COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a type of chronic (long-term) lung disease that includes emphysema and, often, chronic bronchitis. COPD impacts men and women differently. Learn how COPD affects women.
Woman with visible Anatomy highlighting Lungs
Image by TheVisualMD
What Is COPD?
Two Conditions of COPD
Image by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH
Two Conditions of COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is used to describe two main conditions: chronic bronchitis, which causes inflammation and excess mucus in the lungs, and emphysema, which damages air sacs in the lungs.
Image by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH
What Is COPD?
COPD is a name for a group of illnesses that include emphysema and, often, chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema often happen at the same time in the same person.
COPD is a progressive, chronic disease that makes it difficult to breathe. Chronic means that people with COPD will have COPD for the rest of their lives. Progressive means that symptoms will continue to get worse.
A person with COPD has airways that don’t allow as much air into the lungs as healthy airways and lungs. The airways may also be inflamed, which causes cells that make mucus to grow more than normal. This can lead to chronic coughing to get rid of the extra mucus.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (11)
A Quick Guide On COPD
This guide provides an overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its symptoms, how it affects breathing, and how it's diagnosed and treated. It can be used by health care professionals to have a dialogue with patients or as a general handout to raise awareness about COPD.
Document by NHLBI
Enlarged view of lung tissue showing the difference between healthy lung and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Enlarged view of lung tissue showing the difference between healthy lung and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Image by National Institutes of Health
The Basics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients and Everyday Activities
Video by Novartis/YouTube
Asthma and COPD
Video by healthy6215/YouTube
COPD Animation
Video by Blausen Medical Corporate/YouTube
Management and Treatment of COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
Diagnosis and Evaluation of COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
How chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops
Video by Bupa Health UK/YouTube
Understanding COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
How Can Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Be Managed?
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
A Quick Guide On COPD
NHLBI
Enlarged view of lung tissue showing the difference between healthy lung and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
National Institutes of Health
3:53
The Basics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NHLBI/YouTube
3:18
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients and Everyday Activities
Novartis/YouTube
7:59
Asthma and COPD
healthy6215/YouTube
0:38
COPD Animation
Blausen Medical Corporate/YouTube
7:34
Management and Treatment of COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
6:38
Diagnosis and Evaluation of COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
2:21
How chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops
Bupa Health UK/YouTube
4:36
Understanding COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
4:16
How Can Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Be Managed?
NHLBI/YouTube
What Is Chronic Bronchitis?
Depiction of a person suffering from Bronchitis
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
Depiction of a person suffering from Bronchitis
Depiction of a person suffering from Bronchitis. The typical symptoms of Bronchitis have been shown. Also, the change in bronchi under bronchitis has been illustrated.
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
What Is Chronic Bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the airways you use to breathe. The inflammation makes it difficult for air to flow to and from the lungs. This causes you to cough up thick mucus or phlegm. A person with chronic bronchitis coughs up mucus on most days.
Over time, the irritation from the inflammation and coughing also causes the walls of the bronchial tubes to thicken and develop scars. If the walls become too thick or scarred, they can block airflow to and from your lungs. This causes shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.
Most people with chronic bronchitis have COPD. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis in women and men. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (7)
What Causes Acute Bronchitis?
Video by Rehealthify/YouTube
Chronic bronchitis pathophysiology | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
Video by Rehealthify/YouTube
What Is Bronchitis?
Bronchitis : Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes in the body. Figure B is an enlarged, detailed view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged, detailed view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis. The tube is inflamed and contains more mucus than usual.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
What is chronic bronchitis? | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Chronic bronchitis treatment | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Depiction of a woman suffering from Emphysema, a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
Depiction of a woman suffering from Emphysema, a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
This is a depiction of a woman suffering from Emphysema, a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Normal alveoli have been shown in comparison with damaged alveoli.
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
What Is Emphysema?
Emphysema is a type of COPD. In emphysema, the lung tissue gets weak, and the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) break down. Normally, oxygen from the air goes into the blood through the air sac walls in the lungs. If you have emphysema, the damaged air sac walls means less oxygen can get into your blood. This causes shortness of breath.
Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of emphysema. There are more men living with emphysema than women, but that may be changing. Women are now diagnosed with emphysema almost as often as men.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (6)
Emphysema Treatment
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
Emphysema diagnosis | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Emphysema - Pathophysiology (COPD)
Video by Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
What is emphysema? | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Emphysema treatment | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
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Emphysema on Left Lung
3D visualization of an anterior view of the lungs showing the left lung with emphysema. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive lung disease. It is often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals or long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. It is characterized by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue, destruction of structures supporting the alveoli and destruction of capillaries feeding the alveoli.
Image by TheVisualMD
5:59
Emphysema Treatment
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
7:27
Emphysema diagnosis | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
9:48
Emphysema - Pathophysiology (COPD)
Armando Hasudungan/YouTube
10:55
What is emphysema? | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
10:21
Emphysema treatment | Respiratory system diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Emphysema on Left Lung
TheVisualMD
Key Facts
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs
Image by TheVisualMD
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs
Trachea and Lungs : Visualization of the human respiratory tract and heart, based on segmented human data. The thyroid cartilage resides above the trachea. The trachea branches above the heart into the two lungs. Several branching bronchi and bronchioles are shown penetrating throughout the lungs. The bronchiole tree conducts air, allowing oxygen to pass into the lungs and carbon monoxide to exit.
Image by TheVisualMD
COPD
Chronic lower respiratory disease, mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. While tobacco smoke is the primary cause, 1 in 4 people with COPD have never smoked. Air pollutants at home (secondhand smoke), at work (fumes), and genetics can also cause COPD. Symptoms include chronic or smoker’s cough, chronic phlegm production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Early detection and treatment may change its course. A breathing test can measure lung function and detect COPD in those at risk. Treatment requires a careful and thorough doctor’s evaluation, avoiding tobacco smoke, and removing air pollutants from the home and at work. Symptoms may be treated with medication. A doctor may also consider pulmonary rehabilitation, a personalized treatment program that teaches you how to manage your COPD symptoms to improve quality of life.
Key Facts
COPD refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.
COPD affects more than 15 million Americans.
More than 150,000 Americans die of COPD each year – that is 1 death every 4 minutes!
The most important aspect of treatment for COPD is avoiding tobacco smoke and other air pollutants.
Avoid Tobacco Smoke
Prevention of COPD begins with reducing and eliminating smoking initiation among teenagers and young adults and encouraging tobacco cessation among current smokers.
