Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can cause inflammation and irritation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can affect any area from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly, it affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. Read about causes, symptoms, and treatments for Crohn's disease.
Crohn's Disease
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About
What is Crohn's disease?
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What is Crohn's disease?
A graphic explaining what Crohn's disease is - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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What Is Crohn's Disease?
Crohn's disease is a complex, long-lasting (chronic) disorder that primarily affects the digestive system. This condition involves an abnormal immune response that causes excess inflammation. It most often affects the intestinal walls, particularly in the lower part of the small intestine (the ileum) and portions of the large intestine (the colon). However, inflammation can occur in any part of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus. The inflamed tissues become thick and swollen, and the inner surfaces of the digestive system may develop open sores (ulcers).
Crohn's disease most commonly appears in a person's late teens or twenties, although the disease can begin at any age. Signs and symptoms tend to flare up multiple times throughout life. The most common features of this condition are persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fever. Some people with Crohn's disease have blood in the stool from inflamed tissues in the intestine; over time, chronic bleeding can lead to a low number of red blood cells (anemia). In some cases, Crohn's disease can also cause inflammation affecting the joints, eyes, or skin.
Intestinal blockage is a common complication of Crohn's disease. Blockages are caused by swelling or a buildup of scar tissue in the intestinal walls. Some affected individuals also develop fistulae, which are abnormal connections between the intestine and other tissues. Fistulae occur when ulcers break through the intestinal wall and passages form between loops of the intestine or between the intestine and nearby structures (such as the bladder, vagina, or skin).
Crohn's disease is one common form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Another type of IBD, ulcerative colitis, also causes chronic inflammation of the intestinal lining. Unlike Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the digestive system, ulcerative colitis typically causes inflammation only in the colon.
Source: MedlinePlus Genetics
Additional Materials (13)
Crohn's Disease
The main location of Crohn's disease
Image by BruceBlaus
Eating Healthy with Crohn’s Disease
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
Study Finds Link Between Crohn’s Disease and Depression – IBD in the News
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease in Children
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
VA. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicentre inception cohort s
Video by In Motion Science/Vimeo
New Model of Care for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Video – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Video by Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease or IBD?
Video by NationwideChildrens/YouTube
Inflammation and Heart Health
Video by NYU Langone Health/YouTube
Colonoscopy: Why Routine Screenings Are Important
Video by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)/YouTube
Meet Your Microbiome!
Video by SciShow/YouTube
Adjusting to a new ostomy and managing stoma complications
Video by ImedexCME/YouTube
The use of complementary and alternative medications
Video by ImedexCME/YouTube
Dietitian's Tips on Following a Low Fiber Diet - Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Crohn's Disease
BruceBlaus
3:03
Eating Healthy with Crohn’s Disease
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
3:11
Study Finds Link Between Crohn’s Disease and Depression – IBD in the News
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:37
Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease in Children
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
3:03
VA. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicentre inception cohort s
In Motion Science/Vimeo
8:00
New Model of Care for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Video – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
3:34
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease or IBD?
NationwideChildrens/YouTube
36:01
Inflammation and Heart Health
NYU Langone Health/YouTube
1:11
Colonoscopy: Why Routine Screenings Are Important
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)/YouTube
11:13
Meet Your Microbiome!
SciShow/YouTube
29:27
Adjusting to a new ostomy and managing stoma complications
ImedexCME/YouTube
23:52
The use of complementary and alternative medications
ImedexCME/YouTube
2:19
Dietitian's Tips on Following a Low Fiber Diet - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
What Is IBD?
What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Graphic explaining what inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Image by IBD Relief
What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term for two conditions (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prolonged inflammation results in damage to the GI tract.
What are the main types of IBD?
Croh’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Affected Location
Can affect any part of the GI tract (from the mouth to the anus)—Most often it affects the portion of the small intestine before the large intestine/colon.
Occurs in the large intestine (colon) and the rectum.
Damaged Areas
Damaged areas appear in patches that are next to areas of healthy tissue.
Damaged areas are continuous (not patchy) – usually starting at the rectum and spreading further into the colon.
Inflammation
Inflammation may reach through the multiple layers of the walls of the GI tract.
Inflammation is present only in the innermost layer of the lining of the colon.
What are the common symptoms of IBD?
Persistent diarrhea.
Abdominal pain.
Rectal bleeding/bloody stools.
Weight loss.
Fatigue.
What causes IBD?
The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but IBD is the result of a weakened immune system. Possible causes are:
The immune system responds incorrectly to environmental triggers, such as a virus or bacteria, which causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
There also appears to be a genetic component. Someone with a family history of IBD is more likely to develop this inappropriate immune response.
How is IBD diagnosed?
A combination of endoscopy (for Crohn’s disease) or colonoscopy (for ulcerative colitis) and imaging studies, such as:
Contrast radiography.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Computed tomography (CT).
Stool samples.
Blood tests.
How is IBD treated?
Types of common medications to treat IBD:
5-aminosalicyclic acids.
Immunomodulators.
Corticosteroids.
Biologics.
Surgeries to remove damaged portions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
What Is Crohn’s Disease?
Types of Crohn's disease
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Types of Crohn's disease
A graphic showing the types of Crohn's disease - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Image by IBD relief
What Is Crohn’s Disease?
Crohn’s disease is a chronic disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. Most commonly, Crohn’s affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine. However, the disease can affect any part of your digestive tract, from your mouth to your anus.
Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis are other common types of IBD.
Crohn’s disease most often begins gradually and can become worse over time. You may have periods of remission that can last for weeks or years.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
Patterns of Crohn's Disease
The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease are ileal,ileocolic and colonic
Image by Samir, vectorized by Fvasconcellos
Crohn's disease (Crohn disease) - an Osmosis preview
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
Patterns of Crohn's Disease
Samir, vectorized by Fvasconcellos
0:39
Crohn's disease (Crohn disease) - an Osmosis preview
Osmosis/YouTube
Is It Common?
Genomics: The Role of Your Parents
Image by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Genomics: The Role of Your Parents
The instructions necessary for you to grow throughout your lifetime are passed down from your mother and father. Half of your genome comes from your biological mother and half from your biological father, making you related to each, but identical to neither. Your biological parents' genes influence traits like height, eye color, and disease risk that make you a unique person.
Image by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
How Common Is Crohn's Disease?
Crohn's disease is most common in western Europe and North America, where it has a prevalence of 100 to 300 per 100,000 people. More than half a million Americans are currently affected by this disorder. Crohn's disease occurs more often in people of northern European ancestry and those of eastern and central European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent than among people of other ethnic backgrounds. For reasons that are not clear, the prevalence of Crohn's disease has been increasing in the United States and some other parts of the world.
Source: MedlinePlus Genetics
What Other Issues It Can Cause?
Methylation of DNA Test for Colon Cancer
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Methylation of DNA Test for Colon Cancer
Methylation of DNA Test for Colon Cancer : DNA Methylation tests for the presence and development of cancer. Too much methylation of DNA, hypermethylation, is a tumor marker for several types of cancer. Methylation changes often precede changes in a tumor's malignancy, which could greatly aid diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies of colon and lung cancers have shown that methylation may also forecast prognosis.
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What Other Health Problems Do People with Crohn’s Disease Have?
If you have Crohn’s disease in your large intestine, you may be more likely to develop colon cancer. If you receive ongoing treatment for Crohn’s disease and stay in remission, you may reduce your chances of developing colon cancer.
Talk with your doctor about how often you should get screened for colon cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. Screening for colon cancer can include colonoscopy with biopsies. Although screening does not reduce your chances of developing colon cancer, it may help to find cancer at an early stage and improve the chance of curing the cancer.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
Colon with Polyp lateral view
Most cancer in the colon and rectum begins in polyps, tissue masses that grow out of the intestinal wall. Polyps grow slowly and most are benign, but they may become cancerous over time. When a polyp becomes cancerous, it starts to invade the intestinal wall and may spread into nearby lymph nodes or capillaries. From there the cancerous cells can enter into the lymphatic system or the bloodstream and metastasize, spreading to areas distant from the original site. There they may form new tumors.
Image by TheVisualMD
Polyp Embedded in Colon
Most cancer in the colon and rectum begins in polyps, tissue masses that grow out of the intestinal wall. Polyps grow slowly and most are benign, but they may become cancerous over time. When a polyp becomes cancerous, it starts to invade the intestinal wall and may spread into nearby lymph nodes or capillaries. From there the cancerous cells can enter into the lymphatic system or the bloodstream and metastasize, spreading to areas distant from the original site. There they may form new tumors.
Image by TheVisualMD
Colon with Polyp lateral view
TheVisualMD
Polyp Embedded in Colon
TheVisualMD
FAQs
What is Crohn's disease?
Image by own work
What is Crohn's disease?
Comparison of Crohn's_Disease_and_Colitis_ulcerosa
Image by own work
Crohn's Disease
What is Crohn's disease?
Crohn's disease is a chronic disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract. It can affect any part of your digestive tract, which runs from your mouth to your anus. But it usually affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine.
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis are other common types of IBD.
What causes Crohn's disease?
The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Researchers think that an autoimmune reaction may be one cause. An autoimmune reaction happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Genetics may also play a role, since Crohn's disease can run in families.
Stress and eating certain foods don't cause the disease, but they can make your symptoms worse.
Who is at risk for Crohn's disease?
There are certain factors which can raise your risk of Crohn's disease:
Family history of the disease. Having a parent, child, or sibling with the disease puts you at higher risk.
Smoking. This may double your risk of developing Crohn's disease.
Certain medicines, such as antibiotics, birth-control pills, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. These may slightly increase your chance of developing Crohn's.
A high-fat diet. This may also slightly increase your risk of Crohn's.
What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?
The symptoms of Crohn's disease can vary, depending where and how severe your inflammation is. The most common symptoms include:
Diarrhea
Cramping and pain in your abdomen
Weight loss
Some other possible symptoms are:
Anemia, a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal
Eye redness or pain
Fatigue
Fever
Joint pain or soreness
Nausea or loss of appetite
Skin changes that involve red, tender bumps under the skin
Stress and eating certain foods such as carbonated drinks and high-fiber foods may make some people's symptoms worse.
What other problems can Crohn's disease cause?
Crohn's disease can cause other problems, including:
Intestinal obstruction, a blockage in the intestine
Fistulas, abnormal connections between two parts inside of the body
Abscesses, pus-filled pockets of infection
Anal fissures, small tears in your anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding
Ulcers, open sores in your mouth, intestines, anus, or perineum
Malnutrition, when your body does not get the right amount of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs
Inflammation in other areas of your body, such as your joints, eyes, and skin
How is Crohn's disease diagnosed?
Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis:
A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms
A family history
A physical exam, including
Checking for bloating in your abdomen
Listening to sounds within your abdomen using a stethoscope
Tapping on your abdomen to check for tenderness and pain and to see if your liver or spleen is abnormal or enlarged
Various tests, including
Blood and stool tests
A colonoscopy
An upper GI endoscopy, a procedure in which your provider uses a scope to look inside your mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Diagnostic imaging tests, such as a CT scan or an upper GI series. An upper GI series uses a special liquid called barium and x-rays. Drinking the barium will make your upper GI tract more visible on an x-ray.
What are the treatments for Crohn's disease?
There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments can decrease the inflammation in your intestines, relieve symptoms, and prevent complications. Treatments include medicines, bowel rest, and surgery. No single treatment works for everyone. You and your health care provider can work together to figure out which treatment is best for you:
Medicines for Crohn's include various medicines that decrease the inflammation. Some of these medicines do this by reducing the activity of your immune system. Medicines can also help with symptoms or complications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-diarrheal medicines. If your Crohn's causes an infection, you may need antibiotics.
Bowel rest involves drinking only certain liquids or not eating or drinking anything. This allows your intestines to rest. You may need to do this if your Crohn's disease symptoms are severe. You get your nutrients through drinking a liquid, a feeding tube, or an intravenous (IV) tube. You may need to do bowel rest in the hospital, or you may be able to do it at home. It will last for a few days or up to several weeks.
Surgery can treat complications and reduce symptoms when other treatments are not helping enough. The surgery will involve removing a damaged part of your digestive tract to treat
Fistulas
Bleeding that is life threatening
Intestinal obstructions
Side effects from medicines when they threaten your health
Symptoms when medicines do not improve your condition
Changing your diet can help reduce symptoms. Your provider may recommend that you make changes to your diet, such as:
Avoiding carbonated drinks
Avoiding popcorn, vegetable skins, nuts, and other high-fiber foods
Drinking more liquids
Eating smaller meals more often
Keeping a food diary to help identify foods that cause problems
Some people also need go on special diet, such as a low-fiber diet.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
Crohn's Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis
Image by RicHard-59
Crohn's Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis
RicHard-59
Risk Factors
Stop Smoking and drinking
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Stop Smoking and drinking
Stop Smoking and drinking
Image by TheVisualMD
Who Is More Likely to Develop Crohn’s Disease?
Crohn’s disease can develop in people of any age and is more likely to develop in people
between the ages of 20 and 29
who have a family member, most often a sibling or parent, with IBD
who smoke cigarettes
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Causes
Your Genes
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Your Genes
Your Genes
Image by TheVisualMD
What Causes Crohn’s Disease?
Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Experts think the following factors may play a role in causing Crohn’s disease.
Autoimmune reaction
One cause of Crohn’s disease may be an autoimmune reaction—when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Experts think bacteria in your digestive tract can mistakenly trigger your immune system. This immune system response causes inflammation, leading to symptoms of Crohn’s disease.
Genes
Crohn’s disease sometimes runs in families. Research has shown that if you have a parent or sibling with Crohn’s disease, you may be more likely to develop the disease. Experts continue to study the link between genes and Crohn’s disease.
Other factors
Some studies suggest that other factors may increase your chance of developing Crohn’s disease:
Smoking may double your chance of developing Crohn’s disease.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, antibiotics, and birth-control pills may slightly increase the chance of developing Crohn’s disease.
A high-fat diet may also slightly increase your chance of getting Crohn’s disease.
Stress and eating certain foods do not cause Crohn’s disease.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
Crohn Disease: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Video by Merck Manuals/YouTube
2:19
Crohn Disease: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Merck Manuals/YouTube
What Genes Can Causes It?
Digestive System and you genes
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Digestive System and you genes
Digestive System and you genes
Image by TheVisualMD
What Genes Are Currently Known to Be Associated with Crohn's Disease?
More than 30 distinct genes, or presumed locations of genes (loci), have been suggested to be related to CD, including those related to susceptibility, age of onset, disease location, diagnosis, and prognosis. So far, the strongest associations with CD have been found with the NOD2 (also called CARD15), IL23R and ATG16L1 genes.
The search for specific susceptibility genes (genes in which variations may increase a person's risk) has been difficult due to complex genetics, including factors such as the lack of simple inheritance patterns and involvement of several genes. Studies have already led to the identification of a number of susceptibility genes: NOD2, DLG5, OCTN1 (also called SLC22A4), OCTN2 (SLC22A5), NOD1, IL23R, PTGER4, ATG16L1 and IRGM. The NOD2 gene is currently the most replicated and understood.
With respect to age of CD onset and more specifically to childhood or early-onset Crohn’s disease, the following genes/loci have been implicated: TNFRSF6B, CXCL9, IL23R, NOD2, ATG16L1 rs2241880, CNR1, IL-10, and MDR1 (also called ABCB1).
In terms of genes related to CD location, studies have suggested that upper GI Crohn’s disease has been related to NOD2 and MIF variants. Ileal CD has been related to the IL-10, CRP, NOD2, ZNF365 and STAT3 genes. Genes/loci associated with ileocolonic CD are 3p21, ATG16L1 and TCF-4 (TCF7L2).
Variations in a number of genes have also been found to be associated with other aspects of CD, such as disease behavior, risk for cancer, and presence of extraintestinal manifestations.
Because the information provided here is complex, individuals seeking to better understand this information may benefit from meeting with a genetics professional or other qualified health care provider.
Source: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
Additional Materials (1)
Why Do I Have IBD? Genetics in IBD
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
8:22
Why Do I Have IBD? Genetics in IBD
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Inheritance
Inheritance
Image by Thomas Shafee / TheVisualMD
Inheritance
Multifactorial Inheritance - A pattern of inheritance of a trait that includes the contributions from more than one gene.
Inheritance Patterns - The different ways GENES and their ALLELES interact during the transmission of genetic traits that effect the outcome of GENE EXPRESSION. (NCBI/NLM/NIH)
Image by Thomas Shafee / TheVisualMD
Is Crohn's Disease Inherited?
Crohn's disease, like most other autoimmune diseases, is thought to be a multifactorial condition. This means it is likely associated with the effects of multiple genes, in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors. Once an autoimmune disease is present in a family, other relatives may be at risk to develop the same autoimmune disease, or a different autoimmune disease. However, if an autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease occurs in a family, it does not necessarily mean that relatives will develop an autoimmune disease. Having an affected family member means that there may be a genetic predisposition in the family that could increase an individual's chance of developing an autoimmune disease. Thus, having an affected family member is considered a risk factor for Crohn's disease.
Source: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
Additional Materials (2)
Crohn Disease: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Video by Merck Manuals/YouTube
Crohn's Disease, What Are The Causes?
Video by EmpowHER/YouTube
2:19
Crohn Disease: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Merck Manuals/YouTube
1:32
Crohn's Disease, What Are The Causes?
EmpowHER/YouTube
Symptoms
Male Experiencing Abdominal Pain
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Experiencing Abdominal Pain
Irritable bowel syndrome is a common condition that affects the large intestine and can cause persistent abdominal pain, cramping, bloating gas, diarrhea, constipation or both. Despite the discomfort, the condition does not cause permanent damage or increase the risk of colorectal cancer, unlike more serious intestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It isn't clear what causes irritable bowel syndrome, though symptoms are often made worse by stress, certain foods or in the case of women (who are more likely than men to be affected by the disorder) hormonal changes.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are the Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease?
