Dogs can have many positive effects on the lives of their owners. They influence social, emotional, and cognitive development in children, promote an active lifestyle, provide companionship, and have even been able to detect oncoming epileptic seizures or the presence of certain cancers. Dogs can also help to relieve stress and anxiety in people. Around 38% of US households are estimated to have one or more dogs.

Although dogs can be beneficial to the health and wellbeing of their owners, people should be aware that dogs of any age, including puppies, can sometimes carry harmful germs that can make people sick. Germs from dogs can cause a variety of illnesses, from minor skin infections to serious illnesses. One of the best ways you can protect yourself from getting sick is to thoroughly wash your hands after handling, caring for, feeding, or cleaning up after dogs.

By providing your dog with routine veterinary care and following the simple tips, you are less likely to get sick from touching or interacting with a dog.

Do your homework first

When looking to adopt a new dog, you may find one listed online in another country. Some overseas adoption agencies or breeders may be scams or misrepresent a pet’s health or medical history. Do your research before you adopt to ensure that you, your family, and your new dog stay safe and healthy.

The risks of overseas adoptions

Some rescue groups, animal welfare agencies, and breeders may misrepresent themselves and the dogs they sell, rescue, or adopt.

• Dogs may be a different sex, age, color, or breed than what was promised.
• Dogs may come with undisclosed health issues or fake health or vaccination records.
• Unethical organizations may raise dogs in inhumane conditions, like puppy mills. Some may say they are US-based but are actually overseas.
• Dogs, especially puppies, may be put on long flights when unfit to travel. Dogs imported to the US often arrive sick; some don’t survive the trip.
• Imported dogs are more likely to carry diseases, like rabies, that are common in other countries. This puts people and other animals in the United States at risk.

How to adopt safely

• Consider adopting in the United States. This can be safer, easier, and cheaper than adopting from overseas.
• Research overseas organizations thoroughly. Visit in person if you can, or read reviews and ask to speak to previous clients.
• Make sure you know the required steps to import a dog into the United States. There is a temporary suspension on importing dogs from countries with a high risk of rabies.
• Take your dog to the veterinarian as soon as it arrives.
• Vaccinate your dog for rabies. Even if your dog came with a rabies vaccination record, state laws may require revaccination with a vaccine approved for use in the United States.

Owning a pet can be rewarding and can even benefit physical and mental health. No wonder nearly 70% of US households own a pet!

But pet ownership comes with a lot of responsibility. Below are some dos and don’ts of pet ownership to help your entire family – human, feathered, furry, or scaly – stay healthy and happy.

Do this…

• Pick the right pet for your family. Different pets have different needs. Make sure you find a pet that fits your family’s lifestyle. Pet reptiles, amphibians, and rodents aren’t recommended for families with young kids, older adults, or people with weakened immune systems because they are more likely to spread germs.
• Teach kids how to interact with pets safely. Teaching kids how to properly interact with pets can help prevent bites, scratches, and other injuries to them and the pet.
• Clean up after your pet. Pet poop can carry parasites and germs and contaminate the environment. Always pick up after your pet in public spaces and in your own yard or house, especially if you have kids.
• Take your pet to the veterinarian. Regular vet visits help keep your pet healthy, but they can also help keep you healthy. Pet vaccinations help prevent some diseases that can spread to people, and prevention for fleas, ticks, and worms keep them away from both you and your pet.

…Not that

• Don’t feed pets raw diets. Raw pet food can spread germs like Salmonella and Listeria to people and pets.
• Don’t let pets roam freely outside. Always supervise pets when they’re outside (or keep them leashed) to keep your pet and other people safe. Unsupervised pets can also harm wildlife or come in contact with wild animals that can spread diseases.
• Don’t encourage pets to play rough. Rough play can lead to bites, scratches, and other injuries.
• Never release an unwanted pet outdoors. Many pets released outdoors will die, some can become invasive species and disrupt ecosystems, and some can hurt native wildlife. Find a new home or give your pet to a reputable rescue organization instead.

Keeping your dog healthy helps to keep you and your family healthy.

Before choosing a dog

• Research and learn how to properly care for a dog before buying or adopting.
• Ask your veterinarian about the proper food, care, exercise, and environment that are best for the dog you are selecting.
• Be aware that dogs can sometimes shed certain germs in their feces (poop) that might make people sick, even when dogs appear healthy. Plan to clean up after your pet frequently.
• Research any laws regarding ownership of certain breeds in your area before buying or adopting a dog.

How to choose a dog

• Match a dog’s attitude, temperament, size, and activity level with your family, your home, and the amount of time you have to spend with your pet.
• Pick a dog that is bright, alert, and playful. Dogs and puppies should have shiny, soft fur that is free of poop.
• Signs of illness in a dog include appearing sluggish or depressed, having diarrhea, abnormal breathing, and fluid running from its eyes or nose.
• Make sure to take your new dog or puppy to the veterinarian within a few days to a week after adoption.