Get Diagnosed
Individuals with a history of smoking or a family history of COPD and who also have respiratory symptoms should ask their physician for a spirometry test to determine if they have COPD.
Prevention Tips
In certain situations, COPD may be preventable. There are several opportunities for prevention. Some of the most important are:
If you are a smoker, quit. Approximately 75% of COPD deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking.
Avoid exposure to air pollutants in the home and workplace.
Get vaccinated during flu season if you have COPD to reduce the risk of flare-ups.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Who Is At Risk?
Drawing of an Older Woman with COPD
Image by Deo prasad Rai/Wikimedia
Drawing of an Older Woman with COPD
COPD usually happens to people who are 40 and older. More women than men have COPD. Women also develop COPD at a younger age (often between 45 and 64). Also, the number of men dying from COPD is going down, while the number of women dying from COPD continues to go up.
Image by Deo prasad Rai/Wikimedia
Who Gets COPD?
COPD usually happens to people who are 40 and older. More women than men have COPD. Women also develop COPD at a younger age (often between 45 and 64). Also, the number of men dying from COPD is going down, while the number of women dying from COPD continues to go up.
Researchers are not exactly sure why COPD affects women more. Researchers think it may be because:
The number of women who smoke is now almost as high as the number of men who smoke. Experts think that cigarette smoke may be more damaging to women’s lungs. Women have smaller lungs and bronchial tubes than men, so the same amount of inhaled smoke may cause more damage.
The hormone estrogen may make women’s lungs more sensitive to tobacco smoke exposure.
Some studies show that breathing in pollutants such as dust may affect women more than men. Women usually have smaller lungs and bronchial tubes, so the same amount of inhaled pollutants may cause more damage.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (5)
COPD - Are You at Risk?
COPD is a serious lung disease
that over time makes it hard
to breathe. Its official name is
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease, but COPD has other
names, like emphysema or
chronic bronchitis.
Document by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Common Risk Factors for COPD (45179153855)
Common risk factors for COPD include being over 40 years old, having a history of smoking, or long-term exposure to lung irritants. There is also the possibility of a rare genetic condition.
Visit COPD.nhlbi.nih.gov to learn more.
Credit: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH
Image by NIH Image Gallery from Bethesda, Maryland, USA/Wikimedia
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Women | May Lin Wilgus, MD | UCLAMDChat
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
COPD in Women and Men
Video by AllHealthGo/YouTube
Understanding Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in women | UCLA Health
Video by UCLA Health/YouTube
COPD - Are You at Risk?
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Common Risk Factors for COPD (45179153855)
NIH Image Gallery from Bethesda, Maryland, USA/Wikimedia
34:19
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Women | May Lin Wilgus, MD | UCLAMDChat
UCLA Health/YouTube
2:33
COPD in Women and Men
AllHealthGo/YouTube
1:08
Understanding Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in women | UCLA Health
UCLA Health/YouTube
How Does It Affect Women?
Depiction of a person with a lung or lower respiratory tract infection
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
Depiction of a person with a lung or lower respiratory tract infection
Depiction of a person suffering from a lung or lower respiratory tract infection. The typical symptoms of LRTI have been shown, along with inflammation in air sacs that happens because of it.
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
How Does COPD Affect Women’s Health?
Women living with COPD often have other health problems, including:
Asthma. Many women with COPD also have asthma, another type of lung disease.
Osteoporosis. This condition is more common in women, but more than half of people with COPD have osteoporosis. Experts are not sure why this is. It may be related to steroid medicines that are sometimes used to treat COPD. But some studies show that COPD is a risk factor for osteoporosis even without medicine.
Anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression also affect many women with COPD. In one study, women with COPD had higher levels of anxiety and depression compared with both men with COPD and women who did not have COPD.
Heart disease. Researchers think that COPD may cause inflammation throughout the body, including the blood vessels. This inflammation can make blood vessels stiff and increase the risk for plaque buildup. Over time, this can lead to heart disease.
Women with COPD may also have other health problems caused by smoking or secondhand smoke. These include lung cancer, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (3)
Patient perspective - Anxiety, depression and COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
Asthma and COPD
Video by healthy6215/YouTube
Overcoming Depression with COPD
Video by Healthtipz/YouTube
1:48
Patient perspective - Anxiety, depression and COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
7:59
Asthma and COPD
healthy6215/YouTube
4:16
Overcoming Depression with COPD
Healthtipz/YouTube
What Are the Symptoms?
COPD Symptoms
Image by TheVisualMD
COPD Symptoms
COPD Symptoms
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are Symptoms of COPD?
At first, COPD may cause no symptoms. Or you may have mild symptoms that you think are some other illness. As COPD gets worse, symptoms usually become more serious.
Common symptoms of COPD include:
An ongoing cough or coughing up lots of mucus or phlegm (often called “smoker’s cough”)
Shortness of breath, especially with moderate physical activity
Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe)
Chest tightness
Studies show that COPD may be underdiagnosed in women. That may be because COPD was more common in men until recently. If you have symptoms of COPD, talk to your doctor about tests for COPD.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (5)
Common Signs of COPD
November is National COPD Awareness Month.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a debilitating lung disease that makes it hard to breathe, is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States.Common signs of COPD include constant cough, excess sputum, wheezing, and shortness of breath & breathlessness.
Image by National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Recognize the early symptoms of COPD: Learn More Breathe Better
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
COPD: Signs and Symptoms
Video by AllHealthGo/YouTube
COPD Symptoms and Treatments
Video by Beaumont Health/YouTube
Signs and symptoms of COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
Common Signs of COPD
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
0:31
Recognize the early symptoms of COPD: Learn More Breathe Better
NHLBI/YouTube
2:37
COPD: Signs and Symptoms
AllHealthGo/YouTube
5:48
COPD Symptoms and Treatments
Beaumont Health/YouTube
0:36
Signs and symptoms of COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
Image by Jmarchn
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
Doing a spirometry
Image by Jmarchn
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
To find out whether you have COPD, your doctor will:
Ask you questions about your symptoms, health, and family health history
Ask about your exposure, now or in the past, to things that can cause COPD, such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, dust, or chemicals
Do a physical exam, including using a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or other unusual chest sounds
Do a spirometry test. For this test, your doctor will ask you to take a deep breath and blow as hard as you can into a machine that measures how much air you breathe out and how fast.