The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are
diarrhea
cramping and pain in your abdomen
weight loss
Other symptoms include
anemia
eye redness or pain
feeling tired
fever
joint pain or soreness
nausea or loss of appetite
skin changes that involve red, tender bumps under the skin
Your symptoms may vary depending on the location and severity of your inflammation.
Some research suggests that stress, including the stress of living with Crohn’s disease, can make symptoms worse. Also, some people may find that certain foods can trigger or worsen their symptoms.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (2)
Symptoms of Crohn's disease
A graphic showing some of the symptoms of Crohn's disease - a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Image by IBD relief
Crohn's Disease Symptoms
Video by Everyday Health/YouTube
Symptoms of Crohn's disease
IBD relief
1:13
Crohn's Disease Symptoms
Everyday Health/YouTube
Complications
Bowel obstruction
Image by James Heilman, MD
Bowel obstruction
A small bowel obstruction as seen on CT
Image by James Heilman, MD
What Are the Complications of Crohn’s Disease?
Complications of Crohn’s disease can include the following:
Intestinal obstruction. Crohn’s disease can thicken the wall of your intestines. Over time, the thickened areas of your intestines can narrow, which can block your intestines. A partial or complete intestinal obstruction, also called a bowel blockage, can block the movement of food or stool through your intestines.
Fistulas. In Crohn’s disease, inflammation can go through the wall of your intestines and create tunnels, or fistulas. Fistulas are abnormal passages between two organs, or between an organ and the outside of your body. Fistulas may become infected.
Abscesses. Inflammation that goes through the wall of your intestines can also lead to abscesses. Abscesses are painful, swollen, pus-filled pockets of infection.
Anal fissures. Anal fissures are small tears in your anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding.
Ulcers. Inflammation anywhere along your digestive tract can lead to ulcers or open sores in your mouth, intestines, anus, or perineum.
Malnutrition. Malnutrition develops when your body does not get the right amount of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function.
Inflammation in other areas of your body. You may have inflammation in your joints, eyes, and skin.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Diagnosis
Virtual Colonoscopy Views
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Virtual Colonoscopy Views
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
How Do Doctors Diagnose Crohn’s Disease?
Doctors typically use a combination of tests to diagnose Crohn’s disease. Your doctor will also ask you about your medical history—including medicines you are taking—and your family history and will perform a physical exam.
Physical exam
During a physical exam, a doctor most often
checks for bloating in your abdomen
listens to sounds within your abdomen using a stethoscope
taps on your abdomen to check for tenderness and pain and to see if your liver or spleen is abnormal or enlarged
Diagnostic tests
Your doctor may use the following tests to help diagnose Crohn’s disease:
lab tests
intestinal endoscopy
upper gastrointestinal (GI) series
computed tomography (CT) scan
Your doctor may also perform tests to rule out other diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, or cancer, that cause symptoms similar to those of Crohn’s disease.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (8)
Three Views of a Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
Diagnosing IBD
Video by Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
High magnification micrograph of Crohn's disease, Biopsy of colon
High magnification micrograph of Crohn's disease, Biopsy of colon
Image by Nephron
Crohn's Disease - Points to Remember
CT scan of Crohn's with long lesions of the terminal ileum
Image by Hellerhoff
Crohn's Disease and Colon Cancer
Microscopic Histology at Very high magnification of Crohn's disease specimen.
Image by Nephron
aphthous ulcers involving mouth
Patients with Crohn's can have aphthous ulcers involving mouth.
Image by TheBlunderbuss
What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease?
Crohn's with long lesions of the terminal ileum.
Image by Hellerhoff
How is Crohn's disease diagnosed?
X-rays of Stenosis of the thin intestine with Crohn's Disease
Image by Hellerhoff
Three Views of a Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
8:31
Diagnosing IBD
Animated IBD Patient/YouTube
High magnification micrograph of Crohn's disease, Biopsy of colon
Nephron
Crohn's Disease - Points to Remember
Hellerhoff
Crohn's Disease and Colon Cancer
Nephron
aphthous ulcers involving mouth
TheBlunderbuss
What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease?
Hellerhoff
How is Crohn's disease diagnosed?
Hellerhoff
What Tests Are Used?
Endoscopic image of severe Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability of mucosa in sigmoid colon and exudate on wall.
Image by Samir
Endoscopic image of severe Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability of mucosa in sigmoid colon and exudate on wall.
Endoscopic image of severe Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability of mucosa in sigmoid colon and exudate on wall.
Image by Samir
What Tests Do Doctors Use to Diagnose Crohn’s Disease?
Your doctor may perform the following tests to help diagnose Crohn’s disease.
Lab tests
Lab tests to help diagnose Crohn’s disease include:
Blood tests. A health care professional may take a blood sample from you and send the sample to a lab to test for changes in
red blood cells. If your red blood cells are fewer or smaller than normal, you may have anemia.
white blood cells. When your white blood cell count is higher than normal, you may have inflammation or infection somewhere in your body.
Blood test
Stool tests. A stool test is the analysis of a sample of stool. Your doctor will give you a container for catching and storing the stool. You will receive instructions on where to send or take the kit for analysis. Doctors use stool tests to rule out other causes of digestive diseases.
Intestinal endoscopy
Intestinal endoscopies are the most accurate methods for diagnosing Crohn’s disease and ruling out other possible conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, or cancer. Intestinal endoscopies include the following:
Colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is a procedure in which a doctor uses a long, flexible, narrow tube with a light and tiny camera on one end, called a colonoscope or endoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. The doctor may also examine your ileum to look for signs of Crohn’s disease.
A trained specialist performs a colonoscopy in a hospital or an outpatient center. A health care professional will give you written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the procedure. You will receive sedatives, anesthesia, or pain medicine during the procedure.
During a colonoscopy, you’ll be asked to lie on a table while the doctor inserts a colonoscope into your anus and slowly guides it through your rectum and colon and into the lower part of your ileum. If your doctor suspects that you have Crohn’s disease, the colonoscopy will include biopsies of your ileum, colon, and rectum. You won’t feel the biopsies.
Upper GI endoscopy and enteroscopy. In an upper GI endoscopy, your doctor uses an endoscope to see inside your upper digestive tract, also called your upper GI tract.
A trained specialist performs the procedure at a hospital or an outpatient center. You should not eat or drink before the procedure. A health care professional will tell you how to prepare for an upper GI endoscopy. You most often receive a liquid anesthetic to numb your throat and a light sedative to help you stay relaxed and comfortable during the procedure.
During the procedure, the doctor carefully feeds the endoscope down your esophagus and into your stomach and duodenum.
During an enteroscopy, a doctor examines your small intestine with a special, longer endoscope using one of the following procedures:
push enteroscopy, which uses a long endoscope to examine the upper portion of your small intestine
single- or double-balloon enteroscopy, which uses small balloons to help move the endoscope into your small intestine
spiral enteroscopy, which uses a tube attached to an endoscope that acts as a corkscrew to move the instrument into your small intestine
Capsule endoscopy. In capsule endoscopy, you swallow a capsule containing a tiny camera that allows your doctor to see inside your digestive tract. You should not eat or drink before the procedure. A health care professional will tell you how to prepare for a capsule endoscopy. You don’t need anesthesia for this procedure.
The test begins in a doctor’s office, where you swallow the capsule. You can leave the doctor’s office during the test. As the capsule passes through your digestive tract, the camera will record and transmit images to a small receiver device that you wear. When the recording is done, your doctor downloads and reviews the images. The camera capsule leaves your body during a bowel movement, and you can safely flush it down the toilet.
Upper GI series
An upper GI series is a procedure in which a doctor uses x-rays, fluoroscopy, and a chalky liquid called barium to view your upper GI tract.
An x-ray technician and a radiologist perform this test at a hospital or an outpatient center. You should not eat or drink before the procedure. A health care professional will tell you how to prepare for an upper GI series. You don’t need anesthesia for this procedure.
For the procedure, you’ll be asked to stand or sit in front of an x-ray machine and drink barium. The barium will make your upper GI tract more visible on an x-ray. You will then lie on the x-ray table, and the radiologist will watch the barium move through your upper GI tract on the x-ray and fluoroscopy.
CT scan
A CT scan uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to create images of your digestive tract.
For a CT scan, a health care professional may give you a solution to drink and an injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. Contrast medium makes the structures inside your body easier to see during the procedure. You’ll lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that takes the x-rays. CT scans can diagnose both Crohn’s disease and the complications of the disease.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
Understanding Diagnostic and Prognostic IBD Testing
Video by Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
2:51
Understanding Diagnostic and Prognostic IBD Testing
Crohn's & Colitis Foundation/YouTube
Is Prenatal Testing Available?
Mapping Your Future: Screening for Disease Risk
Image by TheVisualMD
Mapping Your Future: Screening for Disease Risk
Image by TheVisualMD
Is Prenatal Testing Available for Crohn's Disease?
Because Crohn's disease is caused by many factors, no test can determine if an individual will definitely develop this condition. Genetic testing is available to determine if there is a disease-causing change (mutation) in the NOD2 gene, one of the genes that has been shown to be associated with an increased chance of developing Crohn's disease. Genetic testing may be available during pregnancy (prenatal diagnosis) to determine if a fetus has inherited a familial mutation in the NOD2 gene when a mutation has been identified in a relative. The finding of a mutation in the NOD2 gene does not diagnose Crohn's disease; it only indicates that there is an increased chance of developing this condition at some point in the future.
Source: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
Additional Materials (3)
Prenatal Blood Test
Prenatal Blood Test
Image by TheVisualMD
Crohn's Disease & Pregnancy-Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Obstetric ultrasonography
Medical ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman.
Image by Scott
Prenatal Blood Test
TheVisualMD
12:57
Crohn's Disease & Pregnancy-Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Obstetric ultrasonography
Scott
Complete Blood Count
Complete Blood Count
Also called: CBC, Full Blood Count, Blood Cell Count, Hemotology Panel
A complete blood count (CBC) is often part of a routine exam. It is used to measure different parts and features of your blood. A CBC can help detect a variety of disorders including infections, anemia, diseases of the immune system, and blood cancers.
Complete Blood Count
Also called: CBC, Full Blood Count, Blood Cell Count, Hemotology Panel
A complete blood count (CBC) is often part of a routine exam. It is used to measure different parts and features of your blood. A CBC can help detect a variety of disorders including infections, anemia, diseases of the immune system, and blood cancers.
A complete blood count, or CBC, is a blood test that measures many different parts and features of your blood, including:
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.
White blood cells, which fight infections and other diseases. There are five major types of white blood cells. A CBC test measures the total number of white cells in your blood. A different test called a CBC with differential measures the number of each type of these white blood cells.
Platelets, which stop bleeding by helping your blood to clot.
Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.
Hematocrit, a measurement of how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of your red blood cells.
Other names for a complete blood count: CBC, full blood count, blood cell count
A complete blood count is a common blood test that is often part of a routine checkup. Complete blood counts can help detect a variety of disorders including infections, anemia, diseases of the immune system, and blood cancers.
Your health care provider may have ordered a complete blood count as part of your checkup or to monitor your overall health. The test may also be used to:
Help diagnose blood diseases, infection, immune system disorders, or other medical conditions
Check for changes in an existing blood disorder
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
Usually there is no special preparation necessary for a complete blood count. But if your provider ordered other tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may experience slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle went in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
A CBC counts the cells in your blood. There are many reasons your levels may not be in the normal range. For example:
Abnormal levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, heart disease, or too little iron in your body.
Low white cell count may be a sign of an autoimmune disorder, bone marrow disorder, or cancer.
High white cell count may be a sign of an infection or a reaction to medicine.
If any of your levels are abnormal, it doesn't always mean you have a medical condition that needs treatment. Diet, activity level, medicines, a menstrual period, not drinking enough water, and other factors can affect the results. Talk with your provider to learn what your results mean.
A complete blood count is only one tool your health care provider uses to learn about your health. Your provider will consider your medical history, symptoms, and other factors to make a diagnosis. You may also need additional tests.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Blood Tests - Blood Tests | NHLBI, NIH. Mar 24, 2022 [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Additional Materials (25)
Reticulocyte Count, Hemorrhage/Chronic Blood Loss
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs) released into the bloodstream from the bone marrow in which they developed. Normally, only a tiny percentage red blood cells circulating in the bloodstream are reticulocytes. The reticulocyte count rises, however, when bone marrow is called upon to produce more RBCs, in conditions such as heavy bleeding or certain types of anemia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood sample
During the blood collection process, medical personnel gather additional blood samples to test for an array of blood disorders and communicable diseases. Every unit of blood is rigorously tested before approved for transfusion into a patient.
Image by United States Marine Corps
Phlebotomy
Venipuncture (blood draw / collection) in the left arm of a male.
Image by MatthewLammers
Blood and Related Conditions
Blood and Related Conditions : Anemia results when there are too few red blood cells circulating in the bloodstream to deliver adequate oxygen to body tissues. There are different types and causes of anemia, including malnutrition, chronic bleeding, and diseases that result in red blood cells either being destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly.
Image by TheVisualMD
Components of Blood
Components of Blood : Our blood is composed of many different components, the largest categories being red and white blood cells (blood-clotting platelets are another key component) and the liquid portion known as blood plasma. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes several of the most basic, yet important, measurements of these components.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood fractionation
Vial of separated blood. The middle layer is a type of sterile goo which separates the blood from the rest of what's drawn.
Image by Wheeler Cowperthwaite from Reno, USA
Whole Blood
A Red Cross whole blood donation before any separation
Image by Whoisjohngalt
White Blood Cells Rotation
This rotational interactive features five white blood cells. At the top left is a neutrophil (purple nucleus); center is a Monocyte-macrophage (orange nucleus); top right is a Lymphocyte (red nucleus); bottom left a Basophil (green nucleus); and bottom right an Eosinophil (yellow nucleus). These molecules are all part of a white blood cell count test. A white blood cell count is an important measure of this key component of the immune system; when the body is under attack, more WBCs are produced. White blood cells (also called leukocytes or WBCs) are in the front lines in the fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus. A white blood cell count is an important measure of this key component of the immune system; when the body is under attack, more WBCs are produced. Other factors, however, may also affect WBC counts, including allergies, chemotherapy, and other drugs, as well as leukemia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Medical Checkups
Image by TheVisualMD
Medical Checkups
Most doctors believe that people should have regular checkups as a part of preventive treatment. Regular health exams can help find problems before they begin, or in their early stages, when the chances of successful treatment are best.
Blood Pressure Reading: Photo Copyright 2005, James Gathany
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
Video Topics : Our lifeblood consists of many components and a complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of the fundamental elements. The largest categories are red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) and cell fragments called platelets, which play roles in blood clotting. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells in the body of an adult, each with a lifespan of about 100 days (RBCs contain an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that enables them to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body and then return carbon dioxide to the lungs). WBCs are in the front lines in the body's ongoing fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus; when a pathogen enters the body, WBCs mobilize in a coordinated defense response to eliminate, neutralize or mark the invader for destruction. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma and it carries nutrients, electrolytes, waste products, and hormones.
Video by TheVisualMD
Full Blood Count – what it tells your doctor about your health
Video by Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Video by Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
Complete Blood Count
Video by Tom Wade MD/YouTube
high white blood cell count Video
Video by itbestshop/YouTube
Complete Blood Count pt1
Video by Med Immersion/YouTube
Complete Blood Count pt2
Video by Med Immersion/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Normal Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
An animation simulating a view of a healthy count of red blood cells as viewed in a slide projector or under a microscope. Initially, the screen in white with a circular black vignette along its borders. Then a still showing red blood cells slides up from the bottom left filling the screen and then comes into focus. The red blood cells resemble those taken from an scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and fill up the given space on the screen.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Anemic Blood Flow
Camera is stationary as it focuses on a capillary in a cell bed demonstrating anemic blood flow and it's lower red blood cell count.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Anemic Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
An animation simulating a view of an unhealthy count of red blood cells as viewed in a slide projector or under a microscope. Initially, the screen in white with a circular black vignette along its borders. Then a still showing red blood cells on a light red background slides up from the bottom left filling the screen and then comes into focus. The red blood cells resemble those taken from an scanning electron micrograph (SEM). There are only a few red blood cells in this slide indicative of the low amount typical of some one who is anemic.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Anemic Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
An animation simulating a close-up of an unhealthy count of red blood cells as viewed in a slide projector or under a microscope. Initially, the screen in white with a circular black vignette along its borders. Then a still showing red blood cells on a light red background slides up from the bottom left filling the screen and then comes into focus. Throughout the animation, the slide jitters a little. The red blood cells resemble those taken from an scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In this close up there are a few red blood cells along with a few white blood cells.
Video by TheVisualMD
Why Blood Tests Can Save Your Life
Video by Seeker+/YouTube
Introduction to lab values and normal ranges | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Low blood counts and the risk of infection in cancer patients | Norton Cancer Institute
Video by Norton Healthcare/YouTube
Dr. Erba Describes Proper Diagnostic Testing of CML
Video by OncLiveTV/YouTube
Reticulocyte Count, Hemorrhage/Chronic Blood Loss
TheVisualMD
Blood sample
United States Marine Corps
Phlebotomy
MatthewLammers
Blood and Related Conditions
TheVisualMD
Components of Blood
TheVisualMD
Blood fractionation
Wheeler Cowperthwaite from Reno, USA
Whole Blood
Whoisjohngalt
White Blood Cells Rotation
TheVisualMD
Medical Checkups
TheVisualMD
Medical Checkups
TheVisualMD
2:12
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
4:18
Full Blood Count – what it tells your doctor about your health
Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
7:04
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
4:11
Complete Blood Count
Tom Wade MD/YouTube
8:22
high white blood cell count Video
itbestshop/YouTube
16:12
Complete Blood Count pt1
Med Immersion/YouTube
22:14
Complete Blood Count pt2
Med Immersion/YouTube
0:06
Normal Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
TheVisualMD
0:07
Anemic Blood Flow
TheVisualMD
0:14
Anemic Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
TheVisualMD
0:14
Anemic Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
TheVisualMD
8:29
Why Blood Tests Can Save Your Life
Seeker+/YouTube
10:42
Introduction to lab values and normal ranges | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
1:32
Low blood counts and the risk of infection in cancer patients | Norton Cancer Institute
Norton Healthcare/YouTube
2:39
Dr. Erba Describes Proper Diagnostic Testing of CML
OncLiveTV/YouTube
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
Also called: Erythrocyte Count, RBC Count, Red Blood Count, Red Blood Cell Count, Red Count
A red blood cell (RBC) count is a blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in your blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. An abnormal RBC count can be a sign of a serious health problem.