If your dog becomes sick or dies soon after purchase or adoption, take your dog to the veterinarian promptly and inform the pet store, breeder, or rescue organization about the pet’s illness or death. Make sure to tell your veterinarian if the pet was adopted internationally. Thoroughly clean the area your pet lived in.

How to house your dog

• It is important to provide a safe, warm, and comfortable environment for your dog.
• If your dog will be housed outside, provide shelter such as a doghouse for when it is cold or rainy and shade for when it is hot. Protecting your dog from the changes in weather will reduce stress and help keep it healthy.
• Make sure your dog has access to fresh, clean water and food every day.
• Consider fencing in your yard. A fence gives your dog room to play but will also protect it from wild animals and reduce the risk of strangers interacting with your dog.
  • It is not recommended to keep dogs tied up outside. Tying dogs outside is illegal in some areas. In addition, dogs that are tied up are more likely to bite than those roaming freely in a fenced yard.
• If your dog uses a kennel or doghouse, make sure to clean it regularly to prevent build-up of poop.

Feed your dog safely

• Do not feed dogs in areas where human food is prepared or eaten.
• Always wash your hands after touching dog food or feeding your dog.
• Store dog food separately from human food.
• Do not feed your dog a raw diet. Germs like Salmonella and Listeria have been found in raw pet foods, even packaged foods sold in stores. These germs can make you and your pet sick.
• Talk to your veterinarian about the right type of food for your dog.

Monitor your dog’s health

• Take your dog to the veterinarian regularly to keep it healthy and prevent infectious diseases.
• Talk to your veterinarian about preventive treatments for fleas, ticks, heartworms, and other parasites.
• Make sure to clean up any dog urine, poop, or vomit in the house immediately, and disinfect the area well. Use disposable gloves and make sure to wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.
• Contact your veterinarian if you notice any signs of illness in your pet. Keep in mind that even a dog that looks healthy can spread germs to people and other animals.

Get your dog vaccinated

• Keep your dog up-to-date on routine vaccinations like rabies.
• Vaccines can help protect your dog from dangerous diseases and help them live a longer life.
• Tell your veterinarian about your dog’s lifestyle, including whether it is often around other dogs or other animals, and ask about other vaccines you may need or want for your dog, like kennel cough.

Protect your dog from ticks

Talk to your veterinarian about:

• The best tick prevention products for your dog
• Tickborne diseases in your area

To further reduce the chances that a tick bite will make your dog sick:

• Check your dog for ticks every day, especially after they spend time outdoors. If you find a tick on your dog, remove it right away.
  • Run your fingers through your dog’s fur with gentle pressure to feel for any small bumps.
  • Looks for ticks in the following areas:
    • In and around the ears
    • Around the eyelids
    • Under the collar
    • Under the front legs
    • Between the back legs
    • Between the toes
    • Around the tail
• Reduce tick habitat in your yard.

Before buying or adopting a dog or puppy, make sure a dog is the right type of pet for your family. Talk to your veterinarian about the right type of dog for you to make sure the dog you choose fits your lifestyle and needs. Be aware that dogs can sometimes carry germs that can make people sick, even when they appear clean and healthy. Visit your veterinarian for routine care to keep your dog healthy and to prevent infectious diseases.

Wash your hands

• Wash your hands with soap and running water:
  • After handling dogs, their food and water dishes, or their supplies
  • After contact with dog saliva or poop, even if you use a bag
  • After handling dog food, treats, toys, or bowls
  • Before you eat or drink
• Adults should always supervise hand washing for children under 5 years of age.
• Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. If soap and water are not readily available, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.

Safely clean up after your dog

Cleaning up after your dog helps to keep the environment clean and reduces the risk of diseases spreading to people and other animals.

• Always pick up dog poop and dispose of it properly.
• Dog poop should be picked up, even in your own yard, and especially in areas where children may play.

Prevent dog scratches and bites

Dog bites can cause pain and injury, but they can also spread germs that cause infection. Nearly 1 in 5 people bitten by a dog requires medical attention. Any dog can bite especially when scared, nervous, eating, or when playing or protecting toys or puppies. Dogs may also bite when they aren’t feeling well and want to be left alone. Any dog can bite, but most dog bites are preventable, and there are many things you can do at home and within your community to help prevent them. Practicing the safe handling tips below can help you avoid dog bites.

Know the risks

Children are more likely than adults to be bitten by a dog, and when they are, the injuries can be more severe. Most dog bites affecting young children occur during everyday activities and while interacting with familiar dogs. Having a dog in the household is linked to a higher likelihood of being bitten than not having a dog. As the number of dogs in the home increases, so does the likelihood of being bitten. Adults with two or more dogs in the household are five times more likely to be bitten than those living without dogs at home. Among adults, men are more likely than women to be bitten by a dog.

