlight as a cause of oral cancers
News Direct/YouTube
1:00
Mayo Clinic Minute: Protect your child with HPV vaccine
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
7:48
HPV & Cervical Cancer | Parents
Parents/YouTube
1:31
Talking with Parents Who Refuse HPV Vaccine – One Pediatrician’s View
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:31
HPV Vaccine: My Recommendation as a Doctor and a Parent
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
4:45
The HPV Vaccine | Why Parents Really Choose to Refuse
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
2:48
How the HPV vaccine works
WHO Regional Office for Europe/YouTube
1:28
HPV vaccine: Help your kids prevent cancer
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
0:47
Does the HPV Vaccine Prevent Cancer? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:52
Can the HPV Vaccine Cause Infertility? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:53
Why Do 11-12 Year Olds Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:54
What Diseases Are Caused by HPV? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:46
Do Boys Need the HPV Vaccine? – Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
0:45
Is My Child Too Young to Get the HPV Vaccine? - Answers from a Pediatrician
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
1:27
Can a single injection prevent cervical cancer? | NHS Behind the headlines
NHS/YouTube
1:51
Who Should Be Getting the HPV Vaccine Now?
Medscape/YouTube
3:05
How the HPV vaccine works
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
3:48
Should You Get The HPV Vaccine?
Seeker/YouTube
2:51
FDA OKs HPV vaccine to age 45
UW Medicine/YouTube
2:26
Are There Different HPV Vaccines?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
3:20
HPV vaccination for teenagers
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
1:45
What is HPV: Your questions about HPV and the HPV vaccine answered | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
3:09
Can I Still Get HPV Vaccine if I’m Older?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
1:14:38
HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention Talk
Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
1:59
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Cervical Cancer
Singapore Cancer Society/YouTube
1:53
A boys' guide to the HPV vaccine
Cancer Council Victoria/YouTube
1:57
HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
NEJMvideo/YouTube
3:58
Dr. Nita Lee on the HPV Vaccine & Cervical Cancer
UChicago Medicine/YouTube
1:51
If I already had the HPV vaccine, do I need the HPV-9 vaccine?
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
1:19
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 1
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
2:52
HPV vaccination: Risk factors, sexual history shouldn't guide decisions about it
Michigan Medicine/YouTube
0:55
HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9) explained for parents and guardians – short clip 3
Australian Government Department of Health/YouTube
5:44
Merck’s 9-Valent HPV Vaccine, GARDASIL®9 ...
BusinessWire/YouTube
Pap Smear
Pap Smear
Also called: Papanicolaou Smear, Cervical Smear, Cervical Cytology, Vaginal Cytology, Cervical Screening, Gynecologic Pap Test
A Pap smear is a routine test that looks for abnormal cells in the cervix (the uppermost portion of the vagina). Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cervical cancer.
Pap Smear
Also called: Papanicolaou Smear, Cervical Smear, Cervical Cytology, Vaginal Cytology, Cervical Screening, Gynecologic Pap Test
A Pap smear is a routine test that looks for abnormal cells in the cervix (the uppermost portion of the vagina). Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cervical cancer.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A negative or normal test result is reported as "Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy". However, a negative report may also note benign findings such as infections or inflammation.
Related conditions
A Pap smear is a test for women that can help find or prevent cervical cancer. During the procedure, cells are collected from the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The cells are checked for cancer or for signs that they may become cancer. These are called precancerous cells. Finding and treating precancerous cells can help prevent cervical cancer. The Pap smear is a reliable way to find cancer early, when it's most treatable.
A Pap smear is a way to detect abnormal cervical cells before they become cancer. Sometimes the cells collected from a Pap smear are also checked for HPV, a virus that can cause cell changes that may lead to cancer. Pap smears, along with HPV testing, are considered cervical cancer screening tests. Cervical cancer screening has been shown to greatly reduce the number of new cervical cancer cases and deaths from the disease.
Most women between the ages of 21 and 65 should have regular Pap smears.
Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should be tested every three years.
Women ages 30–65 can be tested every five years if the test is combined with an HPV test. If there is no HPV test, the Pap should be done every three years.
Regardless of your age, your health care provider may recommend a Pap smear if you:
Had an abnormal Pap smear in the past
Have HIV
Have a weakened immune system
Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before birth. Between the years 1940–1971, DES was prescribed to pregnant women as a way to prevent miscarriages. It was later linked to an increased risk of certain cancers in the female children exposed to it during the pregnancy.