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
Also called: Erythrocyte Count, RBC Count, Red Blood Count, Red Blood Cell Count, Red Count
A red blood cell (RBC) count is a blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in your blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. An abnormal RBC count can be a sign of a serious health problem.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
(10<sup>6</sup>)/μL
3.9
5.5
Your result is Normal.
Red blood cells (RBC) are made in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen to the tissues in the body. RBCs make up approximately 44% of the total blood volume.
Related conditions
A red blood cell (RBC) count measures the number of red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, in your blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. An RBC count that is higher or lower than normal is often the first sign of an illness. So the test may allow you to get treatment even before you have symptoms.
Other names: erythrocyte count, red count
A red blood cell (RBC) count is almost always part of a complete blood count, a group of tests that measure many different parts and features of your blood. The RBC measurement is used to help diagnose red blood cell disorders, such as anemia, a condition in which your body does not make enough healthy red blood cells.
You may get this test as part of a complete blood count, which is often included in a routine checkup. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of a low or high red blood cell count.
Symptoms of a low red blood cell count include:
Weakness
Fatigue
Pale skin
Rapid heartbeat
Symptoms of a high red blood cell count include:
Headache
Dizziness
Vision problems
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for a red blood cell (RBC) count.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. There may be slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
Your results will show whether you have a normal red blood cell count or a count that is too low or too high.
A low red blood cell count can be a sign of:
Anemia
Leukemia, a type of blood cancer
Malnutrition, a condition in which your body does not get the calories, vitamins, and/or minerals needed for good health
Multiple myeloma, a cancer of the bone marrow
Kidney failure
It may also be a sign of pregnancy.
A high red blood cell count can be a sign of:
Dehydration
Heart disease
Polycythemia vera, a bone marrow disease that causes too many red blood cells to be made
Scarring of the lungs, often due to cigarette smoking
Lung disease
Kidney cancer
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
If results showed you had a low or a high red blood cell count, you may need more tests to help make a diagnosis. These include:
Reticulocyte count, a test that counts the number of reticulocytes in the blood. Reticulocytes are red blood cells that are still developing. These are also known as immature red blood cells.
Iron tests, which measure iron levels in the blood. Iron is essential for making red blood cells.
Vitamin B test, which measures the amount of one or more B vitamins in the blood. B vitamins are important for making red blood cells.
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
RBC count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Test - Testing.com. Sep 27, 2022 [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (19)
Red blood cells
Red blood cells
Image by John Kalekos of Massachusetts image distribution for Science and Learning
Red Blood Cell
This image shows two red blood cells. The red blood cell is also called an erythrocyte: erythro is Greek for \"red,\" cyte is Latin for \"cell.\" The disc-shaped RBCs have the critical job of transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells and bringing carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs to be expelled.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
The cardiovascular system is vast network of arteries, veins and vessels that would extend 60,000 miles if stretched end-to-end. All but a tiny fraction of this vessel network is invisible to the naked eye. The smallest capillaries (from latin "hairlike") are so narrow that red blood cells must pass through in single file. Higher than normal blood iron levels have been linked to heart disease and the reason is believed to be the oxidative stress the excess iron places on the walls of the blood vessels. It is the biological counterpart of rust. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells (RBCs) in an adult's body. The life span of RBCs, which are produced in bone marrow, is about 100 days, which means that 2 million die (and are replaced) each second, but in that short lifetime they can make 75,000 round trips between lungs, heart and tissues in the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
Individual blood cells were first detected and described in the 17th century. Later, red blood cells (RBCs) were counted manually from a blood smear, a thin film of blood prepared on a glass slide and examined under a microscope (blood analysis is now automated, though smears are still used to detect visible abnormalities and to check or confirm the results of other tests). Anemia results when there are too few RBCs in circulation because they are being destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly. Anemia can be temporary or long term and range from mild to severe. Folate (also known as vitamin B9) is necessary for red blood cell production and the prevention of anemia, as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates. But folate also plays key roles in the synthesis and maintenance of DNA and is especially important in cell division and growth in fetal development (deficiencies of the vitamin in pregnancy is a common cause of birth defects). Pernicious anemia is a disorder in which the body's loses its ability to utilize folate and vitamin B12.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells (RBCs) in an adult's body. The life span of RBCs, which are produced in bone marrow, is about 100 days, which means that 2 million die (and are replaced) each second. In their short lifetimes, however, red blood cells can make 75,000 round trips between lungs, heart and tissues in the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell
The RBC is disc-shaped and concave on both sides. The concave shape increases the cells' surface area, which allows them to distribute more oxygen to the body's cells. The shape also enables the cells to bunch together more compactly, helping them travel through the bloodstream more efficiently. Some RBCs are a bit thicker or thinner, wider or longer than others, but can change their shape to suit the demands of their environment. The cell membranes of the RBCs are protein meshes that give them flexibility, allowing them to navigate the twists and turns of the blood vessel network. The nearly 300 million hemoglobin molecules contained within each RBC easily move and slide past each other within the cell, adjusting their positions to conform to the RBC's shifting shape. Diameter : 7 μm
Image by TheVisualMD
Capillary Revealing Red Blood Cell
A portion of a capillary wall has been cut away to reveal the red blood cells flowing within.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell and White Blood Cell
Medical visualization of red blood cells and leukocytes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Normal Red Blood Cell Count
Individual blood cells were first detected and described in the 17th century. Later, red blood cells were counted manually from a blood smear, a thin film of blood prepared on a glass slide and examined under a microscope. Blood analysis is now automated, though blood smears are still used to detect visible abnormalities and to check or confirm the results of other tests. There are normally between 4.2-5.8 million red blood cells per microliter (about a drop), which means there are 20-30 trillion red blood cells circulating through the body of an adult.
Image by TheVisualMD
Tubule of Nephron Revealing Many Red Blood Cell
This image shows the cut distal convoluted tubule of nephron with surrounding capillaries cut to reveal many red blood cells and healthy amounts of Erythopoeitin, EPO, (yellow particles). Erythropoeitin, EPO, is produced by the endothelial cells of the capillaries and the fibroblasts in the interstitial tissue surrounding the distal tubules. Normally, the kidneys produce EPO in response to low oxygen levels in order to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. A normal amount of red blood cells allows for the delivery of an adequate supply of oxygen.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
This image shows red blood cells traveling through capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Tubule of Nephron Revealing Few Red Blood Cell
Our kidneys are remarkable filters. Each day, they filter about 200 quarts of blood to extract about 2 quarts of wastes, which is then eliminated as urine. The kidneys' delicate filtration units are called nephrons; each kidney has about a million nephrons, and within each nephron are dense forests of tiny capillaries called glomeruli, which remove waste products from the blood while preventing the loss of other components, including proteins, electrolytes and blood cells. The glomerular filtration rate is the amount of blood that is filtered by the glomeruli per minute.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
Video Topics : Our lifeblood consists of many components and a complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of the fundamental elements. The largest categories are red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) and cell fragments called platelets, which play roles in blood clotting. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells in the body of an adult, each with a lifespan of about 100 days (RBCs contain an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that enables them to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body and then return carbon dioxide to the lungs). WBCs are in the front lines in the body's ongoing fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus; when a pathogen enters the body, WBCs mobilize in a coordinated defense response to eliminate, neutralize or mark the invader for destruction. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma and it carries nutrients, electrolytes, waste products, and hormones.
Video by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Indices (Anemia Labs)
Video by Nursing School Explained/YouTube
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 1 with Bryan Walsh
Video by WellnessFX/YouTube
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 2 with Bryan Walsh
Video by WellnessFX/YouTube
Red Blood Cells Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
Video by NURSINGcom/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Flowing Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Animation of red blood cells flowoing quicly through a blood vessel. The camera is positioned in the lumen of the vessel and the rbc's are flowing towards the viewer. The rbc and and lumen are rendered with muted colors to give it a softer look.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Red Blood Cell Development
This video explains red blood cell development, following a pluripotent stem cell to red blood cell.
Video by TheVisualMD
Red blood cells
John Kalekos of Massachusetts image distribution for Science and Learning
Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Capillary Revealing Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell and White Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Normal Red Blood Cell Count
TheVisualMD
Tubule of Nephron Revealing Many Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
TheVisualMD
Tubule of Nephron Revealing Few Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
2:12
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
7:45
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Indices (Anemia Labs)
Nursing School Explained/YouTube
33:35
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 1 with Bryan Walsh
WellnessFX/YouTube
28:05
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 2 with Bryan Walsh
WellnessFX/YouTube
3:01
Red Blood Cells Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
NURSINGcom/YouTube
0:12
Flowing Red Blood Cell (RBC)
TheVisualMD
0:31
Red Blood Cell Development
TheVisualMD
White Blood Cells
White Blood Count (WBC)
Also called: WBC, WBC Blood Test, White Blood Count, White Blood Cell Count, Leukocyte Count, Leukopenia Test, Leukocytosis Test
A white blood count measures the number of white cells in your blood. White blood cells are part of the immune system. A count that is too high or too low can indicate an infection, immune system disorder, or another health problem.
White Blood Count (WBC)
Also called: WBC, WBC Blood Test, White Blood Count, White Blood Cell Count, Leukocyte Count, Leukopenia Test, Leukocytosis Test
A white blood count measures the number of white cells in your blood. White blood cells are part of the immune system. A count that is too high or too low can indicate an infection, immune system disorder, or another health problem.
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Normally, people produce about 100 billion white blood cells (WBCs) a day. The total white blood cell count normally ranges between 4,500 and 11,000 WBCs per microliter.
Related conditions
A white blood count measures the number of white cells in your blood. White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help your body fight off infections and other diseases.
When you get sick, your body makes more white blood cells to fight the bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances causing your illness. This increases your white blood count.
Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV/AIDS, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. Certain medicines, including chemotherapy, may also lower the number of your white blood cells.
There are five major types of white blood cells:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
A white blood count measures the total number of these cells in your blood. Another test, called a blood differential, measures the amount of each type of white blood cell.
Other names: WBC count, white cell count, white blood cell count
A white blood count is most often used to help diagnose disorders related to having a high white blood cell count or low white blood cell count.
Disorders related to having a high white blood count include:
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, conditions that cause the immune system to attack healthy tissues
Bacterial or viral infections
Cancers such as leukemia and Hodgkin disease
Allergic reactions
Disorders related to having a low white blood count include:
Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS
Lymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow
Diseases of the liver or spleen
A white blood count can show if the number of your white blood cells is too high or too low, but it can't confirm a diagnosis. So it is usually done along with other tests, such as a complete blood count, blood differential, blood smear, and/or bone marrow test.
You may need this test if you have signs of an infection, inflammation, or autoimmune disease. Symptoms of infection include:
Fever
Chills
Body aches
Headache
Symptoms of inflammation and autoimmune diseases will be different, depending on the area of inflammation and type of disease.
You may also need this test if you have a disease that weakens your immune system or are taking medicine that lowers your immune response. If the test shows your white blood count is getting too low, your provider may be able to adjust your treatment.
Your newborn or older child may also be tested as part of a routine screening, or if they have symptoms of a white blood cell disorder.
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.
To test children, a health care provider will take a sample from the heel (newborns and young babies) or the fingertip (older babies and children). The provider will clean the heel or fingertip with alcohol and poke the site with a small needle. The provider will collect a few drops of blood and put a bandage on the site.
You don't need any special preparations for a white blood count.
After a blood test, you may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
There is very little risk to your baby or child with a needle stick test. Your child may feel a little pinch when the site is poked, and a small bruise may form at the site. This should go away quickly.
A high white blood count may mean you have one of the following conditions:
A bacterial or viral infection
An inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis
An allergy
Leukemia or Hodgkin disease
Tissue damage from a burn injury or surgery
A low white blood count may mean you have one of the following conditions:
Bone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy.
Cancers that affect the bone marrow
An autoimmune disorder, such as lupus (or SLE)
HIV/AIDS
If you are already being treated for a white blood cell disorder, your results may show if your treatment is working or whether your condition has improved.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
White blood count results are often compared with results of other blood tests, including a blood differential. A blood differential test shows the amount of each type of white blood cell, such as neutrophils or lymphocytes. Neutrophils mostly target bacterial infections. Lymphocytes mostly target viral infections.
A higher than normal amount of neutrophils is known as neutrophilia.
A lower than normal amount is known as neutropenia.
A higher than normal amount of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis.
A lower normal amount is known as lymphopenia.
White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
WBC count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
White Blood Cell Count (WBC Blood Test) - Testing.com. Sep 28, 2022 [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (37)
White Blood Cell Count: Bone Marrow
Disease or damage to the bone marrow, caused by infection, cancer, radiation treatment, or chemotherapy can lower white blood cell count by impairing the marrow's ability to produce new white blood cells.
Image by TheVisualMD
White Blood Cells, Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is constantly producing blood cells, including white blood cells and red blood cells as well platelets, which are cell fragments important for blood clotting. Disease and disorders of the bone marrow can, in turn, affect the production of blood cells. Both cancer and cancer treatment (chemotherapy and radiation) can also have an impact on the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
Video Topics : Our lifeblood consists of many components and a complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of the fundamental elements. The largest categories are red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) and cell fragments called platelets, which play roles in blood clotting. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells in the body of an adult, each with a lifespan of about 100 days (RBCs contain an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that enables them to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body and then return carbon dioxide to the lungs). WBCs are in the front lines in the body's ongoing fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus; when a pathogen enters the body, WBCs mobilize in a coordinated defense response to eliminate, neutralize or mark the invader for destruction. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma and it carries nutrients, electrolytes, waste products, and hormones.
Video by TheVisualMD
The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection
Video by Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell/YouTube
Immune Response to Bacteria
Video by NIAID/YouTube
Immunology - Adaptive Immune System
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
Immune System - Natural Killer Cell
Video by Kyle Thornthwaite/YouTube
Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer - Crash Course Biology #32
Video by CrashCourse/YouTube
White Blood Cell and Red Blood Cell
Medical visualization of blood cells. Depicted are numerous red blood cells and a single white blood cell.
Image by TheVisualMD
White Blood Cell and Red Blood Cell
Medical visualization of blood cells. Depicted are numerous red blood cells and a single white blood cell.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell and White Blood Cell
Visualization of red blood cells and a white blood cell
Image by TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Blood cells (from left to right: erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte)
A single drop of blood contains millions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. One of each type is shown here, isolated from a scanning electron micrograph.
Image by Electron Microscopy Facility at The National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick)
Bone structure
Anatomy of the bone. The bone is made up of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Compact bone makes up the outer layer of the bone. Spongy bone is found mostly at the ends of bones and contains red marrow. Bone marrow is found in the center of most bones and has many blood vessels. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat.
Image by Smart Servier website
Blood Cells
Formed Elements of Blood
Image by Blausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\"
Phagocytosis - C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response. White blood cells are also mobilized by the immune system and CRP is believed to enhance the activity of the white blood cells called macrophages. Each type of white blood cell has its own specialized immune functions; macrophages, for example, basically engulf and \"eat\" foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Macrophages in the spleen and the liver weed out old and defective red blood cells and break them into recyclables (iron, heme, and some globin) and wastes (such as bilirubin). The bilirubin is then used by the liver to produce bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid digestion.
Image by TheVisualMD
White blood cells
Immune cells surrounding hair follicles in mouse skin. These hair follicles are home to a diverse array of commensal bacteria.
Image by NIAID
Neutrophil
Neutrophil function, relationship to disease, and location in the human body. Credit: NIAID
Image by NIAID
Innate immune system
Image by US Gov
Macrophage Capturing Foreign Antigen
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens
Image by TheVisualMD
Mast Cell
Mast cells produce histamine. Histamine is known for its role in inflammation. It affects a variety of behavior patterns including the sleep-wake cycle and food intake. Antihistamines may work at odds with inflammation and depression.
Image by TheVisualMD
Leukocytes
Image by OpenStax College
Innate immune system
Illustration of the Innate Immune System responding to injury.
Image by OpenStax College
Eosinophilia
Drawing of an eosinophil white blood cell
Image by Iceclanl
Two neutrophils among many red blood cells. Neutrophils are one type of cell affected by chronic granulomatous disease.
Image by Uploaded by Mgiganteus
Eosinophils
Eosinophil function, relationship to disease, and location in the human body.
Image by NIAID
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Blood Cells
This is a scanning electron microscope image from normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several white blood cells including lymphocytes, amonocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets. Red cells are nonnucleated and contain hemoglobin, an important protein that contains iron and allows the cell to carry oxygen to other parts of the body. They also carry carbon dioxide away from peripheral tissue to the lungs where it can be exhaled. The infection-fighting white blood cells are classified in two main groups: granular and agranular. All blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes, which fight disease by producing antibodies and thus destroying foreign material, and monocytes. Platelets are tiny cells formed in bone marrow and are necessary for blood clotting.
Image by Bruce Wetzel (photographer). Harry Schaefer (photographer), National Cancer Institute
Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases
Normally, an individual's immune system learns to identify and ignore all of the distinctive little structures found on that individual's own cells. Sometimes, however, it will make a mistake and identify its own body as foreign. If that happens, the immune system produces antibodies that attempt to destroy the body's own cells in the same way it would try to destroy a foreign invader.