Other tests can include:
Chest X-ray or chest computed tomography (CT) scan. These tests create pictures of the heart and lungs. The pictures can show signs of COPD. They can also show whether your symptoms are caused by another health problem, such as heart failure.
Arterial blood gas test. This blood test measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood. It can help determine whether you need oxygen therapy.
Pulse oximetry. This test also measures the oxygen levels in your blood but uses a painless clip, called a probe, on your finger or earlobe. The probe uses light to tell your doctor whether you need extra oxygen.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (4)
Diagnosis and Evaluation of COPD
Video by Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
How is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Diagnosed?
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
Taking a Spirometry Test
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
Spirometry: how to take a lung function test
Video by The European Lung Foundation/YouTube
6:38
Diagnosis and Evaluation of COPD
Animated COPD Patient/YouTube
2:54
How is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Diagnosed?
NHLBI/YouTube
3:11
Taking a Spirometry Test
NHLBI/YouTube
4:00
Spirometry: how to take a lung function test
The European Lung Foundation/YouTube
Spirometry Test
Spirometry Test
Also called: Breathing Test, Lung Capacity, Pulmonary Function Testing
Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that is used to help diagnose and monitor chronic lung conditions such as asthma or COPD. During this test, you will make maximum breathing efforts several times, and a special machine called spirometer will be used to calculate and graph your results.
Spirometry Test
Also called: Breathing Test, Lung Capacity, Pulmonary Function Testing
Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that is used to help diagnose and monitor chronic lung conditions such as asthma or COPD. During this test, you will make maximum breathing efforts several times, and a special machine called spirometer will be used to calculate and graph your results.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
On a spirogram, the breath flow is usually shown on the X axis and expressed in liters per second, while the breath volume is shown on the Y axis and expressed in liters. A normal spirogram reveals a healthy curve that shows a jump right after the start of the expiration, then a steady and quick raise to a sharp peak, and finally a smooth and slow fall.
Related conditions
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
% predicted
80
Your result is Normal.
FEV values greater than 80% of the predicted average value are considered to be normal. Age and gender are the major factors that affect the average values of FEV in healthy individuals. Height, weight, and ethnicity are some of the other influencing factors.
Related conditions
{"label":"FEV1 reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"VSA","long":"Very severely abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":0,"max":35},"text":"A very severely abnormal FEV1 indicates a very severe airway obstruction, a lung condition that narrows your airways. This means that the air flows out of your lungs more slowly than it should (low FEV1) with less than 50% of the total amount in the first second. At this stage, quality of life is considerably impaired and disease exacerbations may be life-threatening.","conditions":["Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","Asthma","Bronchiectasis","Bronchiolitis","COPD","Cystic fibrosis","Obstructive lung disease"]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"SA","long":"Severely abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":35,"max":50},"text":"A severely abnormal FEV1 indicates a severe airway obstruction, a lung condition that narrows your airways. This means that the air flows out of your lungs more slowly than it should (low FEV1) with less than 50% of the total amount in the first second. At this stage, you may experience greater shortness of breath, reduced exercise capacity, and repeated exacerbations which have an impact on quality of life. ","conditions":["Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","Asthma","Bronchiectasis","Bronchiolitis","COPD","Cystic fibrosis","Obstructive lung disease"]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"MTSA","long":"Moderate to severely abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":50,"max":60},"text":"A moderate to severely abnormal FEV1 indicates a moderate to severe airway obstruction, a lung condition that narrows your airways. This means that the air flows out of your lungs more slowly than it should (low FEV1) with less than 60% of the total amount in the first second. At this stage, you may experience chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of the disease.","conditions":["Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","Asthma","Bronchiectasis","Bronchiolitis","COPD","Cystic fibrosis","Obstructive lung disease"]},{"flag":"borderline","label":{"short":"MA","long":"Moderately abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":60,"max":70},"text":"A moderately abnormal FEV1 indicates a moderate airway obstruction, a lung condition that narrows your airways. This means that the air flows out of your lungs more slowly than it should (low FEV1) with less than 70% of the total amount in the first second. At this stage, you may experience chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of the disease.","conditions":["Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","Asthma","Bronchiectasis","Bronchiolitis","COPD","Cystic fibrosis","Obstructive lung disease"]},{"flag":"borderline","label":{"short":"MA","long":"Mildly abnormal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":70,"max":80},"text":"A mildly abnormal FEV1 indicates a mild airway obstruction, a lung condition that narrows your airways. This means that the air flows out of your lungs more slowly than it should (low FEV1) with less than 80% of the total amount in the first second. At this stage, you may not be aware that your lung function is abnormal. ","conditions":["Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","Asthma","Bronchiectasis","Bronchiolitis","COPD","Cystic fibrosis","Obstructive lung disease"]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"N","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":80,"max":100},"text":"A normal FEV1 indicates the absence of airway obstruction. The normal range is calculated by the spirometer based on your height, age, sex and ethnicity. If your lungs and airways are healthy, you can blow out most of your breath in the first second. This pattern tells your doctor that your spirometry test is normal when compared to the expected results for you.","conditions":[]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"% predicted","code":"%{predicted}","name":"percent predicted"}],"value":90,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"abnormal":2},{"abnormal":1},{"abnormal":0},{"borderline":1},{"borderline":0},{"normal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
% predicted
35
50
60
70
80
Your result is Normal.
A normal FEV1 indicates the absence of airway obstruction. The normal range is calculated by the spirometer based on your height, age, sex and ethnicity. If your lungs and airways are healthy, you can blow out most of your breath in the first second. This pattern tells your doctor that your spirometry test is normal when compared to the expected results for you.
Related conditions
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
%
50
60
70
Your result is Normal.
A normal FEV1/FVC ratio is 70% to 80% or higher in adults, 65% or higher in adults older than 65 and 85% or higher in children. In healthy people, a normal value indicates healthy lungs. In people with lung disease, a normal (or even elevated) value indicates restrictive disease.
Related conditions
Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that is used to estimate the size of the lungs and measure the rate of air flow into and out of them. This helps determine how well your lungs are functioning.
Your doctor may want to order this test to help diagnose and monitor chronic lung conditions, such as:
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis
Other disorders affecting lung function
Spirometry let doctors diagnose lung diseases at early stages when treatment is most effective. Then, routine spirometry tests can help monitor treatment effectiveness by assessing changes in lung functions.
A spirometry test can be performed in your doctor’s office.
During the test, your healthcare provider will place a clip on your nose to keep your nostrils closed. Then, you will be asked to sit, take a deep breath in, hold your breath for one or two seconds, and then exhale as hard as you can into a small machine called a spirometer until your lungs feel entirely empty.
