Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a collection of symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. IBS affects more women than men. Learn about symptoms and treatment options.
Female Experiencing Muscle Cramp
Image by TheVisualMD
What Is IBS?
3D medical animation still showing Irritable bowel syndrome.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
3D medical animation still showing Irritable bowel syndrome.
3D medical animation still showing Irritable bowel syndrome and tenesmus in the pip.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a collection of symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. People with IBS have some of these symptoms — such as cramping and diarrhea or bloating and constipation — for at least 3 months.
IBS can be uncomfortable. But it does not lead to serious disease, such as cancer. It also does not permanently harm the large intestine (colon).
Most people with IBS can ease symptoms with changes in diet, medicine, and stress relief. For some people, IBS symptoms are more severe. They may get in the way of going to work or traveling, even traveling short distances.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (22)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Video by Focus Medica/YouTube
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - an Osmosis preview
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
What is irritable bowel syndrome? IBS explained.
Video by Nathan Devery/YouTube
5 Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Video by Brant Larsen, DC/YouTube
What is IBS? (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Video by HealthSketch/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and What Tests You Should Get
Video by Best Doctors/YouTube
BadGut® Lecture: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Gastrointestinal Society
Video by Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatments | GI Society
Video by Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
Video by CBS Mornings/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Uncovered
Video by CHI Health/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
Video by ESNM/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Everything You Need To Know!
Video by How To Gastro/YouTube
How to know if you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Video by Living Better/YouTube
Medical Hypnosis to Treat Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Video by Loyola Medicine/YouTube
Irritable bowel syndrome: Mayo Clinic Radio
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Do I have IBS ? | Symptoms & Diagnosis | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Video by JHP Medical UK/YouTube
What are the main symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and how can they be managed?
Video by Top Doctors UK/YouTube
Direct from the Doctor: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
How IBS Can Affect Sex Life Medical Course
Video by Toledoo Briaan/YouTube
Real Questions | Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS)
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
Help for IBS Harvard H264 MOV
Video by PatientEdChannel/YouTube
IBD or IBS: That is the Question - Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
0:54
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Focus Medica/YouTube
0:41
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - an Osmosis preview
Osmosis/YouTube
2:20
What is irritable bowel syndrome? IBS explained.
Nathan Devery/YouTube
8:30
5 Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Brant Larsen, DC/YouTube
4:07
What is IBS? (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
HealthSketch/YouTube
4:43
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and What Tests You Should Get
Best Doctors/YouTube
1:02:06
BadGut® Lecture: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Gastrointestinal Society
Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
5:25
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatments | GI Society
Gastrointestinal Society/YouTube
1:56
What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
CBS Mornings/YouTube
2:03
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Uncovered
CHI Health/YouTube
2:59
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
ESNM/YouTube
12:43
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Everything You Need To Know!
How To Gastro/YouTube
2:58
How to know if you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Living Better/YouTube
3:18
Medical Hypnosis to Treat Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Loyola Medicine/YouTube
19:20
Irritable bowel syndrome: Mayo Clinic Radio
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
7:30
Do I have IBS ? | Symptoms & Diagnosis | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
JHP Medical UK/YouTube
2:34
What are the main symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and how can they be managed?
Top Doctors UK/YouTube
3:56
Direct from the Doctor: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
3:14
How IBS Can Affect Sex Life Medical Course
Toledoo Briaan/YouTube
3:03
Real Questions | Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS)
UCLA Health/YouTube
2:18
Help for IBS Harvard H264 MOV
PatientEdChannel/YouTube
6:53
IBD or IBS: That is the Question - Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Who Gets IBS?
Cross section of Human Digestive System
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross section of Human Digestive System
Cross section of Human Digestive System
Image by TheVisualMD
Who Gets IBS?
IBS is one of the most common disorders diagnosed by doctors. Up to 20% of U.S. adults have IBS symptoms.
Some people are more likely to have IBS including:
Women
People younger than 50 (IBS usually begins before age 35)
People with a family member who has IBS
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
What does having IBS feel like?
Video by Becky Excell/YouTube
9:11
What does having IBS feel like?
Becky Excell/YouTube
What Causes IBS?
Woman experiencing abdominal pain, treatment and prevention concept
Image by wuestenigel
Woman experiencing abdominal pain, treatment and prevention concept
Image by wuestenigel
What Causes IBS?
The cause of IBS is not known. There is also no cure for IBS, but there are ways to treat the symptoms.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (3)
Human Digestive System
Digestive enzymes initiate the metabolism of carbohydrates and continue aiding in the breaking down of food in the GI tract until sugars can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Unused or undigestible carbs, such as insoluble fiber, are eventually evacuated.
Image by TheVisualMD
Real Questions | Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS)
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
Real Questions | Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
Human Digestive System
TheVisualMD
3:03
Real Questions | Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS)
UCLA Health/YouTube
2:08
Real Questions | Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
UCLA Health/YouTube
What Are the Symptoms?
abdominal pain
Image by abdominal pain By ProSymbols, US
abdominal pain
Image by abdominal pain By ProSymbols, US
What Are the Symptoms of IBS?
IBS is defined as abdominal pain or discomfort, along with a changed bowel habit (such as diarrhea or constipation), for 3 months or more. The abdomen is the same as the "stomach area."
The symptoms may be different from person to person and can include:
Cramps or pain in the stomach area
Constipation — infrequent stools that may be hard and dry
Feeling like you haven't finished a bowel movement
Diarrhea — frequent loose stools
Alternating between diarrhea and constipation
Mucus in the stool
Swollen or bloated stomach area
Gas
Discomfort in the upper stomach area or feeling uncomfortably full or nauseous after eating a normal size meal
Women with IBS may have more symptoms during their menstrual periods.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (4)
How to know if you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Video by Living Better/YouTube
What are the main symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and how can they be managed?
Video by Top Doctors UK/YouTube
What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
Video by CBS Mornings/YouTube
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
Video by ESNM/YouTube
2:58
How to know if you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Living Better/YouTube
2:34
What are the main symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and how can they be managed?
Top Doctors UK/YouTube
1:56
What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
CBS Mornings/YouTube
2:59
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
ESNM/YouTube
How Is It Diagnosed?
Gluten-free diet
Image by TheVisualMD / Kurious
Gluten-free diet
Image by TheVisualMD / Kurious
How Is IBS Diagnosed?
See your doctor if you think you may have IBS. Your doctor will ask you questions about your health, ask about your symptoms, and examine you. He or she may even perform a rectal exam. There are no tests that can show for sure that you have IBS.
Your doctor may also perform medical tests to rule out other diseases if you have “red flag” symptoms such as:
Rectal bleeding
Weight loss
Anemia (iron deficiency)
Nighttime symptoms, like diarrhea that awakens you
Family history of colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or celiac disease
Medical tests include a colonoscopy (KOH-lon-oss-koh-pee). The doctor looks inside the large intestine by inserting a scope with a tiny camera to spot inflamed tissue, abnormal growths, and ulcers. People over age 50 with IBS symptoms should also have a colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer, even if they don't have any "red flag" symptoms.
A doctor may also perform a blood test to check for celiac disease if you have certain types of IBS. These types are IBS-D (mostly diarrhea) or IBS-M (mixed type with diarrhea and constipation). A doctor may also check for celiac disease if you have bloating or pass a lot of gas.
Lactose intolerance may also be a concern for some people, and can be checked with a breath test.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (1)
Do I have IBS ? | Symptoms & Diagnosis | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Video by JHP Medical UK/YouTube
7:30
Do I have IBS ? | Symptoms & Diagnosis | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
JHP Medical UK/YouTube
Digital Rectal Examination
Digital Rectal Examination
Also called: DRE, Digital Rectal Exam
A digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to assess your pelvic organs. It is commonly used to check the prostate gland in men, but it can also be used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries in women.
Digital Rectal Examination
Also called: DRE, Digital Rectal Exam
A digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to assess your pelvic organs. It is commonly used to check the prostate gland in men, but it can also be used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries in women.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal result means that your doctor didn't feel any abnormalities during the exam, such as a growth or an organ enlargement.
Related conditions
Digital rectal examination (DRE) is a test in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to search for certain abnormalities in the pelvic organs. This test is usually performed in men to check for abnormalities in their prostate gland, but it can also be used to evaluate a woman's uterus or ovaries.
Many doctors perform a DRE as part of a routine physical exam for men age 50 or older, some even at age 40, whether or not the man has urinary problems.