Image by TheVisualMD
Eosinophils
Drawing of an eosinophil white blood cell
Image by BruceBlaus
Eosinophils
On the left there is a segmented polymorphonuclear neutrophil, on the right and below is one eosinophil leucocyte. For comparison the red blood cell have a diameter of 7-8 micrometers. The picture was taken with a Nikon Eclipse 600 microscope, magnification was 1000x.
Image by Davidcsaba Dr. David Csaba L.
Neutrophil action - Inflammation
Neutrophil granulocyte migrates from the blood vessel to the matrix, secreting proteolytic enzymes, in order to dissolve intercellular connections (for improvement of its mobility) and envelop bacteria through Phagocytosis.
Image by Uwe Thormann/Wikimedia
Neutrophil
Image by BruceBlaus
White Blood Cells
A type of immune cell. Most white blood cells are made in the bone marrow and are found in the blood and lymph tissue. White blood cells help the body fight infections and other diseases. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes are white blood cells.
Image by Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014"
high white blood cell count Video
Video by itbestshop/YouTube
What Are White Blood Cells | Health | Biology | FuseSchool
Video by FuseSchool - Global Education/YouTube
Learning to Decode Your Blood Test Results for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Video by CLL Society/YouTube
WellnessFX: White Blood Cells And Differential with Bryan Walsh
Video by WellnessFX/YouTube
White Blood Count
White Blood Count
Image by TheVisualMD
White Blood Cell Count: Bone Marrow
TheVisualMD
White Blood Cells, Bone Marrow
TheVisualMD
2:12
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
6:49
The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection
Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell/YouTube
1:47
Immune Response to Bacteria
NIAID/YouTube
14:59
Immunology - Adaptive Immune System
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
3:02
Immune System - Natural Killer Cell
Kyle Thornthwaite/YouTube
15:02
Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer - Crash Course Biology #32
CrashCourse/YouTube
White Blood Cell and Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
White Blood Cell and Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell and White Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Blood cells (from left to right: erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte)
Electron Microscopy Facility at The National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick)
Bone structure
Smart Servier website
Blood Cells
Blausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\"
Phagocytosis - C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response.
TheVisualMD
White blood cells
NIAID
Neutrophil
NIAID
Innate immune system
US Gov
Macrophage Capturing Foreign Antigen
TheVisualMD
Mast Cell
TheVisualMD
Leukocytes
OpenStax College
Innate immune system
OpenStax College
Eosinophilia
Iceclanl
Two neutrophils among many red blood cells. Neutrophils are one type of cell affected by chronic granulomatous disease.
Uploaded by Mgiganteus
Eosinophils
NIAID
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Blood Cells
Bruce Wetzel (photographer). Harry Schaefer (photographer), National Cancer Institute
Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases
TheVisualMD
Eosinophils
BruceBlaus
Eosinophils
Davidcsaba Dr. David Csaba L.
Neutrophil action - Inflammation
Uwe Thormann/Wikimedia
Neutrophil
BruceBlaus
White Blood Cells
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014"
8:22
high white blood cell count Video
itbestshop/YouTube
3:12
What Are White Blood Cells | Health | Biology | FuseSchool
FuseSchool - Global Education/YouTube
1:17:17
Learning to Decode Your Blood Test Results for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
CLL Society/YouTube
16:52
WellnessFX: White Blood Cells And Differential with Bryan Walsh
A platelet count test measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting. Platelets may be counted to monitor or diagnose diseases, or to look for the cause of too much bleeding or clotting.
A platelet count test measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting. Platelets may be counted to monitor or diagnose diseases, or to look for the cause of too much bleeding or clotting.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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10³/μL
50
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Your result is Normal.
A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. When you are injured, platelets stick together to form a plug to seal your wound. This plug is called a blood clot.
Related conditions
Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that are essential for blood clotting. Clotting is the process that helps you stop bleeding after an injury. There are two types of platelet tests: a platelet count test and platelet function tests.
A platelet count test measures the number of platelets in your blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia. This condition can cause you to bleed too much after a cut or other injury that causes bleeding. A higher than normal platelet count is called thrombocytosis. This can make your blood clot more than you need it to. Blood clots can be dangerous because they can block blood flow.
Other names: platelet count, thrombocyte count
A platelet count is most often used to monitor or diagnose conditions that cause too much bleeding or too much clotting. A platelet count may be included in a complete blood count, a test that is often done as part of a regular checkup.
You may need platelet count testing if you have symptoms of having too few or too many platelets.
Symptoms of too few platelets include:
Prolonged bleeding after a minor cut or injury
Nosebleeds
Unexplained bruising
Pinpoint sized red spots on the skin, known as petechiae
Purplish spots on the skin, known as purpura. These may be caused by bleeding under the skin.
Heavy and/or prolonged menstrual periods
Symptoms of too many platelets include:
Numbness of hands and feet
Headache
Dizziness
Weakness
Most platelet tests are done on a blood sample.
During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for a platelet count test.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
If your results show a lower than normal platelet count (thrombocytopenia), it may indicate:
A cancer that affects the blood, such as leukemia or lymphoma
A viral infection, such as mononucleosis, hepatitis, or measles
An autoimmune disease. This is a disorder that causes the body to attack its own healthy tissues, which can include platelets.
Infection or damage to the bone marrow
Cirrhosis
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Gestational thrombocytopenia, a common, but mild, low-platelet condition affecting pregnant women. It is not known to cause any harm to a mother or her unborn baby. It usually gets better on its own during pregnancy or after birth.
If your results show a higher than normal platelet count (thrombocytosis), it may indicate:
Certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer or breast cancer
Anemia
Inflammatory bowel disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
A viral or bacterial infection
Platelet Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Platelet Count (PLT) Blood Test - Testing.com. Dec 19, 2023 [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Platelet count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (8)
Platelet Development
Illustration of Platelet Development
Image by OpenStax College
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Platelet Disorders
From left to right: erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte
Image by Electron Microscopy Facility at The National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick)
Scheme of a blood sample after centrifugation
scheme of a blood sample after centrifugation
Image by KnuteKnudsen (talk)
Decode Your Blood Test: Platelets 💉 | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Video by Merck Manuals/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
Video Topics : Our lifeblood consists of many components and a complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of the fundamental elements. The largest categories are red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) and cell fragments called platelets, which play roles in blood clotting. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells in the body of an adult, each with a lifespan of about 100 days (RBCs contain an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that enables them to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body and then return carbon dioxide to the lungs). WBCs are in the front lines in the body's ongoing fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus; when a pathogen enters the body, WBCs mobilize in a coordinated defense response to eliminate, neutralize or mark the invader for destruction. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma and it carries nutrients, electrolytes, waste products, and hormones.
Video by TheVisualMD
Platelets Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
Video by NURSINGcom/YouTube
Platelets Explained in Two Minutes
Video by American Red Cross/YouTube
The life and times of RBCs and platelets
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Platelet Development
OpenStax College
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Platelet Disorders
Electron Microscopy Facility at The National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick)
Scheme of a blood sample after centrifugation
KnuteKnudsen (talk)
0:48
Decode Your Blood Test: Platelets 💉 | Merck Manual Consumer Version
Merck Manuals/YouTube
2:12
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
TheVisualMD
3:54
Platelets Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
NURSINGcom/YouTube
1:47
Platelets Explained in Two Minutes
American Red Cross/YouTube
10:35
The life and times of RBCs and platelets
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Blood Test
Also called: Hemoglobin, Hgb
A hemoglobin test measures the levels of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Abnormal levels may mean you have anemia or another blood disorder.
Hemoglobin Blood Test
Also called: Hemoglobin, Hgb
A hemoglobin test measures the levels of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Abnormal levels may mean you have anemia or another blood disorder.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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13.8
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Heme, an iron-containing molecule, combines with globin proteins to form hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Related conditions
A hemoglobin test measures the levels of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. If your hemoglobin levels are abnormal, it may be a sign that you have a blood disorder.
Other names: Hb, Hgb
A hemoglobin test is often used to check for anemia, a condition in which your body has fewer red blood cells than normal. If you have anemia, the cells in your body don't get all the oxygen they need. Hemoglobin tests are measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC).
Your health care provider may order the test as part of a routine exam, or if you have:
Symptoms of anemia, which include weakness, dizziness, and cold hands and feet
A family history of thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, or other inherited blood disorder
A diet low in iron and other minerals
A long-term infection
Excessive blood loss from an injury or surgical procedure
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparation for a hemoglobin test. If your health care provider has ordered other tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your health care provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. After the test, some people experience mild pain, dizziness, or bruising. These symptoms usually go away quickly.
There are many reasons your hemoglobin levels may not be in the normal range.
Low hemoglobin levels may be a sign of:
Different types of anemia
Thalassemia
Iron deficiency
Liver disease
Cancer and other diseases
High hemoglobin levels may be a sign of:
Lung disease
Heart disease
Polycythemia vera, a disorder in which your body makes too many red blood cells. It can cause headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
If any of your levels are abnormal, it doesn't always mean you have a medical condition that needs treatment. Diet, activity level, medicines, a menstrual period, and other factors can affect the results. You may also have higher than normal hemoglobin levels if you live in a high altitude area. Talk with your provider to learn what your results mean.
Some forms of anemia are mild, while other types of anemia can be serious and even life threatening if not treated. If you are diagnosed with anemia, be sure to talk to your health care provider to find out the best treatment plan for you.
Hemoglobin Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Hemoglobin: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Hemoglobin - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (16)
Hemoglobin | Human anatomy and physiology | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy
Video by Khan Academy/YouTube
Blood, Part 2 - There Will Be Blood: Crash Course A&P #30
Video by CrashCourse/YouTube
Haemoglobin
Video by Wellcome Trust/YouTube
Hemoglobin A1c & Diabetes
Video by DiabeTV/YouTube
Hemoglobin Molecule
Molecule of hemoglobin.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1C Molecule
Hemoglobin is a protein found inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. Hemoglobin also binds with glucose. Diabetics have too much glucose in the bloodstream and this extra glucose binds (or glycates) with hemoglobin. Glycated hemoglobin usually stays glycated for the life of the red blood cell (about 3 months). Therefore, the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated (measured as A1C) reflects glucose levels that have affected red blood cells up to 3 months in the past. The hemoglobin A1C test measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to blood sugar (glucose); the test is used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because the test results reflect average blood sugar levels over a period of 2-3 months (rather than daily fluctuations), the hemoglobin A1C test is also used to gauge how well patients are managing their diabetes over time.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1C: Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells use the iron-rich protein hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs. The percentage of hemoglobin bound to blood glucose (hemoglobin A1C) is used to diagnose diabetes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin of Red Blood Cell
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport and delivery to different parts of the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin Molecule
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that is packed inside RBCs. It is a structurally complex molecule that can change shape to either hold or release oxygen, depending on the body's need. There are close to 300 million hemoglobin molecules within each RBC.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin Molecule Heme Group
A heme group in a hemoglobin molecule consists of an iron atom bound equally to four nitrogen atoms, all lying in one plane. The iron atom is the site of oxygen binding.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Hemoglobin Within Red Blood Cell (RBC)
A red blood cell rushes toward the camera, the camera enters the cell to focus on all of the hemoglobin molecules within
Video by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin, Carbon Monoxide
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that enables red blood cells to deliver oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. But the same binding site on the hemoglobin molecule has an even stronger affinity for carbon monoxide, which is why we are so susceptible to poisoning by this deadly gas; carbon monoxide grabs all the binding sites and starves the body's tissues of oxygen
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Hemoglobin A1c
The hemoglobin A1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to blood sugar (glucose); the test is used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because the test results reflect average blood sugar levels over a period of 2-3 months (rather than daily fluctuations), the hemoglobin A1C test is also used to gauge how well patients are managing their diabetes over time.
Video by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1c
The hemoglobin A1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to blood sugar (glucose); the test is used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because the test results reflect average blood sugar levels over a period of 2-3 months (rather than daily fluctuations), the hemoglobin A1C test is also used to gauge how well patients are managing their diabetes over time.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin: O2 Binding Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin normally binds to life-sustaining oxygen. But the same binding site on the hemoglobin molecule has an even stronger affinity for carbon monoxide, which is why we are so susceptible to poisoning by this deadly gas.
Image by TheVisualMD
HemoglobinA1C
Hemoglobin Test for O2 Binding Hemoglobin : A hemoglobin test is a measurement of your blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. High levels of hemoglobin can be the result of dehydration, lung disease and other conditions. Low levels of hemoglobin indicate that there is a shortage of red blood cells; this can be the result of RBCs being lost or destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that enables red blood cells to deliver oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. But the same binding site on the hemoglobin molecule has an even stronger affinity for carbon monoxide, which is why we are so susceptible to poisoning by this deadly gas; carbon monoxide grabs all the binding sites and starves the body's tissues of oxygen.
Image by TheVisualMD
14:34
Hemoglobin | Human anatomy and physiology | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy
Khan Academy/YouTube
10:01
Blood, Part 2 - There Will Be Blood: Crash Course A&P #30
CrashCourse/YouTube
5:31
Haemoglobin
Wellcome Trust/YouTube
1:43
Hemoglobin A1c & Diabetes
DiabeTV/YouTube
Hemoglobin Molecule
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1C Molecule
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1C: Red Blood Cells
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin of Red Blood Cell
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin Molecule
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin Molecule Heme Group
TheVisualMD
0:27
Hemoglobin Within Red Blood Cell (RBC)
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin, Carbon Monoxide
TheVisualMD
0:27
Hemoglobin A1c
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin A1c
TheVisualMD
Hemoglobin: O2 Binding Hemoglobin
TheVisualMD
HemoglobinA1C
TheVisualMD
Hematocrit
Hematocrit Blood Test
Also called: Hematrocit, HCT, Crit, Packed Cell Volume, PCV
Hematocrit is a blood test that measures how much of a person's blood is made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can be a sign of a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions that affect your blood.
Hematocrit Blood Test
Also called: Hematrocit, HCT, Crit, Packed Cell Volume, PCV
Hematocrit is a blood test that measures how much of a person's blood is made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can be a sign of a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions that affect your blood.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
%
40.7
50.3
Your result is Normal.
Normal hematocrit levels vary based on age and race. In adults, normal levels for men range from 41%-50%. For women, the normal range is slightly lower: 36%-44%.
Related conditions
A hematocrit test is a blood test that measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. The other parts of your blood include white blood cells (to help fight infection), platelets (to help make blood clots to stop bleeding), and a liquid called plasma.
Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can be a sign of a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions that affect your blood.
Other names: HCT, packed cell volume, PCV, Crit; H and H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit)
A hematocrit test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is a common blood test that measures the different parts of your blood. It is used to check your general health. It may also be used to help diagnose blood disorders, including anemia, a condition in which you don't have enough red blood cells, and polycythemia, an uncommon disorder in which you have too many red blood cells and your blood becomes too thick.
Your health care provider may order a hematocrit test as part of your regular checkup or to monitor your health if you are being treated for cancer or have an ongoing health condition. Your provider may also order this test if you have symptoms of a red blood cell disorder, such as anemia or polycythemia:
Symptoms of anemia (too few red blood cells) may include:
Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)
Symptoms of polycythemia (too many red blood cells) may include:
Headache
Feeling light-headed or dizzy
Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Skin symptoms such as itching after a shower or bath, burning, or a red face
Heavy sweating, especially during sleep
Blurred or double vision and blind spots
Bleeding gums and heavy bleeding from small cuts
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for a hematocrit test. If your provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a hematocrit test or other type of blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
Your hematocrit test results are reported as a number. That number is the percentage of your blood that's made of red blood cells. For example, if your hematocrit test result is 42, it means that 42% of your blood is red blood cells and the rest is white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma.
A hematocrit level that's lower than normal may be a sign that:
Your body doesn't have enough red blood cells (anemia). There are many types of anemia that can be caused by different medical conditions.
Your body is making too many white blood cells, which may be caused by:
Bone marrow disease
Certain cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or cancers that spread to the bone marrow from other parts of the body
A hematocrit level that's higher than normal may be a sign that:
Your body is making too many red blood cells, which may be caused by:
Lung disease
Congenital heart disease
Heart failure
Polycythemia
Your blood plasma level is too low, which may be caused by:
Dehydration, the most common cause of a high hematocrit
Shock
If your results are not in the normal range, it doesn't always mean that you have a medical condition that needs treatment. Living at high altitudes where there's less oxygen in the air may cause a high hematocrit. That's because your body responds to low oxygen levels by making more red blood cells so that you get the oxygen you need.
Pregnancy can cause a low hematocrit. That's because the body has more fluid than normal during pregnancy, which decreases the percentage that's made of red blood cells.
To learn what your test results mean, talk with your provider.
Normal hematocrit levels will be different depending on your sex, age, and the altitude where you live. Ask your provider what hematocrit level is normal for you.
Hematocrit Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Hematocrit: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Hematrocit Blood Test - Testing.com. Sep 13, 2022 [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (30)
This browser does not support the video element.
Complete Blood Count, and Baselining Your Health
Video Topics : Our lifeblood consists of many components and a complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of the fundamental elements. The largest categories are red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) and cell fragments called platelets, which play roles in blood clotting. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells in the body of an adult, each with a lifespan of about 100 days (RBCs contain an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin that enables them to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body and then return carbon dioxide to the lungs). WBCs are in the front lines in the body's ongoing fight against harmful viruses, bacteria and even fungus; when a pathogen enters the body, WBCs mobilize in a coordinated defense response to eliminate, neutralize or mark the invader for destruction. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma and it carries nutrients, electrolytes, waste products, and hormones.