You will be asked to repeat this procedure at least three times to ensure consistent results.
If at this point, your results show evidence of a breathing disorder, your doctor might give you an inhaled drug known as a bronchodilator to open up your airways; then, you will be asked to wait for approximately 15 minutes to perform another round of sets. Both sets of tests will be compared at the end of the exam to see whether the bronchodilator helped increase your airflow.
A computer that is attached to the spirometer calculates and graphs your results.
You will be asked to refrain from taking alcohol on the day of the test, and avoid smoking, eating, or exercising for at least a few hours before the test is done. Don’t wear tight clothing that could restrict your breathing.
Inform your healthcare practitioner if you are taking any over-the-counter or prescription medications since you might be asked to temporarily stop taking certain drugs that may affect your test results, especially puffer medications.
Complications are rare during or after a spirometry test. You may feel dizziness or experience shortness of breath immediately after performing the test. In very rare cases, severe breathing problems may be triggered.
Spirometry is not recommended for people who recently had eye surgery, heart surgery, or have other heart problems.
Spirometry results indicate whether your lungs are functioning normally. It does this through several breathing measurements:
Forced vital capacity (FVC): this is the total air volume that you can force out of your lungs after you take your biggest breath in.
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1): this is the amount of air that you can blow out of your lungs within the first second. It indicates whether or not there is airway obstruction.
FEV1/FVC ratio: this is the percentage of the FVC exhaled in the first second.
Normal results vary from person to person depending on their gender, age, height, and race.
Abnormal spirometry results could be due to either restrictive lung disease (such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis), obstructive lung disease (such as asthma or COPD), or a combination of both restrictive and obstructive lung disease.
Your doctor will take into consideration all spirometry measurements, along with the results of other tests, and your clinical findings to determine which type of lung disease is present.
Spirometry is often performed once a year or once every two years to monitor people with well-controlled breathing disorders. People who have uncontrolled or more severe breathing problems may need to have this test more frequently.
Pulmonary Function Tests | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_11_12/spirometry_procedures_manual.pdf [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
Spirometry and Bronchodilator Test [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
Spirometry | the lung association [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
Spirometry Testing | Breathing Test | Lung Capacity [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
Spirometry: Procedure, Normal Values, and Test Results [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
https://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2011/April/201104paraskeva.pdf [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
https://cnx.org/contents/bbaedbf4-4d78-4b7c-bc94-2a742f0f2f8c [accessed on Dec 09, 2018]
https://covid19.nih.gov/news-and-stories/monitoring-lung-function [accessed on Sep 03, 2021]
Additional Materials (14)
An illustration depicting an incentive spirometer.
An illustration depicting an incentive spirometer.
Image by BruceBlaus
A medical illustration depicting spirometry
A medical illustration depicting spirometry
Image by BruceBlaus
Testing and Diagnosis
Your doctor will first take your medical history and ask you about your symptoms. He or she will probably listen to your lungs using a stethoscope, although there may be no abnormal chest sounds between asthma attacks. Your doctor may ask about any patterns relating to your symptoms: are they worse during allergy seasons, at work or at home, during exercise? Do you have a family history of asthma?
Image by TheVisualMD
Testing and Diagnosis
Your doctor will first take your medical history and ask you about your symptoms. He or she will probably listen to your lungs using a stethoscope, although there may be no abnormal chest sounds between asthma attacks. Your doctor may ask about any patterns relating to your symptoms: are they worse during allergy seasons, at work or at home, during exercise? Do you have a family history of asthma?
Image by TheVisualMD
Testing and Diagnosis of Asthma
Testing and Diagnosis of Asthma
Image by TheVisualMD
Airway during asthma symptoms
Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms.
Image by National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute
How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?
The image shows how spirometry is done. The patient takes a deep breath and blows as hard as possible into a tube connected to a spirometer. The spirometer measures the amount of air breathed out. It also measures how fast the air was blown out.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
Asthma before-after
During an asthma episode, inflamed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe.
Image by FDA/Renée Gordon; vectors by Mysid
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
Doing a spirometry
Image by Jmarchn
Asthma in Children
A child using a peak expiratory flow meter in a pediatric clinic.
Image by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, a division of the National Institute of Health
Types of Lung Function Tests
A man undergoing whole body plethysmography
Image by Finchbook01 (talk)
Asthma Attacks
Constriction of the bronchioles and excess mucous production during an asthma attack.
Image by 7mike5000
Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide change as blood moves through the body.
Image by CNX Openstax
Spirometry: how to take a lung function test
Video by The European Lung Foundation/YouTube
An illustration depicting an incentive spirometer.
BruceBlaus
A medical illustration depicting spirometry
BruceBlaus
Testing and Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
Testing and Diagnosis
TheVisualMD
Testing and Diagnosis of Asthma
TheVisualMD
Airway during asthma symptoms
National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute
How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
Asthma before-after
FDA/Renée Gordon; vectors by Mysid
How Is COPD Diagnosed?
Jmarchn
Asthma in Children
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, a division of the National Institute of Health
Types of Lung Function Tests
Finchbook01 (talk)
Asthma Attacks
7mike5000
Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
CNX Openstax
4:00
Spirometry: how to take a lung function test
The European Lung Foundation/YouTube
Chest X-Ray Test
Chest X-Ray Test
Also called: CXR, Chest X Ray, Chest Radiograph, Chest Radiography, Chest Film
A chest X-ray is an imaging test that uses electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around the chest. The test can help diagnose and monitor conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity.
Chest X-Ray Test
Also called: CXR, Chest X Ray, Chest Radiograph, Chest Radiography, Chest Film
A chest X-ray is an imaging test that uses electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around the chest. The test can help diagnose and monitor conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
X rays are electromagnetic waves. They use ionizing radiation to create pictures of the inside of your body. A chest x ray takes pictures of the inside of your chest. The different tissues in your chest absorb different amounts of radiation. Your ribs and spine are bony and absorb radiation well. They normally appear light on a chest x ray. Your lungs, which are filled with air, normally appear dark.
Related conditions
A chest x ray is a painless, noninvasive test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. "Noninvasive" means that no surgery is done and no instruments are inserted into your body. This test is done to find the cause of symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time), and fever.
Chest x rays help doctors diagnose conditions such as pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah), heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, and sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis). Doctors also may use chest x rays to see how well treatments for certain conditions are working. Also, doctors often use chest x rays before surgery to look at the structures in the chest.