How to prevent dog bites and scratches

• Always ask if it is ok to pet someone else’s dog before reaching out to pet it even if the dog appears friendly.
• Let the new dog approach you first.
• When a new dog approaches you, remain still to allow the dog to feel comfortable.
• Always make sure a dog has seen you and sniffed you before you reach out to pet it.
• Do not approach an unfamiliar dog, even if it seems friendly or healthy. Call animal control if you see a dog in trouble or a dog running loose.
• Do not let young children play with dogs without supervision, even if the child has met the dog before or if the dog is your family pet.
• Responsible pet ownership, including socializing your dog and using a leash in public, can help prevent dog bites.
• Do not disturb a dog while it is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies
• Do not pet a dog if it appears to be hiding or seeing time alone.
• Do not continue petting a dog if it seems scared, sick, or angry.
• If a dog knocks you over, curl into a ball with your head tucked and your hands over your ears and neck. You can also put a purse, bag, or jacket between you and the dog.
• Do not encourage your dog to play aggressively or roughhouse.
• Do not panic or make loud noises, and never run from a dog.
• Do not try to break up dog fights.

If an unfamiliar dog approaches you, stay still and be calm, and avoid direct eye contact with the dog. Say “no” or “go home” in a firm, deep voice and stand with the side of your body facing the dog. Slowly raise your hands to your neck with your elbows in and wait for the dog to pass or slowly back away.

What to do if you are bitten or scratched by a dog

Germs can be spread from dog bites and scratches, even if the wound does not seem deep or serious.

• For minor wounds:
  • Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.
  • Apply an antibiotic cream.
  • Cover the wound with a clean bandage.
• For deep wounds:
  • Apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding. Then seek medical attention.
  • If you cannot stop the bleeding or you feel faint or weak, call 911 or your local emergency medical services immediately.

See if a healthcare provider if:

• The wound is serious or deep (uncontrolled bleeding, extreme pain, loss of function)
• The wound becomes red, painful, or swollen, or if you develop a fever
• If you don’t know if the dog has been vaccinated against rabies
• If it has been more than 5 years since your last tetanus shot and the bite is deep
• Let the healthcare provider know that you were bitten by a dog. The healthcare provider may consult with your state or local health department to help you decide if you need treatment known as rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).

Report the bite

• Because anyone who is bitten by a dog is at risk of getting rabies, consider contacting your local animal control agency or police department to report the incident, especially:
  • If you don’t know if the dog has been vaccinated against rabies.
  • If the dog appears sick or is acting strangely.
• If possible, contact the owner and ensure the animal has a current rabies vaccination. You will need the rabies vaccine license number, name of the veterinarian who administered the vaccine, and the owner’s name, address, and phone number.

Let’s face it: we love our pets, but they can be gross sometimes. Animals – even our beloved pets – can spread germs that can make people sick, from parasites to bacteria. Even clean and healthy pets can spread germs.

Odds are that you aren’t washing your hands enough around your pets. Handwashing is the easiest and best way to stay healthy around animals. It’s especially important for young kids, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems to wash hands regularly because they’re more likely to get seriously sick from germs animals can carry.

In a perfect world, you would wash your hands after every time you touch your pet. If you can’t do that, here are the most important times you should wash your hands around pets.

After handling pet food or treats

• Pet food and treats can be contaminated with germs like Salmonella.
• Raw pet food is especially risky. Don’t feed your pets raw pet food or uncooked meat.
• Pet food includes frozen or live rodents for pet reptiles!

After touching pet supplies

• Germs can contaminate pet supplies like cages, tanks, toys, and food and water dishes.
• Pet reptiles, amphibians, hedgehogs, and rodents can spread Salmonella germs in their poop, which can contaminate items in their habitats, including tank water.
• Clean and disinfect your pet’s supplies regularly.

After picking up pet poop

• Parasites, bacteria, and other germs can spread through pet poop.
• Always wash your hands after scooping litterboxes or picking up dog poop, even if you used gloves or a bag.

Giving your pet a nutritious diet is important to keep them healthy. All pets have specific needs that differ by age, physical and mental health, and their activity level. The food and treats you feed your pet may even affect your health – sometimes pet foods and treats contain germs that can make you sick, like Salmonella. Follow these tips when feeding your pet to keep you both happy and healthy.

Make feeding time healthy

• Wash your hands with soap and water immediately after handling pet food or treats.
• Keep pet food separate from human food when possible and out of reach from young kids.
• Use a clean, dedicated scooper for pet food.

Don’t feed raw diets

Raw pet food, just like raw meat that humans cook to eat, is more likely to carry germs like Salmonella and Listeria. These germs can make both people and pets sick. Some pets, like reptiles, only eat feeder rodents. Feeder rodents, whether live or frozen, can also spread germs.

If you choose to feed your pet raw food, or if you are feeding a reptile feeder rodents:

• Wash hands after handling the food.
• Clean and disinfect all surfaces food touched.
• Freeze raw pet food until you are ready to use it.
• Thaw frozen pet foods in your refrigerator away from your food.
• Thaw frozen feeder rodents in a dedicated container out of the kitchen.

Safety around pets during and after feeding

• Teach children not to bother pets when they are eating.
• Don’t let your pet lick around your mouth, face, open wounds, or areas with broken skin after eating.
• Feed reptiles with tongs when using feeder rodents. Don’t handle reptiles after handling rodents to reduce your risk of bites.