Your doctor may want to perform this test in the following situations:
If you are bleeding through your rectum
If you have pelvic pain
If you have recently had an unexplained change in your bowel habits
To collect a stool sample to check for occult (hidden) blood; this is usually done as part of the screening for rectal or colon cancer
If you are a man who has symptoms of enlarged prostate or prostate infection
Routinely to check for the size of the prostate and to look for bumps or other prostate abnormalities in men over 50 years old
First, you will need to undress below the waist; then, your doctor will ask you to lie on your side with your knees bent towards your chest, as this is the easiest and comfortable position for the test to be done. In some cases, men can also be examined while bending over the exam table; and women can also be examined during a pelvic exam, with their feet raised and placed on stirrups.
Then, the doctor will slide a lubricated, gloved finger in your rectum. At this point, he or she may want to press your abdomen with their free hand to help them feel any masses or abnormalities. You may also be asked to squeeze your rectum around their finger, so they can evaluate how well your muscles are working.
If an infection is suspected, your doctor might massage the prostate during the DRE to obtain fluid to examine with a microscope. This exam is usually done first.
No special preparations are needed for a DRE. But you should tell your doctor if you have hemorrhoids or anal fissures. The DRE may make them worse.
Most people can feel a little bit uncomfortable, but the test shouldn't be painful.
Some men can feel the urge to pee when their prostate is being examined.
In very rare cases, a vasovagal response can occur. If this happens, you can have symptoms like lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, sweating, and sometimes fainting.
A normal result means that your doctor did not find any abnormalities during the exam; however, this doesn’t mean that you don’t have a problem. Your doctor may want to order further testing.
If your result was abnormal, it means that your doctor found something during the test. This may happen for several reasons, such as:
Bleeding in the digestive tract
Anal fissure (small tear in the lining of the anus)
Abscess (pus collection) in the rectum or anus
Hemorrhoids (swollen veins in the rectum or anus)
Cancer of the colon or rectum
Enlargement or abnormal growths of an organ, such as the rectum, bladder, prostate in men, or cervix, uterus, or ovaries in women.
If the DRE test indicates a problem may exist, your doctor may order additional tests.
Digital rectal exam: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Dec 21, 2018]
Prostate Tests | NIDDK [accessed on Dec 21, 2018]
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rectal-examination/ [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/digital-rectal-examination [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-digital-rectal-exam-2782260 [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.verywellhealth.com/vasovagal-reflex-1945072 [accessed on Apr 17, 2019]
https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/tests-and-procedures/digital-rectal-exam-dre [accessed on Sep 16, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (5)
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Digital Rectal Exam
The prostate gland is a small gland that sits below the bladder and encircles the urethra; the gland lies close to the wall of the rectum, which allows it to be felt in a digital rectal exam, or DRE, which is performed to determine the gland is enlarged.
Image by TheVisualMD
Active Surveillance & Watchful Waiting
Not all prostate cancer treatment is radical. Active surveillance and watchful waiting are two approaches to treatment that seek to avoid the often severe side effects of curative prostate treatment. They do this by actively monitoring signs and symptoms and taking action only when necessary. Active surveillance is for men with early prostate cancer who don't have symptoms. It monitors progression of cancer through PSA and DRE testing, and includes curative treatment, such as radiation therapy, if PSA levels rise rapidly. Watchful waiting is for older men who have slow-growing cancers or men with health problems that prevent them from having surgery. This approach includes regular PSA and DRE testing, and may include hormone therapy or other palliative treatment if symptoms, such as urinary retention or pain, become acute.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross-section diagram of a digital rectal examination showing the physician's index finger inserted into the patient's rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate
Digital rectal exam; drawing shows a side view of the male reproductive and urinary anatomy, including the prostate, rectum, and bladder; also shows a gloved and lubricated finger inserted into the rectum to feel the prostate.
Digital rectal exam (DRE). The doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the prostate to check for anything abnormal.
Image by National Cancer Institute / National Cancer Institute
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Digital Rectal Exam
TheVisualMD
Active Surveillance & Watchful Waiting
TheVisualMD
Cross-section diagram of a digital rectal examination showing the physician's index finger inserted into the patient's rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate
National Cancer Institute / National Cancer Institute
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual Colonoscopy
Also called: Computed Tomographic Colonography, CT Colonography
Virtual colonoscopy is a non-invasive imaging method that uses computed tomographic data combined with specialized imaging software to examine the colon. It produces three-dimensional images of the colon which are examined for colorectal cancer and precancerous polyps.
Virtual Colonoscopy
Also called: Computed Tomographic Colonography, CT Colonography
Virtual colonoscopy is a non-invasive imaging method that uses computed tomographic data combined with specialized imaging software to examine the colon. It produces three-dimensional images of the colon which are examined for colorectal cancer and precancerous polyps.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Negative.
No abnormalities were detected in the colon. If you're at average risk of colon cancer, meaning you have no colon cancer risk factors other than age, your doctor may recommend repeating the exam in five years.
Related conditions
A method to examine the inside of the colon by taking a series of x-rays. A computer is used to make 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D pictures of the colon from these x-rays. The pictures can be saved, changed to give better viewing angles, and reviewed after the procedure, even years later.
Also called computed tomographic colonography, computed tomography colonography, CT colonography, and CTC.
You may need a virtual colonoscopy to find the cause of unexplained symptoms such as:
Bleeding from your anus (the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body)
Changes in your bowel activity, such as diarrhea
Pain in your abdomen (belly)
Unexplained weight loss
Doctors also use the procedure to screen for colon polyps and cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. It may find diseases at an early stage, when they are easier to treat. If aren't at higher risk for colorectal cancer, your health care provider will likely recommend you start getting screenings at age 45. If you at higher risk, you may need to start getting screened for colorectal cancer earlier.
There are also other tests to screen for colorectal cancer, including stool tests. Talk with your provider about which test is right for you and when and how often you should get it.
This is a type of x-ray that uses a CT scan (computed tomography) to take detailed, 3-dimensional pictures of the entire colon and rectum. It is usually done in a radiology department of a hospital or medical center. This procedure also requires bowel prep beforehand. During the test:
You will lie on a narrow table.
You may be asked to drink a liquid containing contrast dye. Contrast dye is a substance that makes parts of your body show up more clearly on an x-ray.
A provider will insert a small tube into the rectum.
Air will be pumped through the tube to make the colon bigger and easier to see.
The table will slide into the CT machine.
A series of images will be taken.
For a virtual colonoscopy, you will need to do a bowel prep. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to do your bowel prep, but steps for bowel prep may include:
Following a liquid diet for one to three days before the test.
Drinking plenty of clear liquids one to three days before the test. Clear liquids include water, black coffee or tea, fat-free broth, and sports drinks without added color.
Drinking a strong liquid laxative and/or using an enema on the evening before your test.
The laxative or enema will help you empty your bowels. You should prepare to spend a lot of time in the bathroom. Bowel prep can be inconvenient and uncomfortable, but if the colon is not thoroughly cleaned out, your provider may not be able to get a full picture of your colon and rectum. Polyps and other abnormal areas may not be seen.
In a virtual colonoscopy, risks include:
Exposure to a small dose of radiation from the scan.
Rarely, a tear in the colon or rectum can happen when it is inflated with air.
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. Abnormal results may include the following:
Colorectal polyps or abnormal tissue were seen on the CT scan.
You will probably need a traditional colonoscopy so your provider can get a tissue sample. Sometimes this procedure can be done on the same day as your virtual colonoscopy.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Feb 12, 2024]
Colonoscopy | MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. Dec 5, 2022 [accessed on Feb 12, 2024]
Virtual Colonoscopy | NIDDK [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps - National Cancer Institute [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Colorectal Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
CT Colonography [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Virtual colonoscopy - Mayo Clinic [accessed on Dec 28, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (14)
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
With virtual colonoscopy, a computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is then created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
After the image-taking procedure is complete, the cross-sectional pictures are processed by the computer to create animated, three-dimensional images of the large intestine. They are examined by a radiologist to identify any abnormal growths. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will be performed so that the abnormal growths can be removed or biopsied.