Women older than 65 who have had normal Pap smears for several years or have had surgery to remove the uterus and cervix may not need to have Pap smears anymore. If you are unsure whether you need a Pap smear, talk to your health care provider.
A Pap smear is often taken during a pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, you will lie on an exam table while your health care provider examines your vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, and pelvis to check for any abnormalities. For the Pap smear, your provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to open the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a soft brush or plastic spatula to collect cells from the cervix.
You should not have a Pap smear while you are having your period. A good time to have the test is about five days after the last day of your period. Additional recommendations are to avoid certain activities a few days before your Pap smear. Two to three days before your test you shouldn't:
Use tampons
Use birth control foams or other vaginal creams
Douche
Have sex
You may feel some mild discomfort during the procedure, but there are no known risks to a Pap smear.
Your Pap smear results will show whether your cervical cells are normal or abnormal. You may also get a result that is unclear.
Normal Pap smear. The cells in your cervix were normal. Your health care provider will recommend that you come back for another screening in three to five years depending on your age and medical history.
Unclear or unsatisfactory results. There may not have been enough cells in your sample or there may have been some other problem that made it hard for the lab to get an accurate reading. Your health care provider may ask you to come in for another test.
Abnormal Pap smear. Abnormal changes were found in your cervical cells. Most women who have abnormal results do not have cervical cancer. But, your health care provider may recommend follow-up testing to monitor your cells. Many cells will go back to normal on their own. Other cells may turn into cancer cells if not treated. Finding and treating these cells early can help prevent cancer from developing.
Talk to your health care provider to learn what your Pap smear results mean.
Thousands of women in the U.S. die from cervical cancer every year. A Pap smear, along with the HPV test, is one of the most effective ways to prevent cancer from developing.
Pap Smear: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
Definition of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
192005: Gynecologic Pap Test, Liquid-based Preparation | LabCorp [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Abnormal-Cervical-Cancer-Screening-Test-Results [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Understanding Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Results [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (20)
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Video by Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
Cervical Dysplasia (Gynecology - Pap Smear)
Video by Med Twice/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Smear showing Chlamydia
Human pap smear showing Chlamydia in the vacuoles at 500x and stained with H&E.
Image by Dr. Lance Liotta Laboratory / Unknown Photographer
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Test: Pap Smear (Pap Test)
A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer as well as a number of different types of infections. The test involves collecting cells from the cervix. A speculum is inserted into the vagina, and samples of cervical cells are collected and examined under a microscope for abnormalities. Detecting cervical cancer early with a Pap smear gives women a greater chance of being cured. A Pap smear can also detect changes in cervical cells that suggest cancer may develop in the future. The Pap smear is usually done in conjunction with a pelvic exam. In women over 30, the Pap smear may be combined with a test for human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection that may cause cervical cancer in some women.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap Test: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact. It may cause genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually. However, only a small subset of these strains are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. HPV vaccines are available for both men and women to prevent infection by some of the more dangerous virus strains associated with the development of cervical cancer.
Image by TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
HPV E6 E7 mRNA and Pap Tests
HPV E6 E7 mRNA and Pap Tests: Pap tests (ie, cervical cytology) are the most common way to screen for cervical cancer and routine Pap testing is credited with widely reducing the incidence of cervical cancer since the tests implementation. Pap tests are, however, limited by their relatively low sensitivity and specificity.Studies suggest that testing for high-risk HPV DNA is a more sensitive method of determining a woman`s risk of developing cervical cancer. Though current high-risk HPV DNA testing methods provide adequate sensitivity, specificity is lacking, which can lead to false-positive results and unnecessary invasive procedures such as colposcopy and biopsy. Its important for every woman to talk to her doctor about what tests are right for her.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap smears vs HPV testing and cervical cancer detection
Video by Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Risk Factors for Cancer: Virus : Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid the virus responsible for genital HPV infection one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Often asymptomatic genital HPV infection is spread through genital skin-to-skin contact causes genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer as well as some cases of anal rectal and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV and more than 40 of these are transmitted sexually; however only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. Consistent condom use has been shown to reduce the risk of HPV infection by as much as 70% but condoms do not protect all anatomy vulnerable to the virus. Vaccines that can prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains are widely available.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pap Smear
A female Caucasian scientist examining pap smears under the microscope.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Bill Branson (Photographer)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Smear Laser
One of the many uses for the laser in medical research is as a light source to detect premalignant and malignant cells in a Pap smear. Gynecologic cells passing in a stream through the laser beam where each cell is analyzed. Abnormal-appearing cells can be sorted from the rest of the cells and later examined by a pathologist for evidence of cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecological cancer. Women with clear cell endometrial cancer, a rare type of endometrial cancer, generally have poorer clinical outcomes
Image by Darryl Leja, NHGRI
Advanced Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of advanced cancerous cell growth of cervix. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 3 of 3.