Stay healthy around your pet’s poop

Poop is a fact of life when you have a pet. Poop from pets, like dogs and cats, can carry germs like bacteria and parasites that can make people sick. Poop from pets can also contaminate waterways and harm the environment. Practice responsible pet poop habits to keep yourself, your family, and the environment healthy.

Scoop the poop!

• Always pick up dog poop and dispose of it properly.
• Dog poop should be picked up, even in your own yard, and especially in areas where children may play.
• Clean litter boxes daily and change the litter weekly.
• People with weakened immune systems and pregnant women should not clean litter boxes if possible, as they are more at risk for complications from germs spread by cats. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands afterwards.
• Keep your cat’s litter box away from other animals, children, and food preparation areas.

Practice healthy habits when cleaning up after your pet

• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling your pet’s pee, poop, and vomit.
• Don’t put your hands in or around your mouth after petting or playing with animals.
• Litter boxes should be cleaned daily. If you’re pregnant and have a cat, avoid changing the litter box.
• Always supervise young children around pets. Children, especially those 5 years of age and younger, can be at higher risk for pet-related illnesses because they often touch surfaces that may be contaminated, put objects in their mouths, and are less likely to wash their hands.

Whether you’re taking your pet on a trip or enjoying the great outdoors, it’s important to take steps to keep your pet healthy and safe this summer. Visiting new places with your pet can be exciting. Follow these tips to keep your pet safe throughout all your summer adventures.

Learn more about protecting pets during travel.

Keep Pets Safe During Travel

• Make sure your pet is microchipped and your contact and pet information is up to date.
• Have your pet wear a collar with up-to-date tags while traveling.
• If traveling by car, make frequent stops to allow dogs to go to the bathroom and stretch their legs.
• Never leave your pet alone in a parked car.
• Provide plenty of fresh water for your pets and leave the water in a shady area.

Play Safely in the Water

Learn more about protecting pets around water

• Check for advisories and signage before visiting lakes, rivers, and oceans.
• Water may be unsafe if it smells bad or if you see scum, foam, or changes in water’s color.
• If water seems unsafe, do not let your pet:
  • Drink the water
  • Swim or play in the water.
  • Eat near the water.
  • Lick their fur if they go in the water.
• Rinse pets immediately with tap water if they do go in water that may be unsafe.
• Don’t let pets eat dead animals, such as fish.

Stay Healthy Around Wildlife

• Always supervise your pet in areas where there may be wildlife.
• Keep your pet on a leash.
• Don’t let your pet interact with wild animals.
• Check your pet for ticks after outdoor outings.

Keep your pets safe

• Never leave your pet in a parked car- they can suffer from heat-related illness too!
• Provide plenty of fresh water for your pets, and leave the water in a shady area.

Never leave pets in a parked car

• Even in cool temperatures, cars can heat up to dangerous temperatures very quickly.
• Leaving a window open is not enough- temperatures inside the car can rise almost 20 degrees Fahrenheit within the first 10 minutes, even with a window cracked open.

Hitting the trail with your furry friend? Some national parks welcome pets on trails, but there are rules and things to consider. Before you go, get some tips on hiking with pets in parks.

1. Know your park. Many parks do not allow pets on hiking trails or boardwalks. Always check with your park before bringing your pet.
2. Know your pet. Before you head to a national park, make sure your pet is fit for the trail. Are they in good enough shape to meet the physical demands of the hike? Older dogs may not have the endurance they used to. Be mindful of their limits and make sure to choose a trail that’s appropriate for your pet. If you have concerns, check with your vet.
3. Visit the vet. Make sure your pet is up-to-date on vaccinations before you hit the trail. Fleas, ticks, and waterborne pathogens can cause serious illnesses. Talk to your vet about the activities you have planned to come up with a plan.
4. Teach trail manners. A busy trail can be overwhelming for a young or untrained dog. You’re bound to pass other hikers on the trail, so make sure your pet is used to seeing other people and dogs while out and about. Always keep your dog on a 6 foot leash. Be mindful of aggressive behavior. If your animal is reactive in new spaces, with new people, or on a leash, consider leaving your pet at home. Do your part to keep yourself, your animal, and other hikers safe.
5. Be prepared. Bring extra water! Like you, your pet will be thirsty and hungry during the hike. Pack a light snack for your furry friend, too. They’ll enjoy having a treat with you at a resting point on the trail. Remember, dogs don’t sweat like humans do, so they’re at higher risk of overheating. Check on your dog throughout your hike and take frequent water breaks. Notice signs of overheating—if your dog is excessively panting, drooling, or vomiting, move to a cooler area and give your dog water. For longer hikes, consider booties to keep his paws safe.
6. Pick up after your pet. No one wants to hike on a trail littered with dog poop. Use Leave No Trace principles and pick up after your pet and dispose of the waste.
7. Stay safe around wildlife. You are responsible for your pet’s safety. Keep your pets away from wildlife. They could startle or provoke animals, resulting in injury. Our domestic pets also are also at risk of getting or giving diseases to wildlife. There are many examples of wildlife in parks dying from diseases given to them by pets and humans. For example, heartworm from dogs and cats can kill wildlife such as foxes, wolves, coyotes, bobcats, and mountain lions. Black-footed ferrets die from the flu if humans are sick and get too close. Wolves can be infected by canine parvovirus from dogs. Pro tip: Keeping your pets vaccinated can keep them and wildlife safe.
8. Pack your (and your dog’s!) bag. For experienced hiking dogs, you may consider a dog pack and let Fido pack his own water bowls and food! Dog packs should fit snug and secure - check with pack guidelines before you buy one.