Image by TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
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Colon unfurling
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Video by TheVisualMD
Spectrum of Medical Imaging
This composite image was created in recognition of The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) designation of 2015 as the “International Year of Light.” Medical imaging scientists and engineers contribute to the quest for the improved human condition by providing imaging that spans the entire usable electro-magnetic spectrum (seen at bottom). From the humblest of beginnings with simple magnification of objects and focusing with lenses, to the biological observation of cells with rudimentary microscopes in the visible spectrum, medical imaging today has both extended away from the visible spectrum towards longer and shorter wavelengths (low and high energies) and exploited the hyperspectral nature of the visible which was once considered “commonplace” or rudimentary. Considering yet a different cross-section through the various imaging modalities across the spectrum, the medically useful information gained spans anatomic, physiologic, and molecular regimes. Systems and algorithms have been developed as single-modality acquisition systems, and also as multiple-modalities with conjoint reconstruction, each informing the other in the quest to optimize image quality and information content. In addition, the role of light-based technologies in enabling advanced computations in tomographic reconstructions, computer-aided diagnosis, machine learning (neural networks, deep learning, etc.) , and 3D visualizations as well as in data-enriched storage of medical images has further extended the potential knowledge “seen” through imaging. The breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum offers limitless opportunities for improvement and inquiry, in our quest to answer human life’s difficult questions. This montage was first published on the cover of the SPIE’s Journal of Medical Imaging (July-Sept. 2015, vol. 3, no. 3) and is but a small tribute to the multitude of medical imaging scientists who have contributed to the wealth of new knowledge as we interrogate the human condition. The gray-scale whole body images (from Left to Right) are acquired from longer wavelength modalities to shorter wavelength modalities spanning the (currently) usable electromagnetic spectrum. The background images include: a coronal Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) T2 weighted image slice, a posterior surface Infra Red (IR) heat map, a coronal non-contrast Computed Tomography (CT) slice, and a coronal 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) slice. The selection of color inset images includes (from Top-to-Bottom, then Left to Right): [1] diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to image long white matter tracts within and around the human brain illustrating neuronal connectivity (coloring refers to bluish=vertical direction; green=horizontal A-P direction; red=horizontal lateral direction) (courtesy of Arthur Toga, PhD); [2] registered and superimposed coronal proton-MRI (gray-scale) and a hyper polarized 129Xe ventilation MRI scan (color scale) within the same patient’s lungs, prior to their receiving a bronchial stent (courtesy of Bastiaan Driehuys, PhD); [3] coronal slice through a microwave-based image reconstruction of the Debye parameter ε (epsilon) in a heterogeneously dense human breast phantom (courtesy of Susan Hagness, PhD); [4] juxtaposed optical image of the retina and vertical and horizontal Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT) slices showing pigmentosa retinopathy (courtesy of Jean-Michel Muratet, MD); [5] functional 3-D photoacoustic imaging of melanoma (gray scale) in vivo, surrounded by highly optically absorptive blood vessels (red) (courtesy of Lihong Wang, PhD); [6] optical micrograph of HeLa cells stained for microtubules (blue) and co-stained with DAPI for actin visualization (red); HeLa cells are the world's first stem cell line, originally derived from the aggressive cervical cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks (courtesy Tom Deerinck/NCMIR); [7] visualization of the pelvis highlighting the colon, which is imaged with contrast x-ray computed tomography (CT), and after digital surface rendering can be used in virtual colonoscopy, thus avoiding a physical visible light-based colonoscopy; [8] registered and fused sagittal 99mTc-sestamibi dedicated molecular single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, heat color scale) and low-dose CT slice (gray scale) of a patient’s uncompressed, pendant breast containing two surgically confirmed DCIS loci in the posterior breast (courtesy of Martin Tornai, PhD); [9] classic, early x-radiograph of Wilhelm Röntgen’s wife’s hand (adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Photographs_that_Changed_the_World); [10] transverse pelvic CT (gray scale) with multiple superimposed simulated x-ray photon radiotherapy beams, and their cumulative 20Gy (red) deposited dose isocontours at the focus of a tumor (courtesy of Paul Read, MD, PhD); [11] false-colored scanning electron micrograph of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles (yellow) infecting a human H9 T-cell (turquoise) (adapted from http://biosingularity.com/category/infection/); [12] transverse 18F-dopa positron emission tomography (PET) slice through a Parkinson patient’s brain showing decreased in vivo quantitative uptake in the right caudate and putamen (courtesy of Christaan Schiepers, MD, PhD); [13] registered and fused transverse head CT (gray scale) and registered superimposed PET image (color) of a patient immediately after radio-therapeutic proton irradiation showing endogenously created 15O-positron emitter (2 min half-life) within the nasopharyngeal tumor focus (courtesy of Kira Grogg, PhD). [14] transverse (long axis) cardiac 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT slice illustrating thinned myocardial apical wall in a procedure performed thousands of times daily around the world (adapted from www.medscape.com). These images are but a small sampling of the breadth of the spectrum of light that is currently being investigated the world over by passionate scientists and engineers on a quest for the betterment of the human condition. All contributors for these images used herein have given their permission for their use, and are graciously thanked.
Image by Martin Tornai
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
Video by University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
All Views
Inside
Outside
Unfurled
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2
3
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Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
Video by UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy - Lexington Diagnostic Center
Video by Lexington Diagnostic Center/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy-Mayo Clinic
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
3D Visualization of Colon and Virtual Colonoscopy
3D Visualization of Colon and Virtual Colonoscopy
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
TheVisualMD
0:13
Colon unfurling
TheVisualMD
0:49
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
TheVisualMD
0:15
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
TheVisualMD
Spectrum of Medical Imaging
Martin Tornai
1:26:06
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
8:26
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
2:33
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
UCSF Imaging/YouTube
2:24
Virtual Colonoscopy - Lexington Diagnostic Center
Lexington Diagnostic Center/YouTube
2:19
Virtual Colonoscopy-Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
3D Visualization of Colon and Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
Colonoscopy
Also called: Coloscopy
Colonoscopy is an exam in which a doctor uses a colonoscope, to look inside your rectum and colon. Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
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health.
Your result is Negative.
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. If no abnormalities are discovered, an adult at average risk of colon cancer is generally advised to have a repeat colonoscopy 10 years until age 75.
Related conditions
Colonoscopy is a exam in which a doctor uses a flexible tube with a camera on one end, called a colonoscope or scope, to look inside your rectum and colon. The rectum and colon make up most of your large intestine.
Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
A colonoscopy is used:
to look for early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum. It may be part of a routine screening, which usually starts at age 45.
to look for causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits
to evaluate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and weight loss
Your doctor can also remove polyps from your colon during the procedure.
You may need a colonoscopy to find the cause of unexplained symptoms such as:
Bleeding from your anus (the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body)
Changes in your bowel activity, such as diarrhea
Pain in your abdomen (belly)
Unexplained weight loss
Doctors also use the procedure to screen for colon polyps and cancer. Screening is testing for diseases when you have no symptoms. It may find diseases at an early stage, when they are easier to treat. If aren't at higher risk for colorectal cancer, your health care provider will likely recommend you start getting screenings at age 45. If you at higher risk, you may need to start getting screened for colorectal cancer earlier.
There are also other tests to screen for colorectal cancer, including stool tests. Talk with your provider about which test is right for you and when and how often you should get it.
This test allows a provider to view your entire colon and rectum. It is often done in an outpatient department of a hospital or medical center. Before the test, you will need to empty out your colon (large bowel) in a procedure called bowel prep. During the test:
You will lie on an exam table.
You will be given medicine called a sedative to help you relax. It also prevents you from feeling pain during the procedure. You may be awake for the test, but you probably won't remember anything.
A colonoscope, a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached, will be inserted into your rectum and up into your colon.
Your provider will look for colorectal polyps or other abnormal areas.
Your provider may remove polyps or tissue samples using special tools inserted through the scope.
Polyps or samples may be sent to a lab for testing.
The sedative you are given may make you drowsy for several hours. You should arrange for someone to drive you home.
For a colonoscopy, you will need to do a bowel prep. Your provider will give you specific instructions on how to do your bowel prep, but steps for bowel prep may include:
Following a liquid diet for one to three days before the test.
Drinking plenty of clear liquids one to three days before the test. Clear liquids include water, black coffee or tea, fat-free broth, and sports drinks without added color.
Drinking a strong liquid laxative and/or using an enema on the evening before your test.
The laxative or enema will help you empty your bowels. You should prepare to spend a lot of time in the bathroom. Bowel prep can be inconvenient and uncomfortable, but if the colon is not thoroughly cleaned out, your provider may not be able to get a full picture of your colon and rectum. Polyps and other abnormal areas may not be seen.