Chest x rays are the most common x-ray test used to diagnose health problems.
Doctors may recommend chest x rays for people who have symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time), or fever. The test can help find the cause of these symptoms.
Chest x rays look for conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, or sarcoidosis. The test also is used to check how well treatments for certain conditions are working.
Chest x rays also are used to evaluate people who test positive for tuberculosis (tu-ber-kyu-LO-sis) exposure on skin tests.
Sometimes, doctors recommend more chest x rays within hours, days, or months of an earlier chest x ray. This allows them to follow up on a condition.
People who are having certain types of surgery also may need chest x rays. Doctors often use the test before surgery to look at the structures inside the chest.
Depending on your doctor's request, you'll stand, sit, or lie for the chest x ray. The technician will help position you correctly. He or she may cover you with a heavy lead apron to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
The x-ray equipment usually consists of two parts. One part, a box-like machine, holds the x-ray film or a special plate that records the picture digitally. You'll sit or stand next to this machine. The second part is the x-ray tube, which is located about 6 feet away.
Before the pictures are taken, the technician will walk behind a wall or into the next room to turn on the x-ray machine. This helps reduce his or her exposure to the radiation.
Usually, two views of the chest are taken. The first is a view from the back. The second is a view from the side.
For a view from the back, you'll sit or stand so that your chest rests against the image plate. The x-ray tube will be behind you. For the side view, you'll turn to your side and raise your arms above your head.
If you need to lie down for the test, you'll lie on a table that contains the x-ray film or plate. The x-ray tube will be over the table.
You'll need to hold very still while the pictures are taken. The technician may ask you to hold your breath for a few seconds. These steps help prevent a blurry picture.
Although the test is painless, you may feel some discomfort from the coolness of the exam room and the x-ray plate. If you have arthritis or injuries to the chest wall, shoulders, or arms, you may feel discomfort holding a position during the test. The technician may be able to help you find a more comfortable position.
When the test is done, you'll need to wait while the technician checks the quality of the x-ray pictures. He or she needs to make sure that the pictures are good enough for the doctor to use.
You don't have to do anything special to prepare for a chest x ray. However, you may want to wear a shirt that's easy to take off. Before the test, you'll be asked to undress from the waist up and wear a gown.
You also may want to avoid wearing jewelry and other metal objects. You'll be asked to take off any jewelry, eyeglasses, and metal objects that might interfere with the x-ray picture. Let the x-ray technician (a person specially trained to do x-ray tests) know if you have any body piercings on your chest.
Let your doctor know if you're pregnant or may be pregnant. In general, women should avoid all x-ray tests during pregnancy. Sometimes, though, having an x ray is important to the health of the mother and fetus. If an x ray is needed, the technician will take extra steps to protect the fetus from radiation.
Chest x rays have few risks. The amount of radiation used in a chest x ray is very small. A lead apron may be used to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
The test gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're naturally exposed to over 10 days.
Chest x rays show the structures in and around the chest. The test is used to look for and track conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity. For example, chest x-ray pictures may show signs of pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, or sarcoidosis.
Chest x rays do have limits. They only show conditions that change the size of tissues in the chest or how the tissues absorb radiation. Also, chest x rays create two-dimensional pictures. This means that denser structures, like bone or the heart, may hide some signs of disease. Very small areas of cancer and blood clots in the lungs usually don't show up on chest x rays.
For these reasons, your doctor may recommend other tests to confirm a diagnosis.
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/chest-x-ray [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003804.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/chestrad [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chest_x-ray/article_em.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (50)
Chest X-Ray Basics in 5 min
Video by Nick Smith/YouTube
How X-rays see through your skin - Ge Wang
Video by TED-Ed/YouTube
What causes Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and who is at Risk?
Chest X-ray of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI syndrome) compared to chest X-ray of the same subject afterwards.
Image by Altaf Gauhar Haji, Shekhar Sharma, DK Vijaykumar and Jerry Paul
Tuberculosis X-ray
An anteroposterior X-ray of a patient diagnosed with advanced bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis. This AP X-ray of the chest reveals the presence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrate (white triangles), and caving forma.
Image by CDC / Der Lange
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
This highly-magnified, 1981 transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image, reveals some of the morphologic traits exhibited by a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virion is variable in shape, and size, with an average diameter between 120-300nm. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children, under 1-year of age.
Image by CDC/ E. L. Palmer
Q Fever Pneumonia X-ray
Combination of two x-rays (A) normal chest x-ray (B) x-ray documenting Q fever pneumonia.
Image by US Gov
Chest X Ray
A Lateral Chest X-Ray with the heart shadow outlined.
Image by US Army
Projectional radiography
Image relating focal spot size to geometric unsharpness in projectional radiography.
Image by Source images by Blausen Medical and LadyofHats (Mariana Ruiz Villarreal) Derivative by Mikael Haggstrom
Chest Radiograph
Chest X-Ray : Specialized test, like a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed to confirm the presence of an aneurysm.
Image by TheVisualMD
X-ray of Healthy Lung
This image shows an x-ray of healthy lungs.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cancer screening
Cancer Imaging: X-Rays : Chest X-rays can be used to show the presence of tumors, as for lung cancer, but they may also indicate problems associated with cancer. An X-ray may produce images suggestive of fluid accumulation, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lung Cancer
Chest X-ray (Cancer): This is an x-ray image of a chest. Both sides of the lungs are visible with a growth on the left side of the lung, which could possibly be lung cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute
Chest X Ray
Mediastinal structures on a chest radiograph.
Image by Mikael Haggstrom, from source images by ZooFari, Stillwaterising and Gray's Anatomy creators
CT Chest Scan of Pleura effusion
CT scan of chest showing loculated pleural effusion in left side. Some thickening of pleura is also noted. From my personal collection. Permission obtained from patient.
Image by Drriad
Chest X-ray (Cancer)
This is an x-ray image of a chest. Both sides of the lungs are visible with a growth on the left side of the lung, which could possibly be lung cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
This browser does not support the video element.
CT Scans (VIDEO)
This video shows how modern science of scanning can expose the health condition of the patient. The video starts with a patient undergoing CT scanning, an x-ray procedure that combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. Visible are the heart, lungs, and arteries of a patient.
Video by TheVisualMD
Chest X-Ray
Air-filled trachea and lungs Diaphragmatic domes Mediastinal structures Vascular markings
Arrows indicate costophrenic angles
Image by US Army
Gallstones
Gallstones as seen on plain x-ray.