Dogs are very susceptible to tick bites and tickborne diseases. Vaccines are not available for most of the tickborne diseases that dogs can get, and they don’t keep the dogs from bringing ticks into your home. For these reasons, it’s important to use a tick preventive product on your dog.

Tick bites on dogs may be hard to detect. Signs of tickborne disease may not appear for 7-21 days or longer after a tick bite, so watch your dog closely for changes in behavior or appetite if you suspect that your pet has been bitten by a tick.

Talk to your veterinarian about:

• The best tick prevention products for your dog
• Tickborne diseases in your area

To further reduce the chances that a tick bite will make your dog sick:

• Check your pets for ticks daily, especially after they spend time outdoors.
• If you find a tick on your pet, remove it right away.
• Reduce tick habitat in your yard.

Note: Cats are extremely sensitive to a variety of chemicals. Do not apply any tick prevention products to your cats without first asking your veterinarian!

Summertime means more time outside, and you may be hitting the beach, lake, or river with your dog. Playtime in the water can be a great way to keep cool with your canine companion, but you should know that not all water is safe for dogs.

If you’re visiting the ocean, a lake, river, or other body of water, look out for harmful blooms of algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). These blooms can sometimes cause harm to people and animals, including pets and livestock.

Know how to recognize algal blooms.

Blooms can look like foam, scum, mats, or paint on the surface of the water. A bloom can change the color of the water to green, blue, brown, red, or another color. People and animals can get sick if they:

• Swim, wade, or play in or near contaminated water;
• Eat contaminated fish or shellfish; or
• Use contaminated drinking water.

If you see signs of a bloom, keep pets out of the water.

You cannot tell if a bloom is harmful by looking at it, so it is best to use caution and stay away. Do not fish, swim, boat, or play water sports in areas where there is possible harmful algae or cyanobacteria.

Do not go into or play in water that:

• Smells bad
• Looks discolored
• Has foam, scum, algal mats, or paint-like streaks on the surface
• Has dead fish or other animals washed up on its shore or beach

Protect pets and livestock.

Keep animals away from water with possible harmful algae or cyanobacteria. Pets and livestock can get sick and even die if they are exposed. If you are in a public setting, like a park or beach, look for signs about water quality that might be posted.

If you think there is an algal bloom, do not let animals:

• Get in the water
• Drink the water
• Lick or eat mats of cyanobacteria or algae
• Eat or graze near the water
• Eat dead fish or other animals on the shore
• Go on the beach or shoreline

Worried about the risk of COVID-19 to your pets? We’re still learning about the virus that causes COVID-19, but it appears that it can spread from people to pets and other animals in some situations. The good news is there are steps you can take to protect your pets from possible infection.

What to do if you own pets

Treat pets as you would other human family members to protect them from a possible infection.

• Do not let pets interact with people or other animals outside the household.
• Keep cats indoors when possible.
• Walk dogs on a leash at least 6 feet (2 meters) from other people and animals.
• Avoid dog parks or public places where a large number of people and dogs gather.

Protect pets if you are sick

If you are sick with COVID-19, restrict contact with pets and other animals during your illness, just like you would with people.

• Have another member of your household care for your pets while you are sick.
• Avoid contact with your pet including, petting, snuggling, being kissed or licked, and sharing food or bedding.
• If you must care for your pet or be around animals while you are sick, wear a cloth face covering and wash your hands before and after you interact with them.
• If you are sick with COVID-19 and your pet becomes sick, do not take your pet to the veterinary clinic yourself. Call your veterinarian and let them know you have been sick with COVID-19.

Dogs give us comfort, companionship, exercise, entertainment, and unconditional love. But it’s important to remember that any dog can bite, even trusted family pets. Not only can dog bites hurt, but they can also become infected and spread diseases. Nearly 1 in 5 people who are bitten by a dog require medical attention.

Learn the signs to watch for

Any dog can bite, especially when scared, nervous, eating, or when playing or protecting toys or puppies. Dogs may also bite when they aren’t feeling well and want to be left alone. Don’t approach a dog that seems angry, scared, or sick.

Responsible pet ownership, including socializing your dog, avoiding rough play, and using a leash in public, can help prevent dog bites.

Children are most at risk

Children are the most common victims of dog bites. Most dog bites affecting young children occur during everyday activities with familiar dogs. Always supervise kids around dogs, even familiar pets. Teaching kids how to interact properly with dogs can help keep them safe.