Serious risks of colonoscopy are rare but can include:
Tears in the colon or rectum wall
Bleeding
Reaction to the sedative
Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues. Abnormal results may include the following:
Colorectal polyps or abnormal tissue were found and removed.
Samples were sent to a lab for testing.
Most polyps aren't cancerous but can turn into cancer if not removed. Depending on the size and number of polyps, your provider may recommend more frequent colonoscopies.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
You may feel cramping in your abdomen or bloating during the first hour after the colonoscopy. If the doctor removed polyps or performed a biopsy, you may have light bleeding from your anus. This bleeding is normal.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feb 10, 2024 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy | MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. Dec 5, 2022 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Colonoscopy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Robert H. Shmerling, MD. Understanding the results of your colonoscopy - Harvard Health. Oct 14, 2020 [accessed on Feb 10, 2024]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (40)
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colorectal cancer is one of the few preventable forms of cancer thanks to effective screening. For many people, screening for colorectal cancer is an unpleasant thought, but knowing your options and taking a pro-active approach especially if you're over 50 can save your life. In this video, you can learn the "ins and outs" of colonoscopy, as well as learn about a new technique called virtual colonoscopy, which uses high-tech CT scans to screen the colon.
Video by TheVisualMD
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Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
Colorectal cancer includes cancer of both the colon and rectum. It is the fourth most common cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths affecting both men and women equally. The CDC recommends that everyone age 50 or over be screened. When diagnosed early, patients have a 90% 5-year survival rate.
Video by TheVisualMD
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
Video by La Peer/YouTube
Having a colonoscopy
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
What to expect during a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
Video by AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
Video by You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
How to prepare for a colonoscopy
Video by MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Video by Gastro Pros/YouTube
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
Video by University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Video by Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Video by Stanford Health Care/YouTube
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
Video by Nebraska Medicine Nebraska Medical Center/YouTube
Video by PreOp.com Patient Engagement - Patient Education/YouTube
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
Video by UCSF Imaging/YouTube
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Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Diagram showing a colonoscopy.
Image by Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
With virtual colonoscopy, a computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is then created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
Virtual colonoscopy is a new imaging technology that uses computed tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. A computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
Drawing of a woman being tested for colon polyps. The woman is lying on her left side with her head on a pillow. In the background is a TV screen showing images of the colon.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. Polyps and very early stage cancers (Stage 0 and some early Stage I tumors) can be removed during a colonoscopy, using a variety of techniques. In late Stage I and in Stage II and III cancer, the cancerous part of the colon is removed surgically. The surgeon may perform a resection, consisting of a partial colectomy (removing the cancer and a small amount of healthy tissue around it) and an anastomosis (sewing the parts of the colon back together). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and biopsied. If it isn't possible to perform a resection (for instance, if the cancer is at the outlet of the rectum), a colostomy may be performed. In a colostomy, a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body, where it empties into a special bag. The colostomy may be temporary in order to allow the colon or rectum time to heal after surgery, or it may be permanent.
Image by TheVisualMD
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Capsule endoscopy
Image of the colon acquired by capsule endoscopy
Image by Dr.HH.Krause
All Views
Inside
Outside
Unfurled
1
2
3
4
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computerized tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. The result is a computer-generated, animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy is performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
After the image-taking procedure is complete, the cross-sectional pictures are processed by the computer to create animated, three-dimensional images of the large intestine. They are examined by a radiologist to identify any abnormal growths. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will be performed so that the abnormal growths can be removed or biopsied.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
Virtual colonoscopy is a new technology that uses computed tomography (CT), or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to look for polyps, cancer, or other diseases of the colon when an abnormality is suspected. A computer program assembles the images to create an animated, three-dimensional view of the interior of the colon. The preparation for the procedure is similar to that for a colonoscopy, but the procedure itself takes only about 10 minutes, and no sedation is required. If abnormalities are found, a conventional colonoscopy will need to be performed for removal or biopsy of the growth.
Image by TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
A colonoscopy is an examination of the interior of the colon. It is often used as a screening tool for early detection of colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube with a video camera at one end, called a colonoscope, is inserted first into the anus and then into the colon. The doctor can view the inside of the colon along its entire length on a video monitor.
Image by TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Picture of a capsule
Image by Euchiasmus
Preparing for a colonoscopy
Video by AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
0:05
Colorectal Cancer Clip 6
TheVisualMD
0:15
Colorectal Cancer Clip 4
TheVisualMD
0:49
Colorectal Cancer Clip 3
TheVisualMD
4:13
Colorectal Cancer Screening
TheVisualMD
4:12
Colorectal Cancer Screening & Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
14:55
Preparing for a Colonoscopy
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:35
Why No One Should Be Afraid of a Colonoscopy
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
2:56
What are Colonoscopy Risks? • Risks of Colonoscopy | Colonoscopy Center of Excellence
La Peer/YouTube
1:37
Having a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
1:23
The Importance of Good Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
6:30
What is a colonoscopy and how do I prepare for it?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
8:26
Virtual Colonoscopy Q&A | Dr. Karen Horton
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
1:16
What to expect during a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
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6 Reasons to Get a Colonoscopy
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
2:45
Colonoscopy Video Tour: Removal of a Colon Polyp (Polypectomy)
AmCollege Gastro/YouTube
5:15
What happens during and after a colonoscopy?
You and Colonoscopy/YouTube
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How to prepare for a colonoscopy
MD Anderson Cancer Center/YouTube
2:49
Colonoscopy and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Gastro Pros/YouTube
1:26:06
Virtual Colonoscopy: A Kinder Gentler Way to Prevent Colon Cancer
University of California Television (UCTV)/YouTube
4:06
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Dartmouth-Hitchcock/YouTube
3:47
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Stanford Health Care/YouTube
8:46
Rectal Cancer | Q&A
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
4:18
5 Things to Know About Colonoscopy - The Nebraska Medical Center
UCSF Radiology: How is Virtual Colonoscopy Performed?
UCSF Imaging/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Diagram showing a colonoscopy
Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Virtual Colonoscopy 3D Model
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
TheVisualMD
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy testing
NIDDK Image Library
Colorectal Cancer Types of Surgery
TheVisualMD
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Capsule endoscopy
Dr.HH.Krause
Virtual Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
Virtual Colonoscopy open colon section view
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscopy
TheVisualMD
A Less Invasive Look
TheVisualMD
Screening and Diagnosis Colonoscope
TheVisualMD
Capsule endoscopy
Euchiasmus
1:15
Preparing for a colonoscopy
AmerGastroAssn/YouTube
Celiac Disease Screening
Celiac Disease Screening
Also called: Celiac Disease Antibody Tests, Gluten Intolerance
A celiac disease test is a blood test that screens for celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes an allergic reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Celiac disease can seriously damage your small intestine.
Celiac Disease Screening
Also called: Celiac Disease Antibody Tests, Gluten Intolerance
A celiac disease test is a blood test that screens for celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes an allergic reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Celiac disease can seriously damage your small intestine.
A celiac disease blood test looks for signs of celiac disease in a sample of your blood. Celiac disease is a chronic (long-term) digestive and immune disorder that damages your small intestine. The damage may prevent your body from absorbing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead to malnutrition, anemia and other serious health problems.
Celiac disease is a type of autoimmune disease. That means that your own immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Normally, your immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight germs. With celiac disease, problems start if you eat foods that have a protein called gluten. Your immune system "thinks" the gluten proteins are germs, so it makes antibodies that attack the lining of your small intestine.
Gluten is found in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains. It's also found in certain toothpastes, lipsticks, medicines, and other products. A celiac disease test looks for antibodies to gluten in your blood sample.
A celiac disease blood test is used to:
Help diagnose celiac disease if you have symptoms
Monitor celiac disease to see if treatment is helping
Screen for signs of celiac disease if the disease runs in your family (more than one person has it)
You may need a celiac disease test if you have symptoms of celiac disease. Symptoms can vary a lot, and they may come and go. Children tend to have more digestive problems than adults.
The digestive symptoms of celiac disease include:
Bloating (feeling fullness or swelling in your belly)
Chronic (long-term) diarrhea or greasy, bulky, unusually bad-smelling stool (poop)
Constipation
Gas
Lactose intolerance because of damage to the small intestine
Nausea and vomiting
Pain in the abdomen (belly)
Weight loss in adults, or not enough weight gain in children
Some people with celiac disease have symptoms that affect other parts of the body, such as:
Fatigue
Headaches
Depression and anxiety
Irritability (in children)
Itchy rash with blisters (mainly in adults)
Other conditions such as gluten sensitivity and wheat allergies may cause symptoms that are much like celiac disease. But these are different conditions. They don't damage the small intestine, and they are diagnosed with different tests.