Image by James Heilman, MD
Hemoptysis x-ray
Hemoptysis can be discovered with the help of radiology.
Image by Aidan Jones from Oxford, U.K.
X-ray of Lung with Pulmonary Edema
Within the lungs, the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller passageways, the smallest of which are called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoli). Pulmonary edema is a condition caused when excess fluid collects in these air sacs, making it difficult to breathe. Fluid in the lungs can be caused by pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and other conditions, but in most cases, the cause of pulmonary edema is heart problems (when a damaged heart can't pump enough blood and fluid leaks into the lungs).
Image by TheVisualMD
What To Expect During and After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Surgery
A normal chest X-ray after placement of an ICD, showing the ICD generator in the upper left chest and the ICD lead in the right ventricle of the heart. Note the 2 opaque coils along the ICD lead.
Image by Gregory Marcus, MD, MAS, FACC
This browser does not support the video element.
Chest X-ray: NCI B-roll [video]
NCI B-roll of a patient receiving a Chest X-ray. This video is silent.
Video by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
X-Ray of Aneurysm within Chest frontal view
Most aneurysms are detected in the course of an exam, such as a physical exam or a chest X-ray, being performed for a different reason.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pleural Effusion: Tests
Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. The arrow A shows fluid layering in the right pleural cavity. The B arrow shows the normal width of the lung in the cavity. A pleural effusion: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. The arrow A shows fluid layering in the right pleural cavity. The B arrow shows the normal width of the lung in the cavity. A pleural effusion: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.
Image by CDC InvictaHOG
Coccidioidomycosis
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed pulmonary changes indicative of pulmonary fibrosis in a case of coccidioidomycosis, caused by fungal organisms of the genus, Coccidioides. Because these changes also resemble those seen in other lung infections including tuberculosis, the findings uncovered with a chest x-ray needs to be coupled with serologic testing, as well as possible tissue biopsy. The degree of fibrotic changes, indicative of scarring found on x-ray, can be directly correlated to the severity of the fungal infection.
Image by CDC/ Dr. Lucille K. Georg
How Is Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Diagnosed?
Chest X-Ray: Acute respiratory distress syndrome on plain Xray
Image by James Heilman, MD
How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?
Early Asbestosis in a Retired Pipe Fitter : Chest X-ray in asbestosis shows plaques above diaphragm
Image by Clinical Cases
Aspergillosis
This was a photomicrograph of a lung tissue specimen, harvested from a caged, sulfur-crested cockatoo, that depicted some of the histopathologic changes that had been caused by the fungal organism, Aspergillus fumigatus, in a case of avian pulmonary aspergillosis. Here, you are able see how the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain, revealed A. fumigatus ultrastructural morphology including conidial heads and mycelium.
Image by CDC/ Dr. William Kaplan
Pleural Effusion - Defined
A large left sided pleural effusion as seen on an upright chest X-ray
Image by Drriad
Pleural Effusion: Tests
A large left sided pleural effusion as seen on an upright chest X-ray
Image by James Heilman MD
Breast implants
Chest X-ray showing breast implants
Image by James Heilman
Living With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
No cure is available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) yet. Your symptoms may get worse over time. As your symptoms worsen, you may not be able to do many of the things that you did before you had IPF.
However, lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disease.
If you're still smoking, the most important thing you can do is quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke. Ask family members and friends not to smoke in front of you or in your home, car, or workplace.
Image by Drriad
Symptoms and Spread of SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
A chest x-ray showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia, in a patient with SARS.
Image by CDC
Chilaiditi syndrome
Chest X-ray showing obvious Chilaiditi's sign, or presence of gas in the right colic angle between the liver and right hemidiaphragm (left side of the image).
Piper's Sign: In days gone by the lateral chest x-ray (demonstrating greater opacity in the aortic arch and descending aorta than the thoracic spine) gave an indication to the degree of calcified plaque burden a patient had. This has been known as Piper's sign and can often be seen in elderly persons particularly those with concomitant osteoporosis.
Image by U4077905
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Image by Stockholm
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Image by Lange123 at German Wikipedia
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenza
Chest X-ray of a 76 year old woman, who developed cough and labored breathing. First testing showed influenza B virus, and later a nasopharyngeal swab detected Haemophilus influenzae. The H influenzae presumably developed as an opportunistic infection secondary to the flu. This X-ray was taken 2 weeks after cultures and start of antibiotics, showing delayed pneumonic infiltrates that were only vaguely visible on initial (not shown) X-rays.
Image by Mikael Häggström
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenzae, lateral
Chest X-ray of a 76 year old woman, who developed cough and labored breathing. First testing showed influenza B virus, and later a nasopharyngeal swab detected Haemophilus influenzae. The H influenzae presumably developed as an opportunistic infection secondary to the flu. This X-ray was taken 2 weeks after cultures and start of antibiotics, showing delayed pneumonic infiltrates that were only vaguely visible on initial (not shown) X-rays.
Image by Mikael Häggström
Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
(a) Ringworm presents as a red ring on skin; (b) Trichophyton violaceum, shown in this bright field light micrograph, causes superficial mycoses on the scalp; (c) Histoplasma capsulatum is an ascomycete that infects airways and causes symptoms similar to influenza. (credit a: modification of work by Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC; credit b: modification of work by Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC; credit c: modification of work by M. Renz, CDC; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
Image by CNX Openstax
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed radiologic evidence of pulmonary pneumocystosis in the form of bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. This infection was due to the presence of an opportunistic fungal infection by the fungal organism Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. (This image was provided by Jonathan W.M. Gold. M.D., Assoc. Dir. Special Microbiology Lab, Assist. Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Assist. Prof. of Medicine, Cornell Univ. Med. College, New York.)
Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystis organisms represent a large group of species of atypical fungi with universal distribution and pulmonary tropism, and each species has a strong specificity for a given mammalian host species.
Image by CDC/ Jonathan W.M. Gold, MD
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Image by Stillwaterising
Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child
PA view Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child. Released per permission of mother.
Image by Samir (talk)
Chest X Ray
Structures shown: Air-filled trachea and lungs Diaphragmatic domes Mediastinal structures Vascular markings. Arrows indicate costophrenic angles
Image by US Army
Thoracic diaphragm
X-ray of chest, showing top of diaphragm.
Image by OpenStax College
Chest X Ray
Roentgenogram or Medical X-ray image. May not be to scale.