If an unfamiliar dog approaches you:

• Stay still and be calm.
• Avoid direct eye contact with the dog.
• Do not panic, make loud noises, or run.
• Say “no” or “go home” in a firm, deep voice and stand with the side of your body facing the dog.
• Slowly raise your hands to your neck with your elbows in and wait for the dog to pass or slowly back away.

Protecting Your Pets Protects Your Family

Worms that infect pets…

What are roundworms & hookworms?

You may already have heard that worms often infect puppies and kittens as well as older pets. The most common types of these parasitic worms are roundworms and hookworms. They live and grow inside the intestine of your pet. Roundworms* and hookworms develop from eggs into larvae (immature worms). The larvae later grow into adult worms.

Most pets show no signs of infection with these worms, but some may vomit, stop eating their food, or lose weight. Heavy infections in young puppies and kittens may lead to death.

* The word “roundworms” refers here to a group of worms known as ascarids. The word is sometimes used to include both ascarids and hookworms.

How do pets get worms?

Dogs and cats of any age may get roundworms and hookworms, but they are most vulnerable when they are very young. In fact, puppies of only 2–3 weeks of age can have many worms. That is because these worms are often passed from a mother to her puppies before the puppies are born. Sometimes they are passed shortly after the puppies are born, through a mother’s milk. Dogs and cats infected with these worms contaminate an area by passing worm eggs or larvae in their feces (poop). A dog or cat can be infected when they swallow dirt with dog or cat feces that has worm eggs or larvae.

…can infect people, too.

Can roundworms and hookworms infect people?

Yes. These worms, like other infections that humans can get from animals, are called zoonotic (zoe-o-NOT-ick) infections or zoonoses (zoe-o-NO-sees). By learning about these infections and how to prevent them, you can help protect your pets, yourself, and your family.

How do these worms infect people?

Dogs and cats with these worms pass worm eggs or larvae in their feces (poop). Because pets will pass feces anywhere, these eggs may contaminate a large area quickly. These worm eggs and larvae can survive for weeks and even years in areas such as parks, playgrounds, and yards.

• Roundworm infections usually happen when soil, sand, or plants that have been contaminated with infected animal feces are accidentally put in the mouth and ingested.
• Hookworm infections happen when larvae penetrate the skin. This usually happens when people sit or walk on contaminated soil or sand with bare feet.
• Children are more vulnerable to infection than adults because they play on the ground, may put dirty objects in their mouths, and may even eat dirt (eating non-nutritional items, like dirt, is sometimes referred to as “pica”).

How do roundworms harm people?

Roundworms enter the body when ingested as worm eggs that soon hatch into larvae. These larvae travel through the liver, lungs, and other organs. In most cases, these “wandering worms” cause no symptoms or obvious damage. However, in some cases they can cause damage to tissue. Sometimes they affect the nerves or even make their way to the eyes. In some cases, they may cause permanent nerve or eye damage, even blindness.

How do hookworms harm people?

Hookworm larvae typically move around within the skin causing inflammation and red, itchy tracks in the affected skin. This is called cutaneous (skin) larva migrans. One type of hookworm can make its way into deeper tissues and cause more serious damage to the intestines and other organs.

How can I protect my pets—and my family and myself—against worm infections?

• Have puppies and kittens dewormed by a veterinarian at an early age. Puppies and kittens may need to be dewormed more than once. Follow the veterinarian’s advice on how frequently puppies and kittens need to be tested and treated.
• Start or keep your pets on a drug program that prevents, treats, and controls these worms. A veterinarian can recommend treatments to eliminate and help prevent these worm infections. Since these products are available in many forms, you and the veterinarian can choose which one works best for your dog or cat. Ask for the product that is most effective against the worms that are most common in your area.
• Wash your and your children’s hands with soap and water after playing with pets or other animals, after outdoor activities, and before handling food or eating.
• Avoid touching soil, sand, plants, and other objects that might be contaminated by animal feces.
• Keep play areas, lawns, and gardens around your home free of animal feces.
  • Bag and throw away pet feces at least once a week.
  • Cover sandboxes when not in use.
• Obey leash laws.

The most common diseases associated with dogs that can cause human illness are:

• Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter spp.)

• Dog Tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

• Hookworm (Zoonotic) (Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

• Rabies

• Roundworm (Toxocara spp.)

Less common diseases associated with dogs that can cause human illness are:

• Brucellosis (Brucella spp.)

• Capnocytophaga spp.

• Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

• Echinococcosis (Echinococcus spp.)

• Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia spp.)

• Giardiasis (Giardia spp.)

• Leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.)

• Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

• Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

• MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

• Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella spp.)

• Plague (Yersinia pestis)

• Ringworm (Microsporum canis)

• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

• Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

• Sarcoptic Mange (Sarcoptes scabeii), also known as Mange

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by contact with infected animals and contaminated animal products like raw milk.

How it spreads: The most common way people get brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized/raw dairy products. People can also get brucellosis by coming in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products (like placenta and birthing fluids) and getting the bacteria in skin wounds or mucus membranes. Animals that are most commonly infected include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs.