Video by TheVisualMD
Vial of Centrifuged Blood
Blood is made up of red and white blood cell (as well as platelets), suspended in a liquid known as blood plasma. Plasma, which makes up 55% of our blood's volume, is a clear liquid (mainly water) that transports food molecules, hormones, waste as well as a wide range of dissolved chemicals. Red cells, which normally make up 40-50% of total blood volume, are produced continuously in our bone marrow at the rate of about 2-3 million cells per second. White cells make up a very small part of blood's volume-normally only about 1% in healthy people. This image shows two vials of centrifuged blood. The left vial shows healthy amount of red blood cells in female (36-44%) ; The right vial shows healthy amount of red blood cells in male (41-50%). The hematocrit (along with the hemoglobin test) is the central test to diagnosing anemia in that it indicates the amount of RBCs in the blood.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cells, Bone Marrow
A skeleton may have a dry and lifeless Halloween image, but bone is actually dynamic, living tissue. Bone is not uniformly solid; within its interior is a network of cavities that house blood vessels and marrow. Bone marrow, particularly in larger bones, is where stem cells give rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes) as well as white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood clotting agents (platelets). As the source of blood cells, the bone marrow is critical to health. Disease or damage to bone marrow can result in either too many or too few blood cells.
Hematocrit Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
Video by NURSINGcom/YouTube
Hematocrit, Dehydration
Blood is composed of cells (primarily red blood cells, but also white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets) along with a liquid portion known as plasma. The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of plasma is an important health indicator and is known as the hematocrit. The most common cause of a high hematocrit is dehydration, which is usually temporary and easily remedied by increasing fluid intake, thereby restores the balance between RBCs and blood plasma volume.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hematocrit, Anemia
Blood is composed of cells (primarily red blood cells, but also white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets) along with a liquid portion known as plasma. The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of plasma is an important health indicator and is known as the hematocrit. A low hematocrit usually indicates anemia, which occurs when red blood cells are being either destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly; with fewer red blood cells, less oxygen is delivered to body tissues.
Image by TheVisualMD
Vial of Blood for Hematocrit Test
This image is a vial of blood that has been centrifuged (and thus separated) to determine hematocrit. This vial shows, from top to bottom, 55% plasma, <1% white blood cells, <1% platelets , 45% red blood cells. Hematocrit measures how much of the blood, by volume, is taken up by RBCs. A normal range for hematocrit is 41 to 50 percent in men and 36 to 44 percent in women. In many cases, a reading below the normal range for hematocrit will lead to a diagnosis of CKD-related anemia.This other diagnostic test is the hemoglobin test, which measures the amount of hemoglobin molecules in the blood and is a good indicator of the body's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hematocrit: Bone Marrow
Bone marrow produces about 2 million red blood cells (RBCs) a second to maintain a healthy hematocrit. Many conditions, including kidney disease, chemotherapy, and dietary deficiencies, can reduce RBC production, while others can result in too many RBCs.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hematocrit: Blood Cells
The hematocrit is another way to look at the health of red blood cells (RBCs). Blood is composed of cells (primarily RBCs) and a liquid portion called plasma. The proportions of RBCs and plasma must be kept in balance and this is what the hematocrit measures.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood
Components of Blood : Blood is mostly made up of plasma and red and white blood cells. But it also contains many other substances as well, like platelets, hormones, nutrients such as glucose, and fats like cholesterol. Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hematocrit
Hematocrit Blood Vials : If you are at risk for cardiovascular disease, your doctor may order a cholesterol and triglyceride level test as well as a complete blood count (CBC). Abnormal results may be the first clue in determining risk of and in diagnosing cardiovascular disease.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
Individual blood cells were first detected and described in the 17th century. Later, red blood cells (RBCs) were counted manually from a blood smear, a thin film of blood prepared on a glass slide and examined under a microscope (blood analysis is now automated, though smears are still used to detect visible abnormalities and to check or confirm the results of other tests). Anemia results when there are too few RBCs in circulation because they are being destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly. Anemia can be temporary or long term and range from mild to severe. Folate (also known as vitamin B9) is necessary for red blood cell production and the prevention of anemia, as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates. But folate also plays key roles in the synthesis and maintenance of DNA and is especially important in cell division and growth in fetal development (deficiencies of the vitamin in pregnancy is a common cause of birth defects). Pernicious anemia is a disorder in which the body's loses its ability to utilize folate and vitamin B12.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Normal Red Blood Cell Count
Individual blood cells were first detected and described in the 17th century. Later, red blood cells were counted manually from a blood smear, a thin film of blood prepared on a glass slide and examined under a microscope. Blood analysis is now automated, though blood smears are still used to detect visible abnormalities and to check or confirm the results of other tests. There are normally between 4.2-5.8 million red blood cells per microliter (about a drop), which means there are 20-30 trillion red blood cells circulating through the body of an adult.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen
This video focuses on one of the main components of blood, the red blood cell and its function to carry oxygen. The video begins with revealing the red blood cells and the heart that pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin is the protein molecule found in these red blood cells that enable blood to transport oxygen. If the blood's capacity to transport oxygen to the tissues is reduced due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells, anemia may occur.
Video by TheVisualMD
Components of Blood
Components of Blood : Our blood is composed of many different components, the largest categories being red and white blood cells (blood-clotting platelets are another key component) and the liquid portion known as blood plasma. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes several of the most basic, yet important, measurements of these components.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood and Related Conditions
Blood and Related Conditions : Anemia results when there are too few red blood cells circulating in the bloodstream to deliver adequate oxygen to body tissues. There are different types and causes of anemia, including malnutrition, chronic bleeding, and diseases that result in red blood cells either being destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pellet of Lymphocyte Cells Created in the Centrifuge
This photograph shows Wendy Watford, Ph.D. holding a test tube containing isolated lymphocyte cells. The cells were spun in a centrifuge to create a pellet at the bottom of the test tube. The cells will be labeled with CFSE dye, which will stain the membranes of the cells. After culturing the cells for three days she will determine the number of cell divisions that have taken place by measuring the dilution of the CFSE dye. The purpose of the work is to measure the proliferation of lymphocytes under various conditions. The principal investigator for this work is John J. O’Shea, M.D., NIAMS Scientific Director.
Image by NIAMS/Photographer: Rhoda Baer
Red Blood Cells
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) image of red blood cells.
Image by Egelberg (talk)
Test Tube
Between 5,000 and 8,000 blood serum, fecal, urine, viral and respiratory samples arrive six days a week from U.S. Air Force hospitals and clinics worldwide, as well as some other Department of Defense facilities, for analysis at the Epidemiology Laboratory Service, also known as the "Epi Lab" at the 711th Human Performance Wing’s United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine and Public Health at Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.The lab is a Department of Defense reference laboratory offering clinical diagnostic, public health, and force health screening and testing. (U.S. Air Force photo by J.M. Eddins Jr.)
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by J.M. Eddins Jr.
Phlebotomy
This image was uploaded as part of Wiki Loves e-textbooks contest in Poland.
Image by Sean Michael Ragan
Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen
This video focuses on one of the main components of blood, the red blood cell and its function to carry oxygen. The video begins with revealing the red blood cells and the heart that pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin is the protein molecule found in these red blood cells that enable blood to transport oxygen. If the blood's capacity to transport oxygen to the tissues is reduced due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells, anemia may occur.
Image by TheVisualMD
Composition of Blood
Composition of Blood
Image by OpenStax College
Hematology | Hematocrit
Video by Ninja Nerd/YouTube
Erythrocyte indices (Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, MCV, MCH & MCHC) What Do These Lab Tests Mean?
Video by Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
How to Interpret RBC Indices (e.g. hemoglobin vs. hematocrit, MCV, RDW)
Video by Strong Medicine/YouTube
Haematocrit or PCV
Video by LabsforLifeProject/YouTube
Packed cell volume/ Hematocrit
Video by Pathology Simplified/YouTube
Fetal hemoglobin and hematocrit | Human anatomy and physiology | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy
Also called: MCV, MCV Blood Test, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean RBC Volume
A mean corpuscular volume (MCV) blood test measures the size of your red blood cells. If blood cells are too small or too large, it may indicate a blood disorder.
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) Test
Also called: MCV, MCV Blood Test, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean RBC Volume
A mean corpuscular volume (MCV) blood test measures the size of your red blood cells. If blood cells are too small or too large, it may indicate a blood disorder.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
fL
76
96
Your result is Normal.
A normal MCV indicates that the red blood cells are normal average size, or normocytic. Normal results vary based on the laboratory and the method used.
Related conditions
MCV stands for mean corpuscular volume. An MCV blood test measures the average size of your red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. If your red blood cells are too small or too large, it could be a sign of a blood disorder such as anemia, a lack of certain vitamins, or other medical conditions.
Other names: CBC with differential
An MCV blood test is often part of a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is a common blood test that measures many parts of your blood, including red blood cells. It is used to check your general health.
An MCV test may also be used with other tests to help diagnose or monitor certain blood disorders, including anemia. There are many types of anemia. An MCV test can help diagnose which type of anemia you have.
Your health care provider may order a complete blood count, which includes an MCV test, as part of your regular checkup. You may also have the test if you have a chronic (long-lasting) condition that could lead to anemia or if you have the symptoms of anemia:
Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)
During the test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for an MCV blood test. If your provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
An MCV test alone cannot diagnose any disease. Your provider will use the results of your MCV, other test results, and your medical history to make a diagnosis.
If your results show that your red blood cells are smaller than normal, it may be a sign of:
Certain types of anemia, including iron-deficiency anemia, the most common type
Thalassemia, an uncommon genetic condition
If your results show that your red blood cells are larger than normal, it may be a sign of:
Pernicious anemia, which may be caused by:
A lack of vitamin B12
A disease that affects your body's ability to use vitamin B12, such as certain autoimmune diseases, celiac disease, or Crohn's disease.
Anemia caused by a lack of folic acid
Liver disease
It's also possible to have anemia with a normal MCV. This may happen if anemia is caused by conditions, such as:
A sudden loss of blood
Kidney failure
Aplastic anemia (uncommon)
If your MCV levels are not in the normal range, it doesn't always mean that you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Diet, activity level, medicines, a menstrual period, and other conditions can affect the test results. Talk with your health care provider to learn what your results mean.
If your provider thinks you may have anemia or another blood disorder, you may have other red blood cell tests with an MCV. These tests may include a red blood cell count and measurements of hemoglobin. All together, these tests are called red blood cell indices.
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 20, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (22)
Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia
Video by Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
Microcytic anemia | Hematologic System Diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Living with and Managing Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
Hemolytic Anemia
Video by DrER.tv/YouTube
Medical School - Anemia Made Easy
Video by iMedicalSchool/YouTube
Iron deficency anemia diagnosis | Hematologic System Diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 1 with Bryan Walsh
Video by WellnessFX/YouTube
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 2 with Bryan Walsh
Video by WellnessFX/YouTube
Blood Brain Barrier Endothelium
The blood-brain barrier keeps potentially toxic substances from entering the brain. The semipermeable membrane formed by the tightly spaced cells of capillaries in this area selectively screens out large molecules, while permitting the transport of essential nutrients such as glucose. The endothelium is the cellular lining of the blood vessel and is made up of endothelial cells connected to one another by tight junctions. These are the strongest cell-to-cell adhesions in the body. Toxic materials being transported in the blood are too large to pass through these junctions and exit the blood. Therefore, the brain is protected from exposure to many harmful substances. The barrier is does not, however, prevent fat-soluble materials from entering the brain; this includes alcohol and nicotine.
Image by TheVisualMD
Normal Blood Glucose Levels in Capillary
This image depicts a healthy capillary with normal glucose (pink) and insulin (yellow) levels. Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in your body, are where nutrients are transferred from blood to cells, and waste from cells to blood. The body's cells depend on sugar in the blood, which is derived from carbohydrates, for food and energy. Allowing for the innumerable differences among individuals, the threshold for a normal blood-sugar (glucose) level in healthy people is 100 mg/dL; that is, 100 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood. Lower-than-normal levels characterize hypoglycemia and higher than normal levels characterize hyperglycemia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross-Section of Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel with Normal Glucose and Insulin Levels
This image depicts a healthy capillary. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your body and are where the transfer of nutrients from blood to cells and wastes from cells to the blood takes place.The cells of the body depend on sugar in the blood, derived from carbohydrates, for food and energy. Allowing for the innumerable differences among individuals, the threshold for a normal blood-sugar (glucose) level in healthy people is 100 mg/dL; that is, 100 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood. Lower-than-normal levels characterize hypoglycemia and higher than normal levels hyperglycemia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Vessels in the Brain
The Blood Brain Barrier and Astrocytes type 1
Image by Ben Brahim Mohammed
Cross-Section of Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel with Very High Glucose and Insulin Levels
This image depicts an unhealthy, damaged capillary with very high levels of insulin and glucose. Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in your body, are where nutrients are transferred from blood to cells, and waste from cells to the blood The body's cells depend on sugar (glucose) in the blood, which is derived from carbohydrates, for food and energy. Without insulin, glucose is not able to enter cells to be used as fuel. Allowing for the innumerable differences among individuals, the threshold for a normal blood-sugar (glucose) level in healthy people is 100 mg/dL; that is, 100 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood. Higher than normal levels lead to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of prediabetes (between 100 and 125 mg/dL) and diabetes (126 mg/dL and higher). It is caused by either too little insulin being released by the pancreas or the body's inability to use insulin properly. Hyperglycemia leads to microangiopathy, marked by endothelial cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), accumulation of AGEs (advanced glycation end products), and thickening of the basement membrane, which can lead to development of lesions, vasoconstriction, and altered vessel function
Blood Components
This image highlights the vital components of blood: 55% plasma Plasma is the liquid river that transports every blood cell to its destination. Oxygen-carrying RBCs couldn't move through arteries, veins and capillaries without it. Even though it is a watery, almost clear fluid, plasma contains many important substances, including blood-clotting agents called platelets and protective proteins called antibodies which help us fight infection. When the clotting agents are removed from blood plasma, it is called serum, which is essential in many life-saving medical situations such as transplant surgery and trauma. <1% white blood cells (wbcs or leukocytes) Some leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow, while others are generated in lymph nodes scattered throughout the body. They are far less numerous than their sister RBCs, but leukocytes are the bedrock of the immune system and are the body's front line of defense. Different types of leukocytes fight infections in different ways. Some target bacterial or fungal infections, while others respond to parasitic threats or allergic reactions. <1% platelets Platelets perform the vital function of clotting blood at wound sites. They are small, even in comparison to the other cells of your blood, but they pack a wallop when it comes to healing a scrape or staunching a more serious wound. When you cut yourself shaving, platelets arrive on the scene like your personal emergency medical team, creating a natural bandage of clotted blood, which eventually forms a scab. 45% red blood cells rbcs or erythrocytes) RBCs are produced in the bone marrow and perform the fundamental task of delivering oxygen to all of the body's cells. The vial is an example of the hematocrit, one of many tests that make up the complete blood count (CBC). Hematocrit measures the volume of RBCs in your blood. A normal hematocrit reading for women is between 36 to 44 percent; for men it's 41 to 50 percent.
Image by TheVisualMD
Test Tube Containing Blood
Visualization of a test tube containing blood. Blood comprises of 55% plasma, 1% platelets and white blood cells, and 45% red blood cells.
Image by TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
Individual blood cells were first detected and described in the 17th century. Later, red blood cells (RBCs) were counted manually from a blood smear, a thin film of blood prepared on a glass slide and examined under a microscope (blood analysis is now automated, though smears are still used to detect visible abnormalities and to check or confirm the results of other tests). Anemia results when there are too few RBCs in circulation because they are being destroyed too quickly or produced too slowly. Anemia can be temporary or long term and range from mild to severe. Folate (also known as vitamin B9) is necessary for red blood cell production and the prevention of anemia, as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates. But folate also plays key roles in the synthesis and maintenance of DNA and is especially important in cell division and growth in fetal development (deficiencies of the vitamin in pregnancy is a common cause of birth defects). Pernicious anemia is a disorder in which the body's loses its ability to utilize folate and vitamin B12.
Image by TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
The cardiovascular system is vast network of arteries, veins and vessels that would extend 60,000 miles if stretched end-to-end. All but a tiny fraction of this vessel network is invisible to the naked eye. The smallest capillaries (from latin "hairlike") are so narrow that red blood cells must pass through in single file. Higher than normal blood iron levels have been linked to heart disease and the reason is believed to be the oxidative stress the excess iron places on the walls of the blood vessels. It is the biological counterpart of rust. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells (RBCs) in an adult's body. The life span of RBCs, which are produced in bone marrow, is about 100 days, which means that 2 million die (and are replaced) each second, but in that short lifetime they can make 75,000 round trips between lungs, heart and tissues in the body.
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Kidney and Stem Cell Creating Red Blood Cell. B12 is critical for the creation of red blood cells.
We are used to thinking of our kidneys mostly as hardworking filters that rid our bodies of wastes and excess water. But the kidneys are also constantly monitoring and adjusting levels of key substances in the blood, depending on what the body needs. Specialized cells in the kidney that are very sensitive to low oxygen levels, for example, produce a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn promotes the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. The boost in red blood cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Image by TheVisualMD
Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel
Cross-section of Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel with Normal Glucose and Insulin Levels
Cross-Section of Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel with Very High Glucose and Insulin Levels
1
2
3
Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel and and Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel Caused by High Levels of Blood Glucose
1) Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel - This image depicts a healthy capillary. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your body. They can be so thin in diameter that blood cells have to bend in order to pass through. Capillaries are where the transfer of nutrients from the blood to cells, and the transfer of waste from cells to blood, takes place. In a healthy body, the blood vessels are smooth and elastic.
2) Cross-Section of Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel with Normal Glucose and Insulin Levels - This image depicts a healthy capillary. The body's cells depend on sugar in the blood, which is derived from carbohydrates, for food and energy. Allowing for the innumerable differences among individuals, the threshold for a normal blood sugar (glucose, pink) level in healthy people is 100 mg/dL; that is, 100 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood. Lower-than-normal levels characterize hypoglycemia and higher-than-normal levels characterize hyperglycemia. Without insulin (yellow), glucose is not able to enter cells to be used as fuel. Because of this, healthy insulin levels are a key factor in keeping blood glucose levels normal.