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Stockholm
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Lange123 at German Wikipedia
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenza
Mikael Häggström
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenzae, lateral
Mikael Häggström
Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
CNX Openstax
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed radiologic evidence of pulmonary pneumocystosis in the form of bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. This infection was due to the presence of an opportunistic fungal infection by the fungal organism Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. (This image was provided by Jonathan W.M. Gold. M.D., Assoc. Dir. Special Microbiology Lab, Assist. Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Assist. Prof. of Medicine, Cornell Univ. Med. College, New York.)
CDC/ Jonathan W.M. Gold, MD
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Stillwaterising
Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child
A chest computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging test that takes detailed pictures of the lungs and the inside of the chest. Computers combine the pictures to create a 3-D model showing the size, shape, and position of the lungs and structures in the chest.
A chest computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging test that takes detailed pictures of the lungs and the inside of the chest. Computers combine the pictures to create a 3-D model showing the size, shape, and position of the lungs and structures in the chest.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A chest CT scan provides detailed pictures of the size, shape, and position of your lungs and other structures in your chest. A normal chest CT means your chest appears normal.
Related conditions
A chest CT scan is a more detailed type of chest X-ray. This painless imaging test takes many detailed pictures, called slices, of your lungs and the inside of your chest. Computers can combine these pictures to create three-dimensional (3D) models to help show the size, shape, and position of your lungs and structures in your chest.
This imaging test is often done to follow up on abnormal findings from earlier chest x rays. A chest CT scan also can help determine the cause of lung symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain, or check to see if you have certain lung problems such as a tumor, excess fluid around the lungs that is known as pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism, emphysema, tuberculosis, and pneumonia.
A chest CT scan provides detailed pictures of the size, shape, and position of your lungs and other structures in your chest. Doctors use this test to:
Follow up on abnormal results from standard chest x rays.
Find the cause of lung symptoms, such as shortness of breath or chest pain.
Find out whether you have a lung problem, such as a tumor, excess fluid around the lungs, or a pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs). The test also is used to check for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumonia.
Your doctor may recommend a chest CT scan if you have symptoms of lung problems, such as chest pain or trouble breathing. The scan can help find the cause of the symptoms.
A chest CT scan looks for problems such as tumors, excess fluid around the lungs, and pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs). The scan also checks for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumonia.
Your doctor may recommend a chest CT scan if a standard chest x ray doesn't help diagnose the problem. The chest CT scan can:
Provide more detailed pictures of your lungs and other chest structures than a standard chest x ray
Find the exact location of a tumor or other problem
Show something that isn't visible on a chest x ray
Your chest CT scan may be done in a medical imaging facility or hospital. The CT scanner is a large, tunnel-like machine that has a table. You will lie still on the table and the table will slide into the scanner. Talk to your doctor if you are uncomfortable in tight or closed spaces to see if you need medicine to relax you during the test. You will hear soft buzzing or clicking sounds when you are inside the scanner and the scanner is taking pictures. You will be able to hear from and talk to the technician performing the test while you are inside the scanner. For some diagnoses, a contrast dye, often iodine-based, may be injected into a vein in your arm before the imaging test. This contrast dye highlights areas inside your chest and creates clearer pictures. You may feel some discomfort from the needle or, after the contrast dye is injected, you may feel warm briefly or have a temporary metallic taste in your mouth.
Wear loose-fitting, comfortable clothing for the test. Sometimes the CT scan technician (a person specially trained to do CT scans) may ask you to wear a hospital gown. You also may want to avoid wearing jewelry and other metal objects. You'll be asked to take off any jewelry, eyeglasses, and metal objects that might interfere with the test. You may be asked to remove hearing aids and dentures as well. Let the technician know if you have any body piercing on your chest.
Tell your doctor whether you're pregnant or may be pregnant. If possible, you should avoid unnecessary radiation exposure during pregnancy. This is because of the concern that radiation may harm the fetus.
Chest CT scans have some risks. In rare instances, some people have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. There is a slight risk of cancer, particularly in growing children, because the test uses radiation. Although the amount of radiation from one test is usually less than the amount of radiation you are naturally exposed to over three years, patients should not receive more CT scans than the number that clinical guidelines recommend. Another risk is that chest CT scans may detect an incidental finding, which is something that doesn’t cause symptoms but now may require more tests after being found.
Talk to your doctor and the technicians performing the test about whether you are or could be pregnant. If the test is not urgent, they may have you wait to do the test until after your pregnancy. If it is urgent, the technicians will take extra steps to protect your baby during this test. Let your doctor know if you are breastfeeding because contrast dye can pass into your breast milk. If you must have contrast dye injected, you may want to pump and save enough breast milk for one to two days after your test or you may bottle-feed your baby for that time.
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/chest-ct-scan [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003788.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
Additional Materials (50)
Pleural empyema
CT chest showing large right sided hydro-pneumothorax from pleural empyema. Arrows A: air, B: fluid
Image by Amit Banga, GC Khilnani, SK Sharma1, AB Dey, Naveet Wig and Namrata Banga
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?
CT with the identification of underlying lung lesion: an apical bulla.
Image by Robertolyra
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?
Right-sided pneumothorax (right side of image) on CT scan of the chest with chest tube in place.
Image by en:User:Clinical Cases
Chest Radiograph
Chest X-Ray : Specialized test, like a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed to confirm the presence of an aneurysm.
Image by TheVisualMD
What To Expect During a Coronary Calcium Scan
3D reconstruction of the thin multislice CT, covering human heart and lungs
Image by Semnic
Incision for Open-Chest Bypass Surgery
Open-chest bypass surgery requires the surgeon to make an incision down the center of the chest, along the breastbone. The rib cage is spread open to expose the heart.
Image by TheVisualMD
A child's guide to hospital: CT Chest
Video by The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne/YouTube
What is it like to have a CT scan? | Cancer Research UK
Video by Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Coronary CT angiography of coronary arteries
Researchers have found that anti-inflammatory biologic therapies used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis can significantly reduce coronary inflammation in patients with the chronic skin condition. Scientists said the findings are particularly notable because of the use of a novel imaging biomarker, the perivascular fat attenuation index (FAI), that was able to measure the effect of the therapy in reducing the inflammation.
The study published online in JAMA Cardiology, has implications not just for people with psoriasis, but for those with other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. These conditions are known to increase the risk for heart attacks and strokes. The study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of the National Institutes of Health.