You may need a celiac test if you have a high risk for having the disease even if you don't have symptoms. Celiac disease is a genetic disorder. That means it's passed down from parents to children through genes. You are more likely to have celiac disease if you:
Have a parent, sibling or child who has the disease
Have another autoimmune disorder, such as type 1 diabetes
Most people who have genes for celiac disease don't get the disease. But screening may still be important. That's because you could have intestinal damage from celiac disease even if you don't seem to notice any symptoms. This is called "silent celiac disease." Talk with your health care provider to see if you should be tested.
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.
If the test is being used to diagnose celiac disease, you'll need to continue to eat foods with gluten for a few weeks before testing. Your health care provider will give you specific instructions about how to prepare for the test.
If the test is being used to monitor celiac disease, you don't need any special preparations.
There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
There are different types of celiac disease antibodies, so your celiac blood test results may include information on more than one type of antibody. Your results may also include other blood tests you had to look for signs of celiac disease. Your provider can explain what all your test results say about your health.
In general, results from a celiac disease blood test may be:
Negative. This means that celiac disease antibodies weren't found in your blood. So, you probably don't have celiac disease.
Positive. This mean that celiac disease antibodies were found in your blood. So, you're likely to have celiac disease. To confirm the diagnosis, you will need more tests to look for damage in your intestines.
Uncertain, indeterminate, or inconclusive. These terms all mean that it's unclear whether you have celiac disease.
Your provider may order other tests to confirm that you have celiac disease and/or to see how much damage the disease may have caused. These tests may include:
A biopsy to examine a tissue sample from your small intestine or your skin if you have a rash that could be from celiac disease. An endoscopy is used to take a sample of tissue from your small intestine.
Capsule endoscopy to look at your small intestine. For this test, you swallow a tiny camera in a capsule. As it passes through your small intestine, it records pictures. The camera leaves your body during a bowel movement (poop).
Genetic testing to see if you have a gene linked to celiac disease
Tests for other health problems that celiac disease may cause such as anemia, osteoporosis, or a lack of certain vitamins.
Most people with celiac disease will feel better if they avoid foods and products with gluten. Your provider may refer you to a registered dietician (a nutrition expert) who can help you learn how to eat a healthy diet without gluten. Eating a gluten-free diet usually helps heals damage in the small intestine and prevents more damage. Many people see symptoms improve within days to weeks of starting the diet.
Celiac Disease Screening: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Oct 04, 2022]
Request A Test: Celiac Disease Antibody Screen [accessed on Aug 21, 2018]
LabCorp: Celiac Antibodies Profile tTG IgA, tTG IgG, DGP IgA, DGP IgG, EMA IgA, and Total IgA [accessed on Aug 21, 2018]
Lab Tests Online. Celiac Disease Antibody Tests. [accessed on Aug 21, 2018]
How to Test for Gluten Intolerance and Celiac Disease - Amy Myers MD [accessed on Dec 21, 2018]
Additional Materials (11)
Large Intestine
Histology of the Large Intestine
Image by OpenStax College
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody: Small Intestine Walls
The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. Celiac disease results in damage to villi, which can result in symptoms similar to malnutrition.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is also known as a "clinical chameleon" since some who have the condition remain asymptomatic, while many have symptoms, like diarrhea, abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or excess gas, anema, fatigue, that mimic other diseases. Celiac disease is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, and damages the lining of the small intestines. This prevents the body from absorbing essential vitamins and minerals, and if undetected, the condition can have serious consequences.
Image by TheVisualMD
This browser does not support the video element.
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is also known as a "clinical chameleon" since some who have the condition remain asymptomatic, while many have symptoms, like diarrhea, abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or excess gas, anema, fatigue, that mimic other diseases. Celiac disease is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, and damages the lining of the small intestines. This prevents the body from absorbing essential vitamins and minerals, and if undetected, the condition can have serious consequences.
Video by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
This image shows the damage that eating the protein gluten can cause in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Experts believe that nearly 1 in 100 people may have this autoimmune ailment, which is triggered by exposure to the protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in rye and barley. This man's small intestine, enlarged in the background image, is lined with finger-like healthy villi (inset) which absorb nutrients from food. But when those with celiac disease eat gluten, it is seen as a foreign invader. The resulting autoimmune response damages villi cells (right inset). The villi are worn away, and cannot absorb nutrients properly, resulting in malnutrition and many other serious effects.
Image by TheVisualMD
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody TTG, Small Intestine Wall
The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from food. Celiac disease is a disorder in which the body's immune system responds to gluten (found in wheat, rye, and barley) by producing antibodies called tissue transglutaminase (tTG) that target the intestinal villi for attack. Damaged villi cannot absorb nutrients effectively, which is why symptoms of celiac disease can resemble malnutrition.
Celiac disease is a disorder in which the body's immune system responds to the protein gluten by producing antibodies called tissue transglutaminase (tTG that target the lining of the small intestine for attack. Gluten is found in wheat, rye and barley. In addition to breads, cakes, pastries, pies, cookies, crackers, pastas, and cereals, less obvious sources of gluten include beer, gravies, processed luncheon meats, salad dressings, sauces, and soups.
Image by TheVisualMD
In celiac disease, the villi (small, finger-like projections that line the small intestine and promote nutrient absorption) become shortened and eventually flatten out
This image shows the damage that eating the protein gluten can cause in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Experts believe that nearly 1 in 100 people may have this autoimmune ailment, which is triggered by exposure to the protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in rye and barley. This man's small intestine, enlarged in the background image, is lined with finger-like healthy villi (inset) which absorb nutrients from food. But when those with celiac disease eat gluten, it is seen as a foreign invader. The resulting autoimmune response damages villi cells (right inset). The villi are worn away, and cannot absorb nutrients properly, resulting in malnutrition and many other serious effects.
Image by TheVisualMD
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody: Intestines
Our immune defenses are remarkably good at distinguishing friend from foe. But they not perfect. Autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease, which attacks the lining of the small intestine, are examples of how immune systems can backfire.
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. In addition to breads, cakes, pastries, pies, cookies, crackers, pastas, and cereals, less obvious sources of gluten include beer, gravies, processed luncheon meats, salad dressings, sauces, and soups.
Image by TheVisualMD
Gluten and Celiac Disease
Video by The National Library of Medicine/YouTube
Large Intestine
OpenStax College
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody: Small Intestine Walls
TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
TheVisualMD
4:32
Celiac Disease
TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
TheVisualMD
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody TTG, Small Intestine Wall
In celiac disease, the villi (small, finger-like projections that line the small intestine and promote nutrient absorption) become shortened and eventually flatten out
Gluten sensitivity refers to an abnormal immune response to the ingestion of gluten. Testing for gluten sensitivity involves performing a profile that includes several tests that are done to rule-out celiac disease and other related gluten-sensitive disorders.
Gluten Sensitivity Test
Also called: Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity, NCGS
Gluten sensitivity refers to an abnormal immune response to the ingestion of gluten. Testing for gluten sensitivity involves performing a profile that includes several tests that are done to rule-out celiac disease and other related gluten-sensitive disorders.
Gluten sensitivity, also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity, refers to an exaggerated and abnormal immune response to the ingestion of gluten, which is a protein that can be found in wheat, barley, and rye products.
People with non-celiac gluten sensitivity develop symptoms similar to those of celiac disease, but do not test positive for celiac disease.
In order to diagnose gluten sensitivity, several tests must be first performed to rule out celiac disease, wheat allergy, or other related disorders. These tests include:
Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibodies, IgA and IgG
Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies
Anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), IgG
Wheat allergen-specific IgE (wheat IgE)
Even though medical research lends support to the existence of gluten sensitivity, not all physicians agree on this, and there's not enough evidence yet to reach a consensus on how to test for this disorder.
Your doctor may want to order testing for gluten sensitivity if you have signs and symptoms compatible with an abnormal body response to gluten. These include:
Abdominal cramping
Persistent diarrhea
Constipation
Joint pain and inflammation
Headaches
Fatigue
Anemia
Depression
Weight loss
Vitamin deficiencies
Short stature
Delayed puberty
Since no consensus has been reached on how to test for gluten sensitivity accurately, there is not a single recommended method for testing, and some healthcare practitioners offer saliva, stool, or blood tests.