3) Cross-Section of Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel with Very High Glucose and Insulin Levels - This image depicts an unhealthy, damaged capillary with very high levels of insulin and glucose. Higher than normal levels of blood glucose lead to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of prediabetes (between 100 and 125 mg/dL) and diabetes (126 mg/dL and higher). It is caused by either too little insulin being released by the pancreas or the body's inability to use insulin properly. Hyperglycemia leads to microangiopathy, marked by endothelial cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), accumulation of AGEs (advanced glycation end products), and thickening of the basement membrane, which can lead to the development of lesions, vasoconstriction, and altered vessel function
Interactive by TheVisualMD
5:57
Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
4:39
Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia
Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
9:42
Microcytic anemia | Hematologic System Diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
3:56
Living with and Managing Iron-Deficiency Anemia
NHLBI/YouTube
3:24
Hemolytic Anemia
DrER.tv/YouTube
3:16
Medical School - Anemia Made Easy
iMedicalSchool/YouTube
9:54
Iron deficency anemia diagnosis | Hematologic System Diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 1 with Bryan Walsh
WellnessFX/YouTube
28:05
WellnessFX: Red Blood Cell Indices Part 2 with Bryan Walsh
WellnessFX/YouTube
Blood Brain Barrier Endothelium
TheVisualMD
Normal Blood Glucose Levels in Capillary
TheVisualMD
Cross-Section of Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel with Normal Glucose and Insulin Levels
TheVisualMD
Blood Vessels in the Brain
Ben Brahim Mohammed
Cross-Section of Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel with Very High Glucose and Insulin Levels
Blood Components
TheVisualMD
Test Tube Containing Blood
TheVisualMD
Blood Smear Showing Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
TheVisualMD
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
TheVisualMD
Kidney and Stem Cell Creating Red Blood Cell. B12 is critical for the creation of red blood cells.
TheVisualMD
Healthy Capillary Blood Vessel and and Damaged Capillary Blood Vessel Caused by High Levels of Blood Glucose
TheVisualMD
C-Reactive Protein Test
C-Reactive Protein Test
Also called: CRP
A c-reactive protein test checks for inflammation in the body. Inflammation can be caused by infection, injury, or chronic disease.
C-Reactive Protein Test
Also called: CRP
A c-reactive protein test checks for inflammation in the body. Inflammation can be caused by infection, injury, or chronic disease.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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mg/L
10
Your result is Normal.
Test results may vary depending on your age, gender, health history, the lab and the method used for the test.
Related conditions
A c-reactive protein test measures the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. CRP is a protein made by your liver. It's sent into your bloodstream in response to inflammation. Inflammation is your body's way of protecting your tissues if you've been injured or have an infection. It can cause pain, redness, and swelling in the injured or affected area. Some autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases can also cause inflammation.
Normally, you have low levels of c-reactive protein in your blood. High levels may be sign of a serious infection or other disorder.
A CRP test may be used to find or monitor conditions that cause inflammation. These include:
Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, a severe and sometimes life-threatening condition
A fungal infection
Inflammatory bowel disease, a disorder that causes swelling and bleeding in the intestines
An autoimmune disorder such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
An infection of the bone called osteomyelitis
You may need this test if you have symptoms of a serious bacterial infection. Symptoms include:
Fever
Chills
Rapid breathing
Rapid heart rate
Nausea and vomiting
If you've already been diagnosed with an infection or have a chronic disease, this test may be used to monitor your treatment. CRP levels rise and fall depending on how much inflammation you have. If your CRP levels go down, it's a sign that your treatment for inflammation is working.
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This process usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for a CRP test.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
If your results show a high level of CRP, it probably means you have some type of inflammation in your body. A CRP test doesn't explain the cause or location of the inflammation. So if your results are not normal, your health care provider may order more tests to figure out why you have inflammation.
A higher than normal CRP level does not necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. There are other factors that can raise your CRP levels. These include cigarette smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
A CRP test is sometimes confused with a high-sensitivity-(hs) CRP test. Although they both measure CRP, they are used to diagnose different conditions. An hs-CRP test measures much lower levels of CRP. It is used to check for risk of heart disease.
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (20)
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Cardiovascular Inflammation
Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. The most common cause of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries that leads to the hardening of arterial walls and the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques, or atheromas. Although the process of inflammation can be beneficial in other parts of the body, chronic inflammation within arterial walls is problematic as it seems to promote this underlying growth of plaque. The combination of arterial inflammation and the growth of plaque can lead to the rupture of the plaque, and result in a blood clot. Blood clots can lead to dangerous conditions such as heart attack or stroke.
Video by TheVisualMD
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Molecule
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver; infection and inflammation can trigger the release of CRP within hours. Elevated CRP levels are also seen after a heart attack or surgery. Levels can jump 1000-fold in response to acute inflammation, often rising before the appearance of pain, fever or other clinical symptoms. The high sensitivity version of the test (hs-CRP) measures the same molecule, but in very small amounts, and is used to assess the risk of heart disease in otherwise healthy people. The C-reactive protein (CRP) test is a general test for inflammation in the body; it can indicate that inflammation is present, but cannot determine the location or cause. The test is sometimes used to monitor flare-ups of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. A version of the test called high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is used to evaluate a person's risk for heart disease.
Image by TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Liver and Heart
C-Reactive protein is synthesized by the liver in response to either signals from fat cells (adipocytes) or when there is inflammation throughout the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a), Heart Attack
LDL, HDL and total cholesterol have become standard biomarkers for heart disease. And yet half of all people who suffer heart attacks have normal cholesterol levels. For that reason, researchers have looked for other biomarkers that might help identify people at risk for cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) is a lipoprotein that closely resembles LDL, and like LDL, elevated levels of Lp(a) are associated with a higher risk of heart disease. Unlike LDL, however, Lp(a) levels are believed to be largely genetic.
Image by TheVisualMD
NBC Nightly News and C-Reactive Protein
Video by SAVI Health/YouTube
CRP Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
Video by NURSINGcom/YouTube
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
Video by EmpowHER/YouTube
CRP High Sensitivity Cardiac Risk Assessment from Walk-in Lab
Video by Walk-In Lab LLC/YouTube
What Can Give False Readings on an hs-CRP Test? : Health Tips
Video by ehowhealth/YouTube
CRP Indicates Heart Disease Risk Video - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Video by Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
C Reactive Protein: Fat cells
Researchers have found that fat cells trigger the production of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is why individuals who are overweight or obese tend to have chronically higher levels of CRP. High levels of CRP are sometimes treated with aspirin or statins.
Image by TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation. CRP levels also seem to be associated with an increased risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the arteries. For this reason, a high sensitivity C-reactive protein test (hs-CRP) is increasingly ordered along with other tests as part of a cardiovascular risk profile (other components of the profile include cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose levels, lifestyle and family history).
Image by TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Fat cells
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver that is released into the bloodstream by inflammation and infection as part of the body's immune response. Researchers have found, however, that fat cells also seem to trigger the production of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is why individuals who are overweight or obese tend to have chronically higher levels of CRP.
Image by TheVisualMD
What is C-Reactive Protein & How to Lower it? – Dr.Berg
Video by Dr. Eric Berg DC/YouTube
C-reactive protein
Video by University of Rochester Introductory Biochemistry (Bio250H)/YouTube
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Inflammation | Acute phase reactant
Video by Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein drawn from PDB: 1GNH by JFW | T@lk
Different white blood cells have specialized immune functions; certain WBCs, for example, are able to ingest harmful foreign particles, including pathogens, in a process called phagocytosis. CRP is believed to enhance this defense mechanism.
Image by TheVisualMD
The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) blood test and what the results can mean
Video by Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
4:26
Cardiovascular Inflammation
TheVisualMD
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Molecule
TheVisualMD
C Reactive Protein: Liver and Heart
TheVisualMD
Lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a), Heart Attack
TheVisualMD
2:33
NBC Nightly News and C-Reactive Protein
SAVI Health/YouTube
1:33
CRP Nursing Considerations, Normal Range, Nursing Care, Lab Values Nursing
NURSINGcom/YouTube
2:12
CRP And Homocysteine Inflammation Markers, How Do They Relate To Coronary Artery Disease? - Dr. Lyel
EmpowHER/YouTube
1:51
CRP High Sensitivity Cardiac Risk Assessment from Walk-in Lab
Walk-In Lab LLC/YouTube
2:25
What Can Give False Readings on an hs-CRP Test? : Health Tips
ehowhealth/YouTube
3:37
CRP Indicates Heart Disease Risk Video - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham And Women's Hospital/YouTube
C Reactive Protein: Fat cells
TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease
TheVisualMD
C-reactive Protein, Fat cells
TheVisualMD
4:26
What is C-Reactive Protein & How to Lower it? – Dr.Berg
Dr. Eric Berg DC/YouTube
5:13
C-reactive protein
University of Rochester Introductory Biochemistry (Bio250H)/YouTube
12:14
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Inflammation | Acute phase reactant
The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) blood test and what the results can mean
Pathology Tests Explained/YouTube
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test
Also called: ESR, Westergren sedimentation rate
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube. It can help detect inflammation in the body.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test
Also called: ESR, Westergren sedimentation rate
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube. It can help detect inflammation in the body.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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mm/h
5
22
40
Your result is Normal.
Normal results vary based on the laboratory and the method used.
Related conditions
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the body. Inflammation is part of your immune response system. It can be a reaction to an infection or injury. Inflammation may also be a sign of a chronic disease, an immune disorder, or other medical condition.
An ESR test can help determine if you have a condition that causes inflammation. These include arthritis, vasculitis, or inflammatory bowel disease. An ESR may also be used to monitor an existing condition.
Your health care provider may order an ESR if you have symptoms of an inflammatory disorder. These include:
Headaches
Fever
Weight loss
Joint stiffness
Neck or shoulder pain
Loss of appetite
Anemia
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
You don't need any special preparations for this test.
There is very little risk to having an ESR. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
If your ESR is high, it may be related to an inflammatory condition, such as:
Infection
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatic fever
Vascular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Certain cancers
Sometimes the ESR can be slower than normal. A slow ESR may indicate a blood disorder, such as:
Polycythemia
Sickle cell anemia
Leukocytosis, an abnormal increase in white blood cells
If your results are not in the normal range, it doesn't necessarily mean you have a medical condition that requires treatment. A moderate ESR may indicate pregnancy, menstruation, or anemia, rather than an inflammatory disease. Certain medicines and supplements can also affect your results. These include oral contraceptives, aspirin, cortisone, and vitamin A. Be sure to tell your health care provider about any drugs or supplements you are taking.
An ESR does not specifically diagnose any diseases, but it can provide information about whether or not there is inflammation in your body. If your ESR results are abnormal, your health care provider will need more information and will likely order more lab tests before making a diagnosis.
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (6)
This browser does not support the video element.
What Is Inflammation?
Inflammation is the body's response to damage. It takes many forms. Chronic inflammation is common in overweight and obese people, because their fat cells manufacture damaging substances that trigger a reaction from the immune system's white blood cells. Keeping track of a key biomarker for inflammation, C-reactive Protein or CRP, helps doctors determine whether an overweight patient is at risk for such conditions as heart disease, dementia, diabetes, cancers, and more.
Video by TheVisualMD
Asthma - Inflammation in the Airways
Asthma is a condition in which the airways of your lungs are chronically inflamed. Allergens or other triggers can cause the smooth muscle tissue that surrounds your airways to constrict (narrow). These triggers can also prompt an inflammatory response from the immune cells that line your airways, causing them to release an excessive amount of mucus. The constriction and the mucus narrow your airways, creating symptoms that can include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.
Image by TheVisualMD
Mast Cell
Mast cells produce histamine. Histamine is known for its role in inflammation. It affects a variety of behavior patterns including the sleep-wake cycle and food intake. Antihistamines may work at odds with inflammation and depression.
Image by TheVisualMD
Subsiding Inflammation in blood vessels
Monocytes, having matured into macrophages continue to destroy pathogens and cellular debris by ingesting them, while the inflammation process begins to subside.
Image by TheVisualMD
Basophil
Visualization of a basophil. A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) responsible for combating infection.
Image by TheVisualMD
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Westergren pipettes in automated StaRRsed ESR analyzer
Image by MechESR
1:57
What Is Inflammation?
TheVisualMD
Asthma - Inflammation in the Airways
TheVisualMD
Mast Cell
TheVisualMD
Subsiding Inflammation in blood vessels
TheVisualMD
Basophil
TheVisualMD
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
MechESR
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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Your result is Negative.
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. If no abnormalities are discovered, an adult at average risk of colon cancer is generally advised to have a repeat colonoscopy 10 years until age 75.
Related conditions
Colonoscopy is a exam in which a doctor uses a flexible tube with a camera on one end, called a colonoscope or scope, to look inside your rectum and colon. The rectum and colon make up most of your large intestine.
Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
A colonoscopy is used:
to look for early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum. It may be part of a routine screening, which usually starts at age 45.
to look for causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits
to evaluate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and weight loss
Your doctor can also remove polyps from your colon during the procedure.
You may need a colonoscopy to find the cause of unexplained symptoms such as:
Bleeding from your anus (the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body)
Changes in your bowel activity, such as diarrhea
Pain in your abdomen (belly)
Unexplained weight loss
Doctors also use the procedure to screen for colon polyps and cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. It may find diseases at an early stage, when they are easier to treat. If aren't at higher risk for colorectal cancer, your health care provider will likely recommend you start getting screenings at age 45. If you at higher risk, you may need to start getting screened for colorectal cancer earlier.
There are also other tests to screen for colorectal cancer, including stool tests. Talk with your provider about which test is right for you and when and how often you should get it.
This test allows a provider to view your entire colon and rectum. It is often done in an outpatient department of a hospital or medical center. Before the test, you will need to empty out your colon (large bowel) in a procedure called bowel prep. During the test:
You will lie on an exam table.
You will be given medicine called a sedative to help you relax. It also prevents you from feeling pain during the procedure. You may be awake for the test, but you probably won't remember anything.
A colonoscope, a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached, will be inserted into your rectum and up into your colon.
Your provider will look for colorectal polyps or other abnormal areas.
Your provider may remove polyps or tissue samples using special tools inserted through the scope.
Polyps or samples may be sent to a lab for testing.
The sedative you are given may make you drowsy for several hours. You should arrange for someone to drive you home.
For a colonoscopy, you will need to do a bowel prep. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to do your bowel prep, but steps for bowel prep may include:
Following a liquid diet for one to three days before the test.
Drinking plenty of clear liquids one to three days before the test. Clear liquids include water, black coffee or tea, fat-free broth, and sports drinks without added color.
Drinking a strong liquid laxative and/or using an enema on the evening before your test.
The laxative or enema will help you empty your bowels. You should prepare to spend a lot of time in the bathroom. Bowel prep can be inconvenient and uncomfortable, but if the colon is not thoroughly cleaned out, your provider may not be able to get a full picture of your colon and rectum. Polyps and other abnormal areas may not be seen.
Serious risks of colonoscopy are rare but can include:
Tears in the colon or rectum wall
Bleeding
Reaction to the sedative
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. Abnormal results may include the following:
Colorectal polyps or abnormal tissue were found and removed.
Samples were sent to a lab for testing.
Most polyps aren't cancerous but can turn into cancer if not removed. Depending on the size and number of polyps, your provider may recommend more frequent colonoscopies.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
You may feel cramping in your abdomen or bloating during the first hour after the colonoscopy. If the doctor removed polyps or performed a biopsy, you may have light bleeding from your anus. This bleeding is normal.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feb 10, 2024 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy | MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. Dec 5, 2022 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Robert H. Shmerling, MD. Understanding the results of your colonoscopy - Harvard Health. Oct 14, 2020 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (40)
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colorectal cancer is one of the few preventable forms of cancer thanks to effective screening. For many people, screening for colorectal cancer is an unpleasant thought, but knowing your options and taking a pro-active approach especially if you're over 50 can save your life. In this video, you can learn the "ins and outs" of colonoscopy, as well as learn about a new technique called virtual colonoscopy, which uses high-tech CT scans to screen the colon.
Video by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
Colorectal cancer includes cancer of both the colon and rectum. It is the fourth most common cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths affecting both men and women equally. The CDC recommends that everyone age 50 or over be screened. When diagnosed early, patients have a 90% 5-year survival rate.
Video by TheVisualMD
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
Video by La Peer/YouTube
Having a colonoscopy
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What to expect during a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
Video by AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
How to prepare for a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Video by Gastro Pros/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
Video by University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
Video by Nebraska Medicine Nebraska Medical Center/YouTube
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
Video by UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Diagram showing a colonoscopy.
Image by Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
With virtual colonoscopy, a computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is then created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
Virtual colonoscopy is a new imaging technology that uses computed tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. A computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
Drawing of a woman being tested for colon polyps. The woman is lying on her left side with her head on a pillow. In the background is a TV screen showing images of the colon.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. Polyps and very early stage cancers (Stage 0 and some early Stage I tumors) can be removed during a colonoscopy, using a variety of techniques. In late Stage I and in Stage II and III cancer, the cancerous part of the colon is removed surgically. The surgeon may perform a resection, consisting of a partial colectomy (removing the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue around it) and an anastomosis (sewing the parts of the colon back together). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and biopsied. If it isn't possible to perform a resection (for instance, if the cancer is at the outlet of the rectum), a colostomy may be performed. In a colostomy, a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body, where it empties into a special bag. The colostomy may be temporary in order to allow the colon or rectum time to heal after surgery, or it may be permanent.