Image by TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Healthy Cervix
The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus where it joins with the top of the vagina. The opening of the the cervix into the vagina is called the external os, and can vary in appearance from a small, circular opening in women who have not given birth, to a wider, more slit-like opening in women who have had children. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Women should be screened for cellular changes of the cervix with a pap smear as part of a regular pelvic exam. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that are often sexually transmitted. Most infections clear up quickly and cause few problems, though HPV can cause genital warts. Infection by certain types of HPV, however, can lead to cervical cancer. In 2006, the FDA approved an HPV vaccine (Gardisil) that protects against viral types that cause most cases of cervical cancer as well as genital warts. Public health experts recommend routine vaccination for girls ages 11-12 to ensure vaccine effectiveness.
Image by TheVisualMD
Early Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of early cancerous cell growth of cervix. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 2 of 3.
Image by TheVisualMD
Studying Cells
These uterine cervix cells, viewed through a light microscope, were obtained from a Pap smear. Normal cells are on the left. The cells on the right are infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Notice that the infected cells are larger; also, two of these cells each have two nuclei instead of one, the normal number. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman, MD; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
Image by CNX Openstax
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Anterior view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
Image by TheVisualMD
Normal Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of healthy cervical cells. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 3.
Image by TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
Medical visualization of a lateral cross-section of a healthy cervix, as well as the uterus and vagina. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 2.
Image by TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
Image by TheVisualMD
2:13
A cervical screening test - What can you expect?
Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv/YouTube
6:01
Cervical Dysplasia (Gynecology - Pap Smear)
Med Twice/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Smear showing Chlamydia
Dr. Lance Liotta Laboratory / Unknown Photographer
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Test: Pap Smear (Pap Test)
TheVisualMD
Pap Test: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
HPV E6 E7 mRNA and Pap Tests
TheVisualMD
3:40
Pap smears vs HPV testing and cervical cancer detection
Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Pap Smear
National Cancer Institute / Bill Branson (Photographer)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Pap Smear Laser
National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
Endometrial Cancer
Darryl Leja, NHGRI
Advanced Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Healthy Cervix
TheVisualMD
Early Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Studying Cells
CNX Openstax
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Normal Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Also called: HPV, HPV DNA, High-risk HPV
An HPV test looks for high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in women. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Most infections aren't serious. But some high-risk HPV infections can cause cervical and other types of cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Also called: HPV, HPV DNA, High-risk HPV
An HPV test looks for high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in women. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Most infections aren't serious. But some high-risk HPV infections can cause cervical and other types of cancer.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
It is recommended that women age 30 and older have an HPV test with their pelvic exam and Pap test. If both tests are negative, they should be repeated every 3 years.
Related conditions
HPV stands for human papillomavirus. There are many types of HPVs. Some of them are spread through close skin-to-skin touching during sex with a person who has the virus. These HPVs are the most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
Certain types of HPV cause genital warts. Other types, called "high-risk HPV," can cause cancer, especially cancer of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus where a baby grows during pregnancy. Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV. That means if you have a cervix and are infected with certain types of HPV, you have a higher risk of getting cervical cancer.
HPV tests use a sample of cells from your cervix to look for signs of infection with high-risk HPVs that can lead to cervical cancer. Knowing whether you have HPV helps your healthcare provider understand your risk for developing cervical cancer. If you have an HPV infection, you can discuss whether you need other tests and how often you should be checked for cervical cancer.
Usually, your immune system gets rid of an HPV infection naturally within two years without causing any health problems. But in certain cases, high-risk HPV infections can stay in the body for many years, even decades. These long-lasting infections can lead to cancer.
The test is used to check a sample of cervical cells for signs of infection with high-risk HPV that can lead to cervical cancer. The test is often done at the same time as a Pap smear, which is a test that checks cervical cells for abnormal changes caused by HPV. When an HPV test and a Pap smear are done at the same time, it's called an HPV/Pap cotest.