However, since gluten sensitivity is a rule-out diagnosis, blood tests are used. In this case, a needle will be used to take a blood sample from a vein in your arm.
It’s important that you don’t stop eating gluten-containing products because doing so may lead to false-negative results. Therefore, keep your normal diet, including foods that contain gluten, for a few weeks before the test.
You may feel a little sting when the needle is inserted and extracted but otherwise is a quick procedure. You may also experience bruising and a little bleeding, as well as mild soreness for a short amount of time after the extraction.
The gluten sensitivity screening profile follows several steps:
First step (tTG/DGP screen tests)
The first step involves testing for DGP antibodies along with tTG antibodies. These antibodies help diagnose gluten-sensitive enteropathies including celiac disease.
If positive: testing stops. This result indicates that you may have celiac disease or another gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Further testing may be required.
If negative: testing reflexes to the second step of the profile.
Second step (AGA test)
During the second step, AGA IgG is tested. This is the most sensitive marker for gluten sensitivity.
If positive: testing stops. This result indicates that you may have non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
If negative: testing reflexes to the third step of the profile.
Third Step (wheat IgE test)
This is the third and last step of the profile, where a wheat IgE test is performed. This helps diagnose wheat allergy, which is a common food allergy in children and mimics celiac disease.
If positive: testing stops. This result indicates that you may have wheat allergy.
If negative: testing stops. In this case, your result will say “not suggestive of gluten sensitivity.”
After the above testing, if improvement is seen after the removal of gluten from the diet, non-celiac gluten sensitivity may be diagnosed.
164125: Gluten Sensitivity Antibodies Cascade | LabCorp [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
https://www.labcorp.com/tests/related-documents/L9118 [accessed on Feb 06, 2019]
Gluten Sensitivity Testing | BeyondCeliac.org [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
Celiac Disease, Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity or Wheat Allergy: What is the Difference? - The Gluten Intolerance Group of North America [accessed on Dec 20, 2018]
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/celiac-disease-health-care-professionals [accessed on Feb 06, 2019]
https://www.verywellhealth.com/gluten-sensitivity-tests-562963 [accessed on Feb 06, 2019]
https://www.coeliac.org.uk/coeliac-disease/about-coeliac-disease-and-dermatitis-herpetiformis/gluten-sensitivity/ [accessed on Feb 06, 2019]
https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/non-celiac-wheat-gluten-sensitivity/ [accessed on Feb 06, 2019]
Additional Materials (21)
Is Gluten that bad for your health? | The Science
Video by What I've Learned/YouTube
What’s the big deal with gluten? - William D. Chey
Video by TED-Ed/YouTube
The Strange World of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity - Celiac Disease in the News
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
What is gluten sensitivity?
Video by CNN/YouTube
The War on Wheat - the fifth estate
Video by CBC News/YouTube
What is Gluten?
Video by Sutter Health/YouTube
Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity
Video by Mayo Proceedings/YouTube
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity | Michael Albertson, MD - UCLA Health
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
Ask a Patient: Celiac Disease & Gluten Sensitivity
Video by Carilion Clinic/YouTube
How is gluten sensitivity diagnosed?
Video by BaptistHealthSF/YouTube
Celiac Disease Testing: Is It For Me?
Video by Best Doctors/YouTube
Stages of Celiac Disease
Diagram to show the different stages of Celiac Disease. Schematic of the Marsh classification of upper jejunal pathology in celiac disease.
Image by Wikipedia
Celiac Disease Testing (for Health Care Professionals)
Endoscopic image of duodenum in individual with celiac disease, showing scalloping of the folds and cracked-mud appearance of the mucosa.
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. In addition to breads, cakes, pastries, pies, cookies, crackers, pastas, and cereals, less obvious sources of gluten include beer, gravies, processed luncheon meats, salad dressings, sauces, and soups.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pasta
Image by sweetlouise/Pixabay
Celiac Disease
This image shows the damage that eating the protein gluten can cause in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Experts believe that nearly 1 in 100 people may have this autoimmune ailment, which is triggered by exposure to the protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in rye and barley. This man's small intestine, enlarged in the background image, is lined with finger-like healthy villi (inset) which absorb nutrients from food. But when those with celiac disease eat gluten, it is seen as a foreign invader. The resulting autoimmune response damages villi cells (right inset). The villi are worn away, and cannot absorb nutrients properly, resulting in malnutrition and many other serious effects.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system responds to gluten (found in wheat, rye, and barley) by producing antibodies. Mistaking gluten as a foreign invader, the antibodies target and attack the carpet of finger-like projections called villi that line the small intestine. Damaged villi can no longer absorb nutrients effectively, which is why symptoms of celiac disease can resemble malnutrition.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is also known as a "clinical chameleon" since some who have the condition remain asymptomatic, while many have symptoms, like diarrhea, abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or excess gas, anema, fatigue, that mimic other diseases. Celiac disease is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, and damages the lining of the small intestines. This prevents the body from absorbing essential vitamins and minerals, and if undetected, the condition can have serious consequences.
Image by TheVisualMD
Gluten Free
Image by Free For Commercial Use (FFC)
12:56
Is Gluten that bad for your health? | The Science
What I've Learned/YouTube
5:18
What’s the big deal with gluten? - William D. Chey
TED-Ed/YouTube
2:38
The Strange World of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity - Celiac Disease in the News
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
2:51
What is gluten sensitivity?
CNN/YouTube
38:55
The War on Wheat - the fifth estate
CBC News/YouTube
3:12
What is Gluten?
Sutter Health/YouTube
6:43
Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity
Mayo Proceedings/YouTube
47:44
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity | Michael Albertson, MD - UCLA Health
UCLA Health/YouTube
8:56
Ask a Patient: Celiac Disease & Gluten Sensitivity
Carilion Clinic/YouTube
0:29
How is gluten sensitivity diagnosed?
BaptistHealthSF/YouTube
6:18
Celiac Disease Testing: Is It For Me?
Best Doctors/YouTube
Stages of Celiac Disease
Wikipedia
Celiac Disease Testing (for Health Care Professionals)
Wheat allergy, one of the most common food allergies in children, is an allergic reaction to wheat-based foods. Wheat allergy testing is used to find out if you or your child have a wheat allergy or sensitivity. Gluten sensitivity is not usually classified as a wheat allergy.
Wheat Allergy Test
Wheat allergy, one of the most common food allergies in children, is an allergic reaction to wheat-based foods. Wheat allergy testing is used to find out if you or your child have a wheat allergy or sensitivity. Gluten sensitivity is not usually classified as a wheat allergy.
A food allergy happens when your immune system - your body's defense against germs - overreacts to a certain food as if it was harmful. If you have symptoms after eating certain foods, food allergy testing can help find out if your symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction to those foods. And it's important to find out because allergic reactions to food can be serious.
Most food allergy symptoms are mild and include skin rashes and abdominal (belly) pain. But sometimes, symptoms quickly develop into a life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that may affect your whole body, including your breathing. And there's no way to predict when an allergic reaction may change from mild to serious.
If you have a food allergy, eating even tiny amounts of a certain food or ingredient can quickly trigger your immune system to react. Most food allergies are caused by:
Milk
Eggs
Peanuts
Tree nuts (including almonds, walnuts, pecans, and cashews)
Soy
Wheat
Fish
Shellfish
Food allergies are more common in children than adults. Most children will grow out of allergies to milk, egg, soy, and wheat. But if a food allergy begins in adulthood, it's likely to continue through life.
If you or your child has symptoms that could be from a food allergy, your or your child's health care provider will probably refer you to an allergist for testing. An allergist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating allergies and asthma.
The allergist will pick the type of food allergy test that's right for you or your child. Tests include skin tests, blood tests, and a test where you eat small amounts of a suspected food while a provider watches for signs of allergy.
Food allergy testing is used to help find out if you or your child has an allergy to a specific food. It is mainly used for people who have had symptoms that could be a food allergy. Testing may also be used to see if allergies have gone away over time.
Food allergy testing can help tell whether you have a true food allergy or a food intolerance or food sensitivity, which may cause similar symptoms. The key difference is that food allergies involve your immune system and can affect your whole body and become life-threatening. But food intolerance and sensitivity don't become life-threatening and generally affect only your digestion.