Image by TheVisualMD
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Capsule endoscopy
Image of the colon acquired by capsule endoscopy
Image by Dr.HH.Krause
All Views
Inside
Outside
Unfurled
1
2
3
4
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
After the image-taking procedure is complete, the cross-sectional pictures are processed by the computer to create animated, three-dimensional images of the large intestine. They are examined by a radiologist to identify any abnormal growths. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will be performed so that the abnormal growths can be removed or biopsied.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Picture of a capsule
Image by Euchiasmus
Preparing for a colonoscopy
Video by AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
0:05
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
TheVisualMD
0:15
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
TheVisualMD
0:49
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
TheVisualMD
4:13
Colorectal Cancer Screening
TheVisualMD
4:12
Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
14:55
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:35
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
2:56
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
La Peer/YouTube
1:37
Having a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
1:23
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
6:30
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
8:26
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
1:16
What to expect during a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
3:17
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
2:45
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
5:15
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
8:08
How to prepare for a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
2:49
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Gastro Pros/YouTube
1:26:06
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
4:06
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:47
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
8:46
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
4:18
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Capsule endoscopy
Dr.HH.Krause
Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Euchiasmus
1:15
Preparing for a colonoscopy
AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
Upper GI Endoscopy
Upper GI Endoscopy
Also called: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD, Gastroscopy, Upper Endoscopy
Upper GI endoscopy, or gastroscopy, is a test to examine the inside of your throat, food pipe (esophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive system. It can also be used to remove tissue for testing (biopsy) and treat some conditions such as stomach ulcers.
Upper GI Endoscopy
Also called: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD, Gastroscopy, Upper Endoscopy
Upper GI endoscopy, or gastroscopy, is a test to examine the inside of your throat, food pipe (esophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive system. It can also be used to remove tissue for testing (biopsy) and treat some conditions such as stomach ulcers.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal upper GI endoscopy means that the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (upper small intestine) look normal. There is no bleeding, growths, ulcers, or inflammation.
Related conditions
Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is a procedure in which a doctor uses an endoscope to see the lining, or inside surface, of your upper GI tract. An endoscope is a thin illuminated flexible or rigid tube-like optical system used to examine the interior of your esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine, called the duodenum.
If your healthcare provider sees a problem, he or she may take a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy).
An upper GI endoscopy is used to help confirm or rule out the presence of conditions that affect your upper GI tract, such as gastritis or peptic ulcers.
You may need this test to:
find the cause of unexplained symptoms, such as ongoing pain or heartburn, vomiting, or problems swallowing
identify diseases and health conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, celiac disease, or cancer and Barrett’s esophagus
find the cause of an infection, such as helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
check the healing of stomach ulcers
look for a blockage in the opening between the stomach and duodenum
You may have an upper GI endoscopy as an outpatient or as part of your stay in a hospital.
Before the procedure, you will likely be given a sedative or a medicine to help you stay relaxed and comfortable during the procedure. A health care professional will place an intravenous (IV) needle in your arm or hand to give you the sedative. In some cases, you may not need a sedative.
A health care professional may also give you a liquid medicine to gargle or a spray medicine to numb your throat. These medicines can help prevent you from gagging during the procedure.
During the procedure, you’ll be asked to lie on your side on an exam table. The doctor will carefully pass the endoscope down your esophagus and into your stomach and duodenum. The endoscope can fill your stomach and duodenum with air, making the organs easier to see. A small camera mounted on the endoscope will send a video image to a monitor. The doctor will closely examine the lining of your upper GI tract on the monitor.
After an upper GI endoscopy, the sedatives take time to wear off. You may experience bloating, nausea, or a sore throat for a short time.
To prepare for an upper GI endoscopy, you will need to talk with your doctor, arrange for a ride home, and not eat or drink before the procedure.
The risks from an upper GI endoscopy are low. Risks may include a reaction to the sedative, a tear in the lining of your upper GI tract, and bleeding. The risk of problems is higher in people who have serious heart disease, older adults and people who are frail or physically weakened. Talk to your doctor about your specific risks.
Some results from an upper GI endoscopy are available right away. If your doctor took samples of tissue, cells, or fluid during the procedure, a pathologist will examine the samples. These results can take a few days or longer to come back.
Upper GI Endoscopy - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feb 7, 2024 [accessed on Feb 07, 2024]
EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 07, 2024]
Gastroscopy procedure: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image [accessed on Feb 07, 2024]
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy [accessed on Feb 07, 2024]
Gastroscopy
- NHS. nhs.uk. Feb 7, 2024 [accessed on Feb 07, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (18)
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Esophageal varices
Endoscopy image of bleeding esophageal varices being banded. Clearly seen are the longitudinal wale signs on the banded varix. Note the colour change in the banded varix to an off-white shade, indicating that it is devoid of blood within.
Image by Samir
What is bleeding in the digestive tract? Gastrointestinal bleeding
The Blakemore esophageal balloon used for stopping esophageal bleeds if other measures have failed
Image by Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem)
Esophageal disease
Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine
Image by National Cancer Institute
Sensitive content
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Esophageal cancer
Endoscopy and radial endoscopic ultrasound images of a submucosal tumor in the central portion of the esophagus
Image by Samir at English Wikipedia
Esophageal Cancer
Endoscopic image of an esophageal adenocarcinoma
Image by Samir
Diagram showing oesophageal cancer that has spread (M staging)
Diagram showing oesophageal cancer that has spread (M staging).
Image by Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Esophageal cancer
Self-expandable metallic stents are sometimes used for palliative care
Image by Samir
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal stent for esophageal cancer
Image by James Heilman, MD
Sensitive content
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Endoscopic image of Mallory-Weiss tear
Image by Samir
Gastroscopy or duodenoscopy
Gastroscopy or duodenoscopy is performed for a number of indications, one of the most common being in unexplained anemia where it is used to diagnose gastric or duodenal ulcers among other things.
Image by CNX OpenStax
Preparing for a Capsule Endoscopy - from the American Gastroenterological Association
Video by AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
Stomach Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | Los Angeles Endoscopy
Video by Los Angeles Colonoscopy/YouTube
Air and Food Pathways
Normal pathways for air and food in the body with the following parts labeled: epiglottis, larynx, esophagus, trachea, lung, and stomach.
Image by Alan Hoofring (Illustrator) National Cancer Institute
Upper GI Endoscopy Procedure in the ED
Video by Larry Mellick/YouTube
Upper GI Endoscopy at Cook Children's
Video by Cook Children's Health Care System/YouTube
Upper endoscopy: Guide for children
Video by Children's Wisconsin/YouTube
Having an endoscopy | Cancer Research UK
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
PreOp® Patient Education GI Endoscopy - Upper GI 1
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Esophageal varices
Samir
What is bleeding in the digestive tract? Gastrointestinal bleeding
Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem)
Esophageal disease
National Cancer Institute
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Esophageal cancer
Samir at English Wikipedia
Esophageal Cancer
Samir
Diagram showing oesophageal cancer that has spread (M staging)
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Esophageal cancer
Samir
Esophageal cancer
James Heilman, MD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Samir
Gastroscopy or duodenoscopy
CNX OpenStax
8:50
Preparing for a Capsule Endoscopy - from the American Gastroenterological Association
AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
4:57
Stomach Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | Los Angeles Endoscopy
Los Angeles Colonoscopy/YouTube
Air and Food Pathways
Alan Hoofring (Illustrator) National Cancer Institute
5:02
Upper GI Endoscopy Procedure in the ED
Larry Mellick/YouTube
2:31
Upper GI Endoscopy at Cook Children's
Cook Children's Health Care System/YouTube
2:55
Upper endoscopy: Guide for children
Children's Wisconsin/YouTube
1:20
Having an endoscopy | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
1:50
PreOp® Patient Education GI Endoscopy - Upper GI 1
Also called: Barium Upper GI Series, Barium X-ray, Esophagogram, Esophagram, Swallowing Study
A barium swallow is an imaging test that checks for problems in the throat, esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine. The test involves drinking a chalky liquid that contains barium. Barium makes parts of the body show up more clearly on an x-ray.
Barium Swallow Test
Also called: Barium Upper GI Series, Barium X-ray, Esophagogram, Esophagram, Swallowing Study
A barium swallow is an imaging test that checks for problems in the throat, esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine. The test involves drinking a chalky liquid that contains barium. Barium makes parts of the body show up more clearly on an x-ray.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal result shows that the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine are normal in size, shape, and movement.
Related conditions
A barium swallow, also called an esophagogram, is an imaging test that checks for problems in your upper GI tract. Your upper GI tract includes your mouth, back of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of your small intestine. The test uses a special type of x-ray called fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy shows internal organs moving in real time. The test also involves drinking a chalky-tasting liquid that contains barium. Barium is a substance that makes parts of your body show up more clearly on an x-ray.
Other names: esophagogram, esophagram, upper GI series, swallowing study
A barium swallow is used to help diagnose conditions that affect the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part the small intestine. These include:
Ulcers
Hiatal hernia, a condition in which part of your stomach pushes into the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle between your stomach and chest.
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), a condition in which contents of the stomach leak backward into the esophagus
Structural problems in the GI tract, such as polyps (abnormal growths) and diverticula (pouches in the intestinal wall)
Tumors
You may need this test if you have symptoms of an upper GI disorder. These include:
Trouble swallowing
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Bloating
A barium swallow is most often done by a radiologist or radiology technician. A radiologist is a doctor who specializes in using imaging tests to diagnose and treat diseases and injuries.
A barium swallow usually includes the following steps:
You may need to remove your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.
You will be given a lead shield or apron to wear over your pelvic area. This protects the area from unnecessary radiation.
You will stand, sit, or lie down on an x-ray table. You may be asked to change positions during the test.
You will swallow a drink that contains barium. The drink is thick and chalky. It's usually flavored with chocolate or strawberry to make it easier to swallow.
While you swallow, the radiologist will watch images of the barium traveling down your throat to your upper GI tract.
You may be asked to hold your breath at certain times.
The images will be recorded so they can be reviewed at a later time.
You will probably be asked to fast (not eat or drink) after midnight on the night before the test.
You should not have this test if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. Radiation can be harmful to an unborn baby.
For others, there is little risk to having this test. The dose of radiation is very low and not considered harmful for most people. But talk to your provider about all the x-rays you've had in the past. The risks from radiation exposure may be linked to the number of x-ray treatments you've had over time.
A normal result means that no abnormalities in size, shape, and movement were found in your throat, esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine.
If your results were not normal, it may mean you have one of the following conditions:
Hiatal hernia
Ulcers
Tumors
Polyps
Diverticula, a condition in which small sacs form in the inner wall of the intestine
Esophageal stricture, a narrowing of the esophagus that can make it hard to swallow
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
Your results may also show signs of esophageal cancer. If your provider thinks you may have this type of cancer, he or she may do a procedure called an esophagoscopy. During an esophagoscopy, a thin, flexible tube is inserted through the mouth or nose and down into the esophagus. The tube has a video camera so a provider can view the area. The tube may also have a tool attached that can be used to remove tissue samples for testing (biopsy).
Barium Swallow: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Apr 11, 2024]
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/upper-gi-series [accessed on Sep 19, 2019]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003816.htm [accessed on Sep 19, 2019]
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=uppergi [accessed on Sep 19, 2019]
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/upper-gastrointestinal-series [accessed on Sep 19, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (16)
Upper gastrointestinal series
Barium follow though showing the small bowel.
Image by Glitzy queen00 at en.wikipedia
Esophageal varices
Dilated and snake like varicose veins in esophagus of a patient with PHT. Upper gastrointestinal series.
Image by Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Esophageal varices
Dilated and snake like varicose veins in esophagus of a patient with PHT. Upper gastrointestinal series.
Image by Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Upper gastrointestinal series. Corkscrew appearance of the esophagus due to Diffuse esophageal spasm. (DES) is a condition in which uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus occur.
Image by Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Zenker's diverticulum
Anatomy of Zenker's diverticulum
Image by Bernd Bragelmann Braegel. Mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Dr. Martin Steinhoff.
Zenker's diverticulum
Lateral X-ray of a Zenker's diverticula
Image by James Heilman, MD
Zenker's diverticulum
Xray showing a Zenker's diverticula (AP)
Image by James Heilman, MD
Upper GI Endoscopy Procedure in the ED
Video by Larry Mellick/YouTube
Preparing for an Upper GI Endoscopy - from the American Gastroenterological Association
Video by AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
Upper GI Bleed Causes- Overview
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
Barium Swallow- Esophageal Pathologies!
Video by How To Gastro/YouTube
Barium Upper GI Test | What To Expect!
Video by Amy/YouTube
Normal barium swallow fluoroscopic image, showing the ingested barium sulfate being induced down the oesophagus by peristalsis.
Normal barium swallow fluoroscopic image, showing the ingested barium sulfate being induced down the oesophagus by peristalsis.
Image by Bernd Brägelmann Braegel.
UpperGIEsophagealCAMark
Esophageal cancer as shown by a filling defect during an upper GI series
Image by James Heilman, MD
Upper gastrointestinal series
X-ray of the stomach with both positive (bariumsulphate) and negative (CO2)contrastmedia.
Image by Lucien Monfils
UGIs erosion
Multiple erosions in the antrum, shown in the upper GI series
Image by Med_Chaos
Upper gastrointestinal series
Glitzy queen00 at en.wikipedia
Esophageal varices
Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Esophageal varices
Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Nevit Dilmen (talk)
Zenker's diverticulum
Bernd Bragelmann Braegel. Mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Dr. Martin Steinhoff.
Zenker's diverticulum
James Heilman, MD
Zenker's diverticulum
James Heilman, MD
5:02
Upper GI Endoscopy Procedure in the ED
Larry Mellick/YouTube
7:25
Preparing for an Upper GI Endoscopy - from the American Gastroenterological Association
AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
9:42
Upper GI Bleed Causes- Overview
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
12:12
Barium Swallow- Esophageal Pathologies!
How To Gastro/YouTube
11:00
Barium Upper GI Test | What To Expect!
Amy/YouTube
Normal barium swallow fluoroscopic image, showing the ingested barium sulfate being induced down the oesophagus by peristalsis.
Bernd Brägelmann Braegel.
UpperGIEsophagealCAMark
James Heilman, MD
Upper gastrointestinal series
Lucien Monfils
UGIs erosion
Med_Chaos
Calprotectin Stool Test
Calprotectin Stool Test
Also called: Calprotectin, Calprotectin Gut Inflammation, Fecal Calprotectin, FCAL, Stool Calprotectin
This test measures a protein, calprotectin, in your stool (poop). It's used to check for inflammation (swelling and irritation) in your intestines. High levels are a sign of inflammation in your intestines that may cause severe diarrhea.
Calprotectin Stool Test
Also called: Calprotectin, Calprotectin Gut Inflammation, Fecal Calprotectin, FCAL, Stool Calprotectin
This test measures a protein, calprotectin, in your stool (poop). It's used to check for inflammation (swelling and irritation) in your intestines. High levels are a sign of inflammation in your intestines that may cause severe diarrhea.
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A low calprotectin level means that your signs and symptoms are likely due to a non-inflammatory bowel disorder, such as a viral infection or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Related conditions
A calprotectin stool test measures a protein called calprotectin in a sample of your stool (poop). The test is also called a fecal calprotectin test. It's used to check for inflammation (swelling and irritation) in your intestines.
It's normal to have a small amount of calprotectin in your stool. But high levels are a sign that your intestines are inflamed. When you have inflammation in your intestines, your immune system sends certain types of white blood cells (neutrophils) to the inflamed area. These white blood cells release calprotectin into your intestines where it mixes with your stool.
Inflammation in your intestines can cause severe watery or bloody diarrhea with abdominal (belly) pain and/or cramping that last for more than a few days. Other types of digestive conditions can also cause these symptoms. If these symptoms last a long time or come and go, it's important to know if your intestines are inflamed. That's because inflammation can damage the lining of your intestines and lead to other serious health conditions over time.
A calprotectin test can find out whether your intestinal condition involves inflammation. But it can't diagnose the specific cause. Knowing whether your intestines are inflamed helps your health care provider decide what other tests you may need and what treatments are best for you.
Other names: Fecal calprotectin
Calprotectin stool testing is used to check for inflammation in the intestines. In most cases, providers use calprotectin stool testing to help tell the difference between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
IBD and IBS are both chronic (long-lasting) conditions that affect adults and children. They cause similar symptoms that can come and go, including diarrhea, belly pain, and cramps. But only IBD involves inflammation:
IBD is a group of digestive diseases. It may cause watery and/or bloody diarrhea. Over time, inflammation from IBD damages the lining of the intestines. Symptoms may disappear for weeks or years and then come back. Experts think IBD may have many causes, including autoimmune disorders and genes. The main types of IBD are:
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
IBS is a group of symptoms that happen together. They include bloating, pain and/or cramps when you have bowel movements, and diarrhea, constipation, or both. Researchers think IBS may be caused by a problem with how your brain and intestines (gut) work together. IBS does not damage your intestines and tests do not show inflammation.
Depending on your symptoms and medical history, a calprotectin in stool test may be used with other stool tests that can help find the cause of long-lasting diarrhea. These include tests for fecal occult blood, bacteria in stool, parasites and eggs, and/or a white blood cell (WBC) in stool test.
If a person has been diagnosed with IBD, a calprotectin stool test may be used to help:
Find out how severe the inflammation is
Guide treatment choices
Check to see if IBD is getting better or worse
Predict the chance that IBD symptoms will return, including after surgery to treat IBD
Most watery diarrhea goes away on its own after a day or two, and your provider doesn't need to do tests. But if your symptoms don't improve after a few days or keep coming back, you may need a calprotectin stool test to check for inflammation in your intestines.
Along with diarrhea, belly pain and cramping, other symptoms of inflammation in your intestines may include:
Blood, mucus, and/or pus in your stool. Contact your provider right away if you see blood or pus in your stool, or if your stool is black and tarry.
Always feeling like you need to move your bowels (poop) even when there's no stool. This condition may be painful and cause cramps.
Feeling an urgent need to move your bowels.
Weight loss when you're not trying to lose weight.
If you already have IBD, you may need calprotectin testing to monitor your condition. This information helps your provider choose treatment and check whether it's working.
You will need to provide a stool sample for your test. Your provider will probably give you a container or kit with instructions on how to collect the sample. There are different ways to collect stool samples, so follow the instructions carefully. In general, you'll need to:
Label the container with your name, the collection date, and time.