An HPV test may also be used to make treatment decisions after a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer. This cancer grows in the back of the throat, including the tonsils and the base of the tongue. It is mostly caused by HPV. Oropharyngeal cancer from HPV has its own treatment and usually has a better chance of recovery than other throat cancers.
You may need an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer if you:
Had an abnormal result on a Pap smear. An HPV test can show whether HPV caused the abnormal changes in your cervical cells.
Are age 30 through 65. An HPV test alone or an HPV/Pap cotest is recommended every five years as long as you have had normal test results.
If you are between ages 21 and 29, you should have a Pap smear every three years. But you don't need HPV testing if your Pap smear results are normal. While HPV infections are common in this age group, they usually clear up on their own within a year or two without causing any problems. Some medical experts recommend starting HPV testing at age 25 and getting tested every 5 years if your last test was normal.
If you have a high risk for developing cervical cancer, you may need to get tested more often. Your risk may be higher if you:
Had an abnormal HPV test, Pap smear, or cervical biopsy in the recent past
Have HIV
Have a weakened immune system
Have had cervical cancer
Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages. It was later linked to an increased risk of certain cancers in the female children exposed to it before birth.
Ask your provider which cervical cancer screening test is right for you and how often you should be tested.
If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have.
If you're getting an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer, you will lie on an exam table. Your provider will use a plastic or metal instrument called a speculum to widen the vagina, so the cervix can be seen. Your provider will then use a small, soft brush or swab to collect cells from the cervix. The cell sample is sent to a lab for testing.
HPV testing is often done as part of a routine pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your provider examines your uterus, ovaries, and genital area. But a pelvic exam doesn't always include an HPV test. So, when you have a pelvic exam, ask your provider whether you'll have and HPV test, too.
At-home tests to screen for cervical HPV are available. These kits provide a special swab so you can collect a sample of cells from your cervix and vagina to send to a lab. Talk with your provider if you are considering at-home HPV testing.
If you have oropharyngeal cancer, you probably won't need another test to find out whether HPV caused your cancer. That's because oropharyngeal cancer is usually diagnosed by examining a sample of throat tissue that's removed during a biopsy. The tissue sample is usually checked for HPV, too.
You should not have the test while you are having your period. For two days before your test, you should not:
Use tampons
Use birth control foam, jelly, or cream
Use other creams or medicines in the vagina
Douche (rinse the vagina with water or other fluid)
Have vaginal sex
For an at-home test, be sure to read all the instructions before you collect your sample.
You may feel some mild discomfort when the cervical cells are collected. Afterward, you may have some very light bleeding. But there are no known risks to an HPV test.
Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again.
Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer.
A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future.
There's no treatment to get rid of an HPV infection. So, the next steps will depend on your risk for developing cervical cancer. To estimate your risk, your provider will consider past test results, your age, and other health conditions you have or have had.
Your provider may suggest other tests to check your cervical cells for abnormal changes. You may also need more frequent HPV tests or HPV/Pap cotests.
The HPV vaccine is a safe, effective way to protect yourself from HPV infections that can cause cancer and genital warts. The vaccine could prevent many of the cancers that HPV causes, including cancer of the cervix, vagina, throat, anus, and penis.
The vaccine works best when it's given before a person has any exposure to the virus. That's why it's recommended for children before they become sexually active.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that 11 to 12-year-olds have two shots of HPV vaccine 6 to 12 months apart. But the vaccine can be given as early as age 9. Ask your child's provider about when to vaccinate your child against HPV.
Teens and young adults who get their first HPV shot between ages 15 and 26 need to have 3 doses. If you're over 26 and haven't been vaccinated, talk with your provider about the possible benefits of vaccination.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [accessed on Aug 08, 2023]
HPV DNA test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 08, 2019]
500306: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) High- and Low-risk... | LabCorp [accessed on Jan 08, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (9)
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Pap & HPV Testing
HPV, the Human Papillomavirus, is a sexually transmitted virus which 8 out of 10 women get by the time they are 50 years old. Usually there are no symptoms and it often goes away on its own. However, when an undetected HPV infection lasts for years, it can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix, which can sometimes lead to cervical cancer. Screening often involves two tests, a Pap test and an HPV test. A Pap test detects abnormal cell growth and can also tell if infections like herpes and yeast are present. An HPV test screens for high-risk HPV infections that are associated with abnormal cell growth. Co-testing refers to when Pap and HPV tests are collected at the same time and can be an important part of protecting your health.