Examples of food intolerances, or food sensitivities, include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and irritable bowel syndrome. The symptoms may include belly pain, nausea, gas, and diarrhea, which can also happen with food allergies.
You or your child may need food allergy testing if either of you:
Have symptoms within minutes to hours after exposure to certain foods. Symptoms may affect your digestion, skin, and/or breathing, and may include:
Nausea and vomiting
Stomach pain
Diarrhea
Tingling in the mouth
Skin reactions, such as hives or itching.
Red, itchy skin or a rash
Coughing
Stuffy, itchy, or runny nose
Have had symptoms of anaphylaxis. Symptoms of this life-threatening reaction may appear within minutes to hours after exposure to certain foods. Symptoms include:
Trouble breathing
Dizziness
Fainting
Swelling of the tongue, lips, and/or throat
Rapid heart rate
Cold, clammy, skin that may appear grayish, bluish, or pale
If someone has symptoms of anaphylaxis, call 911 to get medical help right away.
You may also have food allergy testing if you or your child has been diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Testing is done to find out which foods may make this condition worse.
Your child's provider may recommend food allergy testing if your infant or child has been diagnosed with:
Moderate to severe eczema
Enterocolitis, inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Enteropathy, a disease of the intestine
Allergic proctocolitis, a disorder that involves streaks of blood and mucus in stool (poop)
An allergist will ask about your or your child's symptoms, family health history, and medical history, including other allergies. A physical exam is usually done before allergy testing.
Next, your allergist or another provider will do one or more allergy tests. There are many types of allergy tests, and they have different risks. So, ask your provider which tests are best for you or your child. These are the most common tests:
A skin prick test is the most commonly used test. A provider will place a drop of liquid on the skin of your arm or back. The liquid contains a protein from a specific food that may trigger an immune reaction. The provider will prick the skin under the drop so the liquid gets below the surface. Then you'll wait for 15 to 30 minutes. If a red, itchy bump forms, you may have an allergy to that food. More than one food protein may be tested.
An allergy blood test measures immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in your blood. Your immune system makes specific types of IgE in response to different foods. If you have a food allergy, your levels of IgE related to that food may be higher than normal. But the amount of IgE in your blood can't confirm a food allergy or tell you how serious an allergy may be. A blood test may be done with other tests to confirm a food allergy.
To take blood sample, a health care professional will insert a small needle into a vein in your arm. A small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out.
An oral food challenge test is the most accurate food allergy test. It can be used alone to diagnose food allergies. During this test, you will slowly eat increasing amounts of a food that's suspected of causing your symptoms. You'll be closely watched for an allergic reaction. If your body doesn't react to the food, you aren't allergic to it.
If you have an allergic reaction, your food allergy is confirmed, and you'll be treated right away for the reaction. The treatment will depend on how severe your reaction is.
A food elimination diet is a test you do at home following instructions from your allergist. You'll start by removing all suspected foods from your diet for about two weeks. Then you'll slowly start adding the foods back to your diet, one at a time. If you have symptoms when you start eating a food again, you may be allergic to that food. Your symptoms could also be caused by a food intolerance, so other tests may be needed.
A food elimination diet may not be safe for someone who has had a serious allergic reaction to food in the past.
If you are having any type of allergy test, you may need to stop taking certain medicines and/or supplements before the test. Your provider will let you know what to avoid and for how long. Don't stop taking any medicines unless your provider tells you to. Your test may require other preparation, so be sure to follow all your provider's instructions for getting ready.
A skin prick test can cause itchy or irritated skin. Your allergist may recommend medicine to relieve the symptoms. The test is generally safe, but a severe reaction is possible.
A blood test has very little risk. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
An oral challenge test can cause a severe allergic reaction. That's why this test is done with close supervision by an allergist who can treat you if there is an emergency.
An elimination diet may cause a serious allergic reaction. Ask your allergist what to do if you develop symptoms.
A food challenge test is the only food allergy test that can confirm a diagnosis of a food allergy. If you have other tests, your or your child's allergist will use your test results along with your symptoms and medical history to make a diagnosis.
If the allergist diagnoses a food allergy, the treatment is to avoid the food that trigger your symptoms. There is no cure for food allergies. Avoiding trigger foods involves carefully reading food labels. You'll also need to explain the allergy to anyone who may prepare or serve food to you or your child, including friends, waiters, babysitters, and teachers.
Your allergist will tell you how to manage a mild allergic reaction. In case you or your child has a severe allergic reaction, your allergist may prescribe an autoinjector. An autoinjector is a small device that you use to inject an emergency allergy medicine, called epinephrine. If you need to use the device, it's still very important to get medical help right away even if you feel better. Your allergist will explain when and how to use an autoinjector.
If you have questions about test results and/or how to manage allergic reactions, talk with your allergist.
Wheat & Gluten Allergy | Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website [accessed on Oct 10, 2019]
Wheat Allergy | Food Allergy Research & Education [accessed on Oct 10, 2019]
Additional Materials (39)
Why Do We Get Allergies?
Video by Seeker/YouTube
What is an Allergy? (Conditions A-Z)
Video by Healthguru/YouTube
Kids Living With Food Allergies
Video by FARE/YouTube
The Antiglobulin Tests
Video by Mechanisms in Medicine/YouTube
Type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated hypersensitivity) - an Osmosis Preview
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
Video 15 Ig Antibodies and Immunoglobulin Function
Video by John Thomas/YouTube
Mono-und-Polymere
Some antibodies form polymers that bind to multiple antigen molecules..
An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES. (MESH)
Image by Martin Brändli (brandlee86)
IgE, Mast Cell
Antibodies are proteins that are part of the body's immune system; their function is to identify and bind to foreign invaders. The body's immune response is also involved in respiratory disorders such as asthma, in which the lungs are hypersensitive to allergens such as pollen, molds or animal dander. A class of antibodies known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) can cause mast cells, one of the components of the immune system, to release chemicals such as histamine, which in turn are responsible for allergy symptoms.
Pollen, dust, certain foods, mold, and even family pets can be the source of bothersome allergy symptoms. Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions worldwide and affect 1 in 5 Americans, and they are on the rise. 53 percent of children between the ages of 2 and 17 who are tested show sensitivity to allergens. If not addressed, sensitivities can progress from childhood allergies to asthma. This process is known as the allergy march.
Image by TheVisualMD
Whole Wheat Bread Slice
Photo of whole wheat bread, with the actual whole grains visible.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross section of Wheat
A cross-section of a grain of wheat shows the bran, endosperm, and germ. The image supports information explaining how refining wheat strips it of fiber and nutrients, leaving only a simple starch that is quickly absorbed in the bloodstream and causes blood sugar to spike.
Image by TheVisualMD
Wheat
A field of wheat in Deggendorf, Germany
Image by Max Ronnersjo
Wheat
Ears of common wheat.
Image by Rasbak
Wheat
Image by User:Bluemoose
Gluten Sensitivity activated by Bread and Wheat
Gluten Sensitivity activated by Bread and Wheat
Image by CoxinhaFotos
Plate of High Phosphorus Food
Most of the body's phosphorus is in a form combined with calcium to help form bones and teeth, but it is also found in muscle, nerve tissue, and, in tiny but crucial amounts, within cells throughout the body, where it is a component of key molecules such as DNA. A wide variety of foods, such as meat, eggs, fish, dairy, beans, peas, nuts, and grains contain significant amounts of phosphorus. Plant-based sources of phosphorus, however, are less available to the body because we lack digestive enzymes to fully utilize them.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
This image shows the damage that eating the protein gluten can cause in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Experts believe that nearly 1 in 100 people may have this autoimmune ailment, which is triggered by exposure to the protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in rye and barley. This man's small intestine, enlarged in the background image, is lined with finger-like healthy villi (inset) which absorb nutrients from food. But when those with celiac disease eat gluten, it is seen as a foreign invader. The resulting autoimmune response damages villi cells (right inset). The villi are worn away, and cannot absorb nutrients properly, resulting in malnutrition and many other serious effects.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
This image shows the damage that eating the protein gluten can cause in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Experts believe that nearly 1 in 100 people may have this autoimmune ailment, which is triggered by exposure to the protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in rye and barley. This man's small intestine, enlarged in the background image, is lined with finger-like healthy villi (inset) which absorb nutrients from food. But when those with celiac disease eat gluten, it is seen as a foreign invader. The resulting autoimmune response damages villi cells (right inset). The villi are worn away, and cannot absorb nutrients properly, resulting in malnutrition and many other serious effects.