Collect a stool sample as instructed. This usually involves using a clean, dry container, or special paper or plastic wrap placed over the toilet to catch the stool.
Make sure the stool doesn't mix with any urine (pee), toilet paper, or water from the toilet.
Close the container tightly.
Wash your hands well with soap and water.
Return the container according to the instructions.
If you're collecting a sample from diapers, you'll get special instructions for using plastic wrap inside of a clean diaper. In certain cases, a provider may use a swab to take a stool sample from the rectum.
Ask your provider if you need to stop taking any medicines before your test. But never stop taking any medicine without talking with your provider first. Medicines that may affect your test results include certain over-the-counter medicines, including:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are used to relieve pain. Examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are used to control stomach acid and relieve symptoms of GERD. Examples include omeprazole, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole.
There is no known risk to having a calprotectin stool test.
Normal or low levels of calprotectin usually mean that your intestines are not inflamed, which means you don't have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Your symptoms are probably caused by a type of non-inflammatory condition. Your provider may order other tests to figure out which condition is causing your symptoms.
But it's possible to have normal calprotectin test results even when your intestines are inflamed. This is called a "false negative." False negative calprotectin results mostly happen in children.
High levels of calprotectin usually mean that your intestines are inflamed. The higher the amount of calprotectin in your stool, the more inflammation you have. If your calprotectin levels are high, your provider may retest you in a few weeks to see if they change.
Several conditions can cause high calprotectin levels, so you may need other tests to find the cause. In general:
Very high levels of calprotectin are often linked to:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Food poisoning caused by certain types of bacteria
Somewhat high levels of calprotectin are often linked to:
Intestinal or colorectal cancer
Celiac disease
Certain bacterial infections in your intestines, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
Taking NSAIDs
IBD that has been treated
If your calprotectin test results show that your intestines are inflamed, your provider may order a colonoscopy, which uses a tiny camera to look inside your intestines. This helps your provider learn whether IBD or another condition is causing the inflammation. But if your calprotectin test results show that your intestines probably aren't inflamed, a colonoscopy is unlikely to help make a diagnosis. In this way, a calprotectin stool test can help avoid unnecessary colonoscopies.
If you have questions about your test results, talk with your provider.
If your provider thinks you could have IBD, you may first have a blood test to check for inflammation. The blood test may be a C-reactive protein (CRP) test or an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test. But a calprotectin stool test is more accurate at finding inflammation in the intestines.
Calprotectin Stool Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jan 18, 2024]
Calprotectin Fecal Test - Testing.com. Nov 9, 2021 [accessed on Jun 07, 2023]
Pathirana WGW, Chubb SP, Gillett MJ, Vasikaran SD. Faecal Calprotectin. Clin Biochem Rev. 2018;39(3):77-90. [accessed on Jun 07, 2023]
White Blood Cell (WBC) in Stool: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Jun 07, 2023]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (4)
Calprotectin-4GGF
Crystal structure of manganese and calcium loaded calprotectin. Based on PyMol rendering of PDB 4GGF.
Grey chains: S100A8
Blue chains: S100A9
Purple spheres: Mn2+
Green spheres: Ca2+
Image by Czeer/Wikimedia
3D illustration of a neutrophil
Image by Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.
Neutrophil
The most abundant type of white blood cells. They are normally found in the blood stream however during the acute phase of inflammation, neutraphils leave the vasculature and migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis.
Image by TheVisualMD
Macrophage
Macrophages are mature forms of monocytes. Similar to the monocyte, it protects the body against blood-borne pathogens. They continue to destroy pathogens and cellular debris by ingesting them.
Image by TheVisualMD
Calprotectin-4GGF
Czeer/Wikimedia
3D illustration of a neutrophil
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.
Neutrophil
TheVisualMD
Macrophage
TheVisualMD
Treatment
Medication for Digestive Disorders
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
Medication for Digestive Disorders
Medication for Digestive Disorders
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
How Do Doctors Treat Crohn’s Disease?
Doctors treat Crohn’s disease with medicines, bowel rest, and surgery.
No single treatment works for everyone with Crohn’s disease. The goals of treatment are to decrease the inflammation in your intestines, to prevent flare-ups of your symptoms, and to keep you in remission.
Medicines
Many people with Crohn’s disease need medicines. Which medicines your doctor prescribes will depend on your symptoms.
Many people with Crohn’s disease need medicines. Which medicines your doctor prescribes will depend on your symptoms.
Although no medicine cures Crohn’s disease, many can reduce symptoms.
Aminosalicylates. These medicines contain 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), which helps control inflammation. Doctors use aminosalicylates to treat people newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease who have mild symptoms. Aminosalicylates include
balsalazide
mesalamine
olsalazine
sulfasalazine
Some of the common side effects of aminosalicylates include
diarrhea
headaches
heartburn
nausea and vomiting
pain in your abdomen
Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, also known as steroids, help reduce the activity of your immune system and decrease inflammation. Doctors prescribe corticosteroids for people with moderate to severe symptoms. Corticosteroids include
budesonide
hydrocortisone
methylprednisolone
prednisone
Side effects of corticosteroids include
acne
bone mass loss
high blood glucose
high blood pressure
a higher chance of developing infections
mood swings
weight gain
In most cases, doctors do not prescribe corticosteroids for long-term use.
Immunomodulators. These medicines reduce immune system activity, resulting in less inflammation in your digestive tract. Immunomodulators can take several weeks to 3 months to start working. Immunomodulators include
6-mercaptopurine, or 6-MP
azathioprine
cyclosporine
methotrexate
Doctors prescribe these medicines to help you go into remission or help you if you do not respond to other treatments. You may have the following side effects:
a low white blood cell count, which can lead to a higher chance of infection
feeling tired
nausea and vomiting
pancreatitis
Doctors most often prescribe cyclosporine only if you have severe Crohn’s disease because of the medicine’s serious side effects. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of cyclosporine.
Biologic therapies. These medicines target proteins made by the immune system. Neutralizing these proteins decreases inflammation in the intestines. Biologic therapies work to help you go into remission, especially if you do not respond to other medicines. Biologic therapies include
anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapies, such as adalimumab, certolizumab, and infliximab
anti-integrin therapies, such as natalizumab and vedolizumab
anti-interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 therapy, such as ustekinumab
Doctors most often give patients infliximab every 6 to 8 weeks at a hospital or an outpatient center. Side effects may include a toxic reaction to the medicine and a higher chance of developing infections, particularly tuberculosis.
Other medicines. Other medicines doctors prescribe for symptoms or complications may include
acetaminophen for mild pain. You should avoid using ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin because these medicines can make your symptoms worse.
antibiotics to prevent or treat complications that involve infection, such as abscesses and fistulas.
loperamide to help slow or stop severe diarrhea. In most cases, people only take this medicine for short periods of time because it can increase the chance of developing megacolon.
Bowel rest
If your Crohn’s disease symptoms are severe, you may need to rest your bowel for a few days to several weeks. Bowel rest involves drinking only certain liquids or not eating or drinking anything. During bowel rest, your doctor may
ask you to drink a liquid that contains nutrients
give you a liquid that contains nutrients through a feeding tube inserted into your stomach or small intestine
give you intravenous (IV) nutrition through a special tube inserted into a vein in your arm
You may stay in the hospital, or you may be able to receive the treatment at home. In most cases, your intestines will heal during bowel rest.
Surgery
Even with medicines, many people will need surgery to treat their Crohn’s disease. One study found that nearly 60 percent of people had surgery within 20 years of having Crohn’s disease. Although surgery will not cure Crohn’s disease, it can treat complications and improve symptoms. Doctors most often recommend surgery to treat
fistulas
bleeding that is life threatening
intestinal obstructions
side effects from medicines when they threaten your health
symptoms when medicines do not improve your condition
A surgeon can perform different types of operations to treat Crohn’s disease.
For any surgery, you will receive general anesthesia. You will most likely stay in the hospital for 3 to 7 days following the surgery. Full recovery may take 4 to 6 weeks.
Small bowel resection. Small bowel resection is surgery to remove part of your small intestine. When you have an intestinal obstruction or severe Crohn’s disease in your small intestine, a surgeon may need to remove that section of your intestine. The two types of small bowel resection are
laparoscopic—when a surgeon makes several small, half-inch incisions in your abdomen. The surgeon inserts a laparoscope—a thin tube with a tiny light and video camera on the end—through the small incisions. The camera sends a magnified image from inside your body to a video monitor, giving the surgeon a close-up view of your small intestine. While watching the monitor, the surgeon inserts tools through the small incisions and removes the diseased or blocked section of small intestine. The surgeon will reconnect the ends of your intestine.
open surgery—when a surgeon makes one incision about 6 inches long in your abdomen. The surgeon will locate the diseased or blocked section of small intestine and remove or repair that section. The surgeon will reconnect the ends of your intestine.
Subtotal colectomy. A subtotal colectomy, also called a large bowel resection, is surgery to remove part of your large intestine. When you have an intestinal obstruction, a fistula, or severe Crohn’s disease in your large intestine, a surgeon may need to remove that section of intestine. A surgeon can perform a subtotal colectomy by
laparoscopic colectomy—when a surgeon makes several small, half-inch incisions in your abdomen. While watching the monitor, the surgeon removes the diseased or blocked section of your large intestine. The surgeon will reconnect the ends of your intestine.
open surgery—when a surgeon makes one incision about 6 to 8 inches long in your abdomen. The surgeon will locate the diseased or blocked section of large intestine and remove that section. The surgeon will reconnect the ends of your intestine.
Proctocolectomy and ileostomy. A proctocolectomy is surgery to remove your entire colon and rectum. An ileostomy is a stoma, or opening in your abdomen, that a surgeon creates from a part of your ileum. The surgeon brings the end of your ileum through an opening in your abdomen and attaches it to your skin, creating an opening outside your body. The stoma is about three-quarters of an inch to a little less than 2 inches wide and is most often located in the lower part of your abdomen, just below the beltline.
A removable external collection pouch, called an ostomy pouch or ostomy appliance, connects to the stoma and collects stool outside your body. Stool passes through the stoma instead of passing through your anus. The stoma has no muscle, so it cannot control the flow of stool, and the flow occurs whenever occurs.
If you have this type of surgery, you will have the ileostomy for the rest of your life.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (1)
Treatment of Crohn's Disease - Laura Raffals, M.D. - Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
3:50
Treatment of Crohn's Disease - Laura Raffals, M.D. - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
How Are Complications Treated?
How Do Doctors Treat the Complications of Crohn’s Disease?
Your doctor may recommend treatments for the following complications of Crohn’s disease:
Intestinal obstruction. A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening. If you have a complete obstruction, you will need medical attention right away. Doctors often treat complete intestinal obstruction with surgery.
Fistulas. How your doctor treats fistulas will depend on what type of fistulas you have and how severe they are. For some people, fistulas heal with medicine and diet changes, whereas other people will need to have surgery.
Abscesses. Doctors prescribe antibiotics and drain abscesses. A doctor may drain an abscess with a needle inserted through your skin or with surgery.
Anal fissures. Most anal fissures heal with medical treatment, including ointments, warm baths, and diet changes.
Ulcers. In most cases, the treatment for Crohn’s disease will also treat your ulcers.
Malnutrition. You may need IV fluids or feeding tubes to replace lost nutrients and fluids.
Inflammation in other areas of your body. Your doctor can treat inflammation by changing your medicines or prescribing new medicines.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Diet and Nutrition
Basket of Nutrients
Image by TheVisualMD / Gerhard G.
Basket of Nutrients
Basket of Nutrients
Image by TheVisualMD / Gerhard G.
How Can My Diet Help the Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease?
Changing your diet can help reduce symptoms. Your doctor may recommend that you make changes to your diet such as
avoiding carbonated, or “fizzy,” drinks
avoiding popcorn, vegetable skins, nuts, and other high-fiber foods
drinking more liquids
eating smaller meals more often
keeping a food diary to help identify foods that cause problems
Depending on your symptoms or medicines, your doctor may recommend a specific diet, such as a diet that is
high calorie
lactose free
low fat
low fiber
low salt
Talk with your doctor about specific dietary recommendations and changes.
Your doctor may recommend nutritional supplements and vitamins if you do not absorb enough nutrients. For safety reasons, talk with your doctor before using dietary supplements, such as vitamins, or any complementary or alternative medicines or medical practices.
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Additional Materials (4)
The Courage to Live with Crohn's Disease
Video by Children's Hospital Colorado/YouTube
Living with Crohn's disease
Video by UCI Health/YouTube
The Daily Nutrition You Need
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine and is composed of:
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the amount expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in a given age group;
- Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group;
- Adequate Intake (AI), the amount given when no RDA has been established due to insufficient scientific evidence. The AI is based on estimates of intake levels of healthy populations;
- Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), the highest recommended daily intake amount of nutrient that can be harmful in large doses (such as vitamin D)
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Holding Fork Over Plate with Salad
Photo of a woman eating a healthy salad.
Image by TheVisualMD
4:16
The Courage to Live with Crohn's Disease
Children's Hospital Colorado/YouTube
3:14
Living with Crohn's disease
UCI Health/YouTube
The Daily Nutrition You Need
TheVisualMD
Female Holding Fork Over Plate with Salad
TheVisualMD
Osteoporosis Risk
Cross section - Normal Bone / Bone Loss
Cross section - Normal Bone / Bone Loss
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Cross section - Normal Bone / Bone Loss
Cross section - Normal Bone / Bone Loss
Cross section
1) Normal Bone
2) Bone Loss due to osteoporosis
Interactive by TheVisualMD
What People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Need to Know About Osteoporosis
What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are also known as inflammatory bowel diseases. Crohn’s disease tends to affect the small intestine, although any part of the digestive tract may be involved. Ulcerative colitis usually causes an inflammation in all or part of the large intestine. People with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often have diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss.
The causes of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are unknown. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish one disease from the other, and there is no cure for either condition. Medications are often prescribed to control the symptoms of IBD; in some cases, surgical removal of the involved intestine may be necessary.
What Is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become less dense and more likely to fracture. Fractures from osteoporosis can result in significant pain and disability. In the United States, more than 53 million people either already have osteoporosis or are at high risk due to low bone mass. Although postmenopausal white women have the highest risk for the disease, men and certain ethnic populations are also at risk.
Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include:
thinness or small frame
family history of the disease
being postmenopausal and particularly having had early menopause
abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)
prolonged use of certain medications, such as those used to treat lupus, asthma, thyroid deficiencies, and seizures
low calcium intake
lack of physical activity
smoking
excessive alcohol intake
Osteoporosis often can be prevented. It is known as a silent disease because if undetected, bone loss can progress for many years without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Osteoporosis has been called a childhood disease with old age consequences because building healthy bones in youth helps prevent osteoporosis and fractures later in life. However, it is never too late to adopt new habits for healthy bones.
The Link Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Osteoporosis
People with IBD are often treated with medications known as glucocorticoids (such as prednisone or cortisone) to reduce the inflammation caused by their disease. Over time, these drugs interfere with the development and maintenance of healthy bones. Bone loss increases with the amount and length of glucocorticoid therapy.
In addition, people with severe inflammation of the small bowel or those who have parts of the small bowel surgically removed may have difficulty absorbing calcium and vitamin D. This is an additional concern for bone health.
Osteoporosis Management Strategies
To protect and promote bone health, people with IBD should eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and participate in an appropriate exercise program. Not smoking and avoiding excessive use of alcohol are also important. In some cases, medication to prevent further bone loss may be recommended, especially for those on long-term glucocorticoid therapy.
Nutrition. A well-balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is important for healthy bones. Good sources of calcium include low-fat dairy products; dark green, leafy vegetables; and calcium-fortified foods and beverages. Supplements can help ensure that you get adequate amounts of calcium each day, especially in people with a proven milk allergy. The Institute of Medicine recommends a daily calcium intake of 1,000 mg (milligrams) for adults up to age 50. Women over age 50 and men over age 70 should increase their intake to 1,200 mg daily.
Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption and bone health. Many people, especially those who are older, may need vitamin D supplements to achieve the recommended intake of 600 to 800 IU (International Units) each day.
Exercise. Like muscle, bone is living tissue that responds to exercise by becoming stronger. The best activity for your bones is weight-bearing exercise that forces one to work against gravity. Some examples include walking, climbing stairs, dancing, and weight training. These and other types of exercise also strengthen muscles that support bone, enhance balance and flexibility, and preserve joint mobility, all of which help reduce the likelihood of falling and breaking a bone, especially among older people.
Healthy lifestyle. Smoking is bad for bones as well as the heart and lungs. Women who smoke tend to go through menopause earlier, resulting in earlier reduction in levels of the bone-preserving hormone estrogen and triggering earlier bone loss. In addition, smokers may absorb less calcium from their diets. Alcohol also can have a negative effect on bone health. Those who drink heavily are more prone to bone loss and fracture, because of both poor nutrition and increased risk of falling.
Bone density test. A bone mineral density (BMD) test measures bone density in various parts of the body. This safe and painless test can detect osteoporosis before a fracture occurs and can predict one’s chances of fracturing in the future. Adults with IBD should talk to their doctors about whether they might be candidates for a BMD test. This test can help determine whether medication should be considered and can be used to monitor the effects of an osteoporosis treatment program.
Medication. Like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, osteoporosis is a disease with no cure. However, several medications are available for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis, including: bisphosphonates; estrogen agonists/antagonists (also called selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS); calcitonin; parathyroid hormone; estrogen therapy; hormone therapy; and a RANK ligand (RANKL) inhibitor.
Source: NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center
Additional Materials (1)
Medical Findings Could Protect IBD Patients from Bone Loss
Video by University of Arizona Health Sciences/YouTube
6:11
Medical Findings Could Protect IBD Patients from Bone Loss
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Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can cause inflammation and irritation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can affect any area from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly, it affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. Read about causes, symptoms, and treatments for Crohn's disease.