Who is at risk: Anyone can get brucellosis, but people who work closely with animals or drink raw milk may be more at risk. Brucellosis is most commonly found in Mexico, Central and South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, the Middle Easy, and the Mediterranean Basin. The risk of getting brucellosis from a dog is low for most pet owners. However, dog breeders and veterinary staff are more at risk for brucellosis since they may be exposed to blood, tissues, and fluids from the birthing process.

Signs in dogs: Most dogs infected with brucellosis show no signs of illness. However, brucellosis in dogs can lead to infertility, abortions, and infections of the reproductive organs. In some dogs, brucellosis can cause an infection of the spinal bones and discs called diskospondylitis, or inflammation in the eye or brain.

Symptoms in people: People with brucellosis will usually become sick within 6-8 weeks of exposure. Sick people will have flu-like symptoms that last 2-4 weeks. Sometimes brucellosis can become a chronic illness that can be difficult to treat. Occasionally, brucellosis can affect reproductive organs and cause miscarriage in pregnant women.

Campylobacter are bacteria that can make people and animals sick with a disease called campylobacteriosis.

How it spreads:Campylobacter most often spread to animals and people through the feces (poop) of infected animals, contaminated food or water, or the environment. People can become infected if they don’t wash their hands after touching an animal or its poop, food, toys, or habitats.

Who is at risk: Anyone can get a Campylobacter infection, but children younger than 5 years old, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more at risk for serious illness.

Signs in dogs: Dogs and puppies infected with Campylobacter might show no signs of infection or they can have diarrhea.

Symptoms in people: People can have diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and abdominal cramps. The diarrhea may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Symptoms usually start within 2–5 days after infection and last about 1 week.

Capnocytophaga is a common type of bacteria that normally lives in the mouths of dogs and cats. These bacteria do not make dogs or cats sick, but very rarely, they can spread to people.

How it spreads: Rarely, Capnocytophaga can spread to people through bites, scratches, or close contact with a dog or cat that is infected. Most people who have contact with dogs and cats do not become sick.

Who is at risk: People with weakened immune systems (for example, people with cancer, people who do not have a spleen, or those taking certain medications) are at greater risk of becoming sick.

Signs in dogs:Capnocytophaga bacteria are common in the mouths of dogs and cats but do not cause them to get sick.

Symptoms in people: People may start to show symptoms within 1-14 days after infection with Capnocytophaga. Symptoms include blisters, swelling, redness, or pain around the area of the bite, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, and muscle or joint pain. Rarely, serious complications can occur, including sepsis (a blood infection), gangrene, or kidney failure.

Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the germ Cryptosporidium (or Crypto for short), which is spread by swallowing poop from an infected person or animal.

How it spreads: Crypto spreads through swallowing poop containing the germ after contact with an infected person or animal, or through food, water, or the environment contaminated with poop. The risk of getting Crypto from animals is hard to predict, because many animals carry the parasite without showing any signs of illness.

Who is at risk: Anyone can been infected with Crypto, but people with weakened immune systems are more at risk, especially for severe disease.

Signs in dogs: Crypto in dogs is rare, but dogs can carry the parasite without showing any signs of illness. If dogs are affected by the parasite, they will typically have watery diarrhea.

Symptoms in people: Symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, and nausea. The symptoms typically resolve within 1–2 weeks.

The flea tapeworm is a parasite spread to dogs, as well as cats and people, through the ingestion of infected fleas. This parasite is common in dogs but rarely causes illness in other pets or people.

How it spreads: The tapeworm spreads when a dog or person swallows an infected flea. Dogs may swallow fleas when grooming. Treating flea infestations and using routine flea preventatives can help prevent infection.

Who is at risk: The risk of a person getting this tapeworm is extremely low because you must swallow a flea to become infected. Most cases occur in children.

Signs in dogs: Tapeworms are usually not harmful for dogs and usually don’t cause illness. The parasite can sometimes be detected by finding rice-like segments of the tapeworm moving near the dog’s anus or in fresh poop. If a dog is heavily infected, it may lose weight or have gastrointestinal issues. Sometimes, an infected dog will “scoot” or drag its bottom across the ground to help relieve irritation.

Symptoms in people:Dipylidium infection is rare in people and usually doesn’t cause any symptoms. Sometimes the infection can be detected by finding rice-like segments of the tapeworm crawling near the anus or in fresh poop.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with tiny Echinococcus tapeworms. Echinococcosis is rare in the United States but can be serious. Adult Echinococcus tapeworms are only found in dogs and related animals. People can be infected with Echinococcus larvae, the immature stage of the tapeworm that cause cysts in body organs.

How it spreads: Dogs shed Echinococcus eggs in their poop. The parasite spreads to people through eating or drinking food or water that is contaminated with the poop of an infected dog, or by touching a dog that has eggs of the parasite in its fur. Dogs become infected by eating tissue of infected sheep or goats.

Who is at risk: Anyone can get echinococcosis but people who live in areas where the parasite is common or people that work with farm animals are at a higher risk of infection. Echinococcus is found in Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America, and in rare cases, North America.