Celiac disease is a disorder in which the body's immune system responds to the protein gluten by producing antibodies called tissue transglutaminase (tTG that target the lining of the small intestine for attack. Gluten is found in wheat, rye and barley. In addition to breads, cakes, pastries, pies, cookies, crackers, pastas, and cereals, less obvious sources of gluten include beer, gravies, processed luncheon meats, salad dressings, sauces, and soups.
Image by TheVisualMD
Hold the Simple Starch!
Highly refined grains and starches make up too much of the Western diet
Image by TheVisualMD
Hold the Simple Starch
White flour, made from wheat with the bran and germ removed, gained popularity because it could be shipped without spoiling. Highly processed grains trigger the insulin response, just as sugars do. Whole grains supply the body with vitamins (especially B vitamins and vitamin E), fiber, iron and other minerals. Because whole grains are broken down more slowly, their nutrients are more fully absorbed.
Image by TheVisualMD
Stages of Celiac Disease
Diagram to show the different stages of Celiac Disease. Schematic of the Marsh classification of upper jejunal pathology in celiac disease.
Image by Wikipedia
This browser does not support the video element.
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is also known as a "clinical chameleon" since some who have the condition remain asymptomatic, while many have symptoms, like diarrhea, abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or excess gas, anema, fatigue, that mimic other diseases. Celiac disease is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, and damages the lining of the small intestines. This prevents the body from absorbing essential vitamins and minerals, and if undetected, the condition can have serious consequences.
Video by TheVisualMD
Farm Health and Safety
Combine Harvesting Wheat , Eastern Washington wheat harvest
Image by Charles Knowles
Farm Health and Safety
Combine unloads grain . Common scene in the Palouse country. These guys are harvesting in Eastern Washington near the town of Steptoe.
Image by Charles Knowles
Celiac Disease Testing (for Health Care Professionals)
Endoscopic image of duodenum in individual with celiac disease, showing scalloping of the folds and cracked-mud appearance of the mucosa.
Image by Samir at en.wikipedia
Farm Health and Safety
Palouse Wheat ready for harvest . Nothing like watch sunrise from the highest point in the middle of the Palouse country.
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. In addition to breads, cakes, pastries, pies, cookies, crackers, pastas, and cereals, less obvious sources of gluten include beer, gravies, processed luncheon meats, salad dressings, sauces, and soups.
Image by TheVisualMD
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is also known as a "clinical chameleon" since some who have the condition remain asymptomatic, while many have symptoms, like diarrhea, abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or excess gas, anema, fatigue, that mimic other diseases. Celiac disease is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, and damages the lining of the small intestines. This prevents the body from absorbing essential vitamins and minerals, and if undetected, the condition can have serious consequences.
Image by TheVisualMD
Wheat
Wheat
Image by David Monniaux
Food types likely to cause allergic reactions in adults in Sweden: drupe, cheese, nuts, wine, apples, and shellfish
Food types likely to cause allergic reactions in adults in Sweden: drupe, cheese, nuts, wine, apples, and shellfish
Image by David Castor (dcastor)
Wheat field
U.S. Department of Agriculture Market Reporter Heath Dewey takes a closer look at a wheat field outside of Eaton, Colorado, August 12, 2019.
Image by USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
U.S. Department of Agriculture Market Reporter Heath Dewey takes a closer look at a wheat field outside of Eaton, Colorado, August 12, 2019.
Image by USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
U.S. Department of Agriculture Market Reporter Heath Dewey takes a closer look at a wheat field outside of Eaton, Colorado, August 12, 2019.
Image by USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
U.S. Department of Agriculture Market Reporter Heath Dewey takes a closer look at a wheat field outside of Eaton, Colorado, August 12, 2019.
Image by USDA Photo by Preston Keres
4:02
Why Do We Get Allergies?
Seeker/YouTube
2:23
What is an Allergy? (Conditions A-Z)
Healthguru/YouTube
3:30
Kids Living With Food Allergies
FARE/YouTube
2:36
The Antiglobulin Tests
Mechanisms in Medicine/YouTube
1:09
Type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated hypersensitivity) - an Osmosis Preview
Osmosis/YouTube
2:40
Video 15 Ig Antibodies and Immunoglobulin Function
Food types likely to cause allergic reactions in adults in Sweden: drupe, cheese, nuts, wine, apples, and shellfish
David Castor (dcastor)
Wheat field
USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
USDA Photo by Preston Keres
Wheat field
USDA Photo by Preston Keres
What Are the Treatments?
Digestive System and Medication
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
Digestive System and Medication
Digestive System and Medication
Image by TheVisualMD / mcmurryjulie
What Is the Treatment for IBS?
There is no cure for IBS, but there are things you can do to feel better. Treatment may include:
Changing your diet
Taking medication
Counseling and stress relief
Changing your diet
Foods do not cause IBS, but eating certain food may start some IBS symptoms. You can ease the symptoms of IBS by changing some eating habits.
Find out which foods make your symptoms worse by writing in a journal:
What you eat during the day
What symptoms you have
When symptoms occur
You will want to limit or avoid these foods. Problem foods may be:
Milk and milk products like cheese or ice cream
Caffeinated drinks like coffee
Carbonated drinks like soda, especially those that contain artificial sweeteners (like sorbitol) or high-fructose corn syrup
Alcohol
Some fruits and vegetables
Other ways to ease symptoms are:
Eating a healthy, balanced diet.
Eating more high-fiber foods such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables (especially for people with constipation). Add foods with fiber to your diet a little at a time to let your body get used to them. High-fiber diets may not help with pain or diarrhea, and may make gas and cramping worse. Check the information on foods such as cereals. You should aim to eat 20 grams of fiber per day.
Drinking 6 to 8 glasses of water a day (especially for people with diarrhea). It is unclear whether this helps IBS symptoms, but it can help treat dehydration that sometimes happens with diarrhea.
Avoiding large meals, which can cause cramping and diarrhea in people with IBS. If this happens to you, try eating 4 or 5 small meals a day. Or, eat less at each of your usual 3 meals.
Taking medicine
Your doctor may give you medicine to help with symptoms:
Fiber supplements such as psyllium (Metamucil) to help control constipation.
Anti-diarrheal medications, such as loperamide (Imodium), to help control diarrhea.
Antispasmodic agents such as peppermint oil or dicyclomine to slow contractions in the bowel, which may help with diarrhea and pain.
Antidepressant medications such as a tricylcic antidepressant or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) if symptoms include pain or depression.
IBS medication. A medication known as Lubiprostone is approved by the FDA for women with severe IBS-C (constipation).
Take your medicine exactly as your doctor tells you to. All drugs have side effects and may affect people differently. Tell your doctor about any over-the-counter medicines you take.
Counseling and stress relief
Many people who seek care for IBS also have anxiety, panic, or depression. Stress is also an issue for people with IBS because it can make the symptoms worse. Research shows that psychological therapy can help ease IBS symptoms. Therapies that can help reduce feelings of stress and anxiety include:
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a short-term treatment that mixes different types of therapies and behavioral strategies. The type of CBT used to treat IBS may focus on managing life stress. Or, it may focus on changing how a person responds to anxiety about IBS symptoms.
Dynamic psychotherapy, an intensive, short-term form of talk therapy. It may focus on in-depth discussions about the link between symptoms and emotions. The therapy may also help people identify and resolve interpersonal conflicts.
Hypnotherapy, where people enter an altered state of consciousness. Visual suggestions are made to imagine pain going away, for example.
General stress relief is also important. Exercising regularly is a good way to relieve stress. It also helps the bowel function better and improves overall health. Meditation, yoga, and massage may also help.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (6)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
Video by ESNM/YouTube
Treating IBS
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
What I Eat in a Day for IBS + Bloating | Elimination Diets 101
Video by The Gut Health Foodie/YouTube
Managing your IBS-D
Video by Access Health/YouTube
Help for IBS Harvard H264 MOV
Video by PatientEdChannel/YouTube
IBS Diet: Get Control of Your Gut!
Video by The Doctors/YouTube
2:59
Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms, Treatment, Research
ESNM/YouTube
1:36
Treating IBS
Lee Health/YouTube
12:22
What I Eat in a Day for IBS + Bloating | Elimination Diets 101
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Women
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a collection of symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. IBS affects more women than men. Learn about symptoms and treatment options.