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Cervical Cancer - Treatment Options by Stage
Location of cervical cancer and an example of normal and abnormal cells
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Anterior view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Medical visualization of an anterior close-up view of a human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, the virus responsible for genital HPV infection, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Incurable and often asymptomatic, genital HPV infection is spread through genital, skin-to-skin contact, causes genital warts, and can lead to cervical cancer, as well as some cases of anal, rectal, and penile cancer. There are more than 100 strains of HPV, and more than 30 of these are transmitted sexually; however, only a small subset of those are cancer-causing. Pap smear testing is used to detect abnormal cells caused by genital HPV infection that could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains.
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Freezing of Abnormal Tissue in the Cervix
Medical visualization of an anterior view of pre-cancerous cells on the cervix being frozen via cryotherapy. During cryosurgery, probes deliver liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -50 degrees Celsius to the surface of the cervix to freeze and destroy abnormal cervical tissue. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes.
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Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
Medical visualization of a lateral cross-section of a healthy cervix, as well as the uterus and vagina. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 1 of 2.
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Early Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
Three-dimensional visualization reconstructed from scanned human data. Superiolateral view of cross-section of early cancerous cell growth of cervix. Cervical cancer begins with precancerous cellular changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV.) There are two main types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type at 80%+) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the cells that cover the surface of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma develops from mucous-producing glandular tissue. Cervical cancer is highly preventable, with precancerous cells visible on a regular Pap smear. Also, a vaccine is being developed that could prevent initial infection of some of the more dangerous strains of HPV that lead to precancerous cellular changes. 2 of 3.
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Cervix Infected with Cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that are often sexually transmitted (half of all sexually active men and women are infected with HPV at some point in their lives). Most infections clear up quickly and cause few problems, though HPV can cause genital warts. Infection by certain types of HPV, however, can lead to cervical cancer. More than a dozen HPV types are considered \"high risk\" for cervical cancer, two of them are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers; genetic and environmental risk factors also play roles. The human papillomavirus (HPV) test is like a Pap test in that it involves the collection of cells from the cervix for analysis; the cell sample is taken with a special swab or brush during a pelvic examination. But while a Pap test is designed to spot abnormal cells, which often indicate an HPV infection, it cannot distinguish among different HPV types. An HPV test uses DNA techniques to determine whether an HPV infection has been caused by one of the viral types that lead to an increased risk of cervical cancer.
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HPV, Cancer Cells
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of related viruses that infect skin and mucous membranes; there are 30-40 types that are transmitted sexually. More than a dozen HPV types are considered high risk for cervical cancer, but just two of these types are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. It isn't clear how HPV triggers cancer; evidence of the virus is found in nearly all cases, but most women infected with HPV never develop cervical cancer. Genetic and environmental risk factors also play roles
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Pap & HPV Testing
TheVisualMD
Cervical Cancer - Treatment Options by Stage
Blausen Medical Communications, Inc.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Freezing of Abnormal Tissue in the Cervix
TheVisualMD
Uterus and Cervix Sagittal Section
TheVisualMD
Early Cancer Cell Growth in Cervix
TheVisualMD
Cervix Infected with Cancer
TheVisualMD
HPV, Cancer Cells
TheVisualMD
Genital Warts & Pregnancy
Consultation with you doctor
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Consultation with you doctor
Consultation with you doctor during your pregnancy
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How Do Genital Warts Affect Pregnancy?
If you had genital warts that went away on their own or were treated, you will probably not have any problems during your pregnancy. Tell your doctor or nurse if you or your partner has ever had genital warts.
Genital warts in women during pregnancy might:
Bleed and grow (in size and number) due to hormonal changes in the body during pregnancy.
Block the birth canal. If this happens, you may need a cesarean section (C-section) delivery.
Expose babies to HPV types that cause warts in the babies' airways. This very rare condition is called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Video by NEJMvideo/YouTube
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HPV Vaccination and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
NEJMvideo/YouTube
Homosexual Women and Genital Warts
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Couple kissing
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Couple kissing
Couple kissing
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Can Women Who Have Sex with Women Get Genital Warts?
Yes. It is possible to get genital warts, or any other STI, if you are a woman who has sex only with women.
Talk to your partner about her sexual history before having sex, and ask your doctor about getting tested if you have signs or symptoms of genital warts.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services