Signs in dogs: Dogs rarely show signs of disease and it is possible to be infected and have no signs of illness. However, if they are infected with a large number of tapeworms, they can have mild diarrhea, a variable appetite, a shaggy coat, or irritability.

Symptoms in people: Although Echinococcus larvae can invade many different organs of the body, most people who are infected with the disease may not have any symptoms of illness for years. The rate at which symptoms appear depends on where the cyst is located. Symptoms start when the slow-growing cysts become large enough to press on the organs they have invaded or when the cysts rupture. The cysts grow slowly in several different organs of the body, most commonly the liver and lungs.

Giardia is a parasite found on surfaces or in water, food, or soil that has been contaminated by poop of an infected person or animal, including dogs.

How it spreads:Giardia spreads through swallowing microscopic poop containing the parasite following contact with an infected person or animal or by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated with poop from infected people or animals, including dogs.

Who is at risk: The risk of getting Giardia from dogs is small. The exact type of Giardia that makes people sick is usually not the same that infects dogs. Anyone can get Giardia, but the following groups have a higher risk:

• People who drink untreated water from a river, lake, stream, or spring
• People who swim in natural bodies of water.
• International travelers
• People who have contact with children in diapers
• People who have contact with poop during sexual contact with someone who is infected with Giardia

Signs in dogs: Dogs with Giardia may have diarrhea, greasy stools, or become dehydrated.

Symptoms in people: People with Giardia may experience diarrhea, gas, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting. However, it is possible to be infected and have no signs of illness.

Hookworms are small worms that can spread through contact with contaminated soil or sand.

How it spreads: People can become infected with hookworms by walking barefoot, kneeling, or sitting on ground that is contaminated with poop of infected animals. Dogs can be infected by hookworms penetrating their skin or ingesting the parasite from the environment. Also, puppies can be infected before birth or through drinking their mother’s milk or colostrum.

Who is at risk: Anyone can get dog hookworm infection. Hookworms are most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions but are also present in the United States.

Signs in dogs: Young puppies are most often affected by hookworm and might have dark, bloody stool, weight loss, and anemia. Severe infections in some puppies can lead to death.

Symptoms in people: People with dog hookworm infection can experience an itchy reaction and a red squiggly line may appear where the parasite larvae migrated under the skin. Unlike human hookworms, dog hookworms don’t survive in an infected person, so symptoms typically resolve within 4-6 weeks without medical treatment. Rarely, the hookworm can migrate to the intestines to cause inflammation in the intestines. These infections are treated with medication to kill the hookworm (anthelmintics).

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that can affect people and animals. Many kinds of animals can carry the bacteria in their urine, including dogs. Dogs can be vaccinated to protect against some strains of leptospirosis.

How it spreads: The bacteria that cause leptospirosis spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and survive there for weeks to months. Some animals that can spread leptospirosis include cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, rodents, and wild animals. People get infected through contact with urine or other body fluids (except saliva) from infected animals, or through contact with water, soil, or other materials (such as animal bedding) contaminated with urine from infected animals.

Who is at risk: Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most common in tropical and subtropical climates. It has been associated with contact with infected animals and activities in contaminated lakes and rivers, such as swimming, wading, kayaking, and rafting. It is also a risk for people in certain jobs that involve contact with animals or their waste, like farmers, sewer workers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians. People working directly with dogs or cleaning up after them may be at risk for leptospirosis.

Signs in dogs: Dogs infected with leptospirosis may not show any signs of illness. For dogs that do show symptoms, they could include: fever, tiredness, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, conjunctivitis (red eyes), jaundice (yellow skin or eyes), or changes in urination (more than normal, less than normal, or trouble urinating at all). Some dogs with severe illness, such as kidney or liver failure, or bleeding of the lungs, may die from the infection.

Symptoms in people: People with leptospirosis might not have any symptoms, but those who do will usually become sick within 2 days to 4 weeks of exposure and can have high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, conjunctivitis (red eyes), abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash. A small number of people with leptospirosis can have more severe disease, such as liver and kidney failure, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and even death. Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics is important and can reduce the duration and severity of illness.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common type of a bacteria normally found on the skin of people and animals. MRSA is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that have become resistant to some antibiotics. MRSA can cause a variety of infections, including skin infections, pneumonia (lung infection), and other problems.

How it spreads: MRSA can spread between people and animals through direct contact (touching). Even dogs that aren’t sick can sometimes carry MRSA and spread it to people.

Who is at risk: Anyone can get a MRSA infection. Athletes, daycare and school students, military personnel in barracks, and those who receive inpatient medical care or have surgery or medical devices inserted in their body are at higher risk of MRSA infection.

Signs in dogs: Dogs often don’t show signs of MRSA infection, but when they do, they can develop skin, respiratory, and urinary tract infections.

Symptoms in people: Most people with MRSA will carry it without symptoms. For people who develop a MRSA infection, the most common type is a skin infection. If left untreated, MRSA can rarely spread to the lungs or bloodstream and become life threatening.