In this image: Coronary CT angiography image of the coronary arteries depicting the perivascular fat attenuation index before and after biologic therapy at one-year follow-up for patients with excellent response to biologic therapy.
Image by Oxford Academic Cardiovascular CT Core Lab and Lab of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases at NHLBI
Coronary CT
Coronary CT
Image by Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
CT of the blood vessels and heart
CT of the blood vessels and heart
Image by Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
Chest CT showing pulmonary sequestration
chest CT: diagnosis is pulmonary sequestration
Image by RadsWiki
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Image by Matthew Cham, MD
/Wikimedia
Having a Cardiac CT Scan in Hospital
Video by Oxford AHSN/YouTube
What to Expect from a CT Exam with Contrast
Video by RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
Protocoling chest CTs
Video by Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
Low Dose CT Scans to Look for Lung Cancer
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
Lung Cancer Screening (LCS)
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
CT Scan of the Chest Explained Clearly - High Resolution CT Scan (HRCT)
Video by MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY/YouTube
What to Expect: CT Scan | Cedars-Sinai
Video by Cedars-Sinai/YouTube
How I Read a Chest CT
Video by Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
Introduction to Computed Tomographic imaging of the Chest
Video by Yale Radiology and Biomedical Imaging/YouTube
Lung Cancer Screening: The Life-saving CT Scan
Video by RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
How to prepare for a CT scan
Video by Sunnybrook Hospital/YouTube
Using CT Scans to Screen for Lung Cancer
Video by UConn Health/YouTube
Cardiac CT scan
Video by UHP_NHS/YouTube
Real look at Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT Scan from Start to Finish.
Video by Dumb Old Dad/YouTube
What is it like to get a CT Scan with Contrast?
Video by STRIDE Project/YouTube
Thorax with Healthy Heart
3D visualization based on scanned human data of a healthy heart in the thorax.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart and Lungs
The heart and lungs are the primary contents of the thorax. They are interconnected with very large blood vessels. The heart sends oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, which oxygenate it and return it to the heart through the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary arteries arise from one large pulmonary trunk, and then begin branching exponentially once they enter the lungs in order to reach the functional respiratory units and pick up oxygen. The smallest pulmonary veins then take the oxygenated blood backwards through the lungs and empty into the back of the heart through four larger pulmonary veins. The oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by the heart out into the body through the aorta. Deoxygenated blood from body tissues returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava and the cardiac cycle repeats continuously. The pulmonary veins and arteries are the only case where arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry blood that has been oxygenated.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
3D visualization of an anterior view of the muscles involved in respiration. The primary job of the thorax is to promote movements necessary for breathing. Three muscles of the thorax assist in this function; the external intercostals, internal intercostals and diaphragm. The intercostals do the job of lifting the ribs up and pulling them outward, which in turn enlarges the lungs. As the lungs expand, the pressure inside them is reduced, and they suck in air. During extreme inhalation, the neck muscles also contract. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and pushes downward; during exhalation, it relaxes and is pushed up into a dome shape by the lower digestive organs, compressing the lungs. As pressure rises in the chest cavity, exhale occurs, pressure is equalized and the cycle restarts.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
3D visualization of an inferior view of the muscles involved in respiration. The primary job of the thorax is to promote movements necessary for breathing. Three muscles of the thorax assist in this function; the external intercostals, internal intercostals and diaphragm. The intercostals do the job of lifting the ribs up and pulling them outward, which in turn enlarges the lungs. As the lungs expand, the pressure inside them is reduced, and they suck in air. During extreme inhalation, the neck muscles also contract. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and pushes downward; during exhalation, it relaxes and is pushed up into a dome shape by the lower digestive organs, compressing the lungs. As pressure rises in the chest cavity, exhalation occurs, pressure is equalized and the cycle restarts.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with visible Lung and Heart
3D visualization of a posterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Female Thorax Showing Breast
Visualization based on scanned human data of an anterior view of female breast.
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Heart
Visualization of male heart. The nerve supply of the heart is emphasized specifically the cardiac plexus. The plexus which rest around the base of the heart, mainly in the epicardium, is formed by cardiac branches from the vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunks and ganglia.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thorax with Heart and Lung
3D visualization of an anterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. The cone-shaped lungs occupy most of the thoracic cavity. Each lung is suspended in its own pleural cavity and connected to the mediastinum (which houses the heart) by its root which is made up of vascular and bronchial attachments. The anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces of the lung are in close contact with the ribs and form a continuously curving surface called the costal surface. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Thorax Showing Trachea and Lung
3D visualization of an anterior view of the lungs and heart reconstructed from scanned human data. De-oxygenated red blood cells are sent by the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the vessels of the lungs to be refilled with oxygen for their next circuit through the body. The blood is carried through the lung tissues, where it exchanges its carbon dioxide for oxygen in the alveoli. It is then returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart and sent out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries away the deoxygenated blood, which returns fully oxygenated through the pulmonary vein.
Image by TheVisualMD
Thoracic Aneurysm in the Aorta
Aneurysms that occur in the part of the aorta that is higher in the chest are called thoracic aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms often grow slowly and usually without any symptoms therefore making them difficult to detect
Image by TheVisualMD
Ventilation/perfusion scan
subFusion processing applied to a SPECT lung ventilation-perfusion scan.
Image by KieranMaher at English Wikibooks
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
3D visualization of an inferior view of a transverse section of the thorax, highlighting the lungs, reconstructed from scanned human data. The trachea, cardiac impression, and transverse sections of the thoracic aorta and esophagus are clearly illustrated. The bronchial tree is also visible. When air is inhaled into the lungs, it flows through large tubes called bronchi, branches into smaller tubes known as bronchioles, and ends up in the thousands of small pouches that are the alveoli. This is where the oxygen is transferred from the air into the bloodstream. Each alveolar sac, or air sac, is surrounded by a bed of capillaries, and the walls between the lung and the capillary are extremely thin. The walls are so delicate, in fact, that the inhaled oxygen can seep from the air sacs to bind to the hemoglobin in the blood, while the carbon dioxide and other waste gasses leave the blood and diffuse into the lungs where they can be exhaled.
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
Angina
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
Chest Pain
Image by TheVisualMD
Chest Pain or Tightness
Image by TheVisualMD
CT scanner
A view of the CT scanner in the new Fort Belvoir Community Hospital. The hospital, still under construction, is a 2005 Base Realignment and Closure project, and is scheduled to open later this year.
Image by Official Navy Page from United States of America MC2 Todd Frantom/U.S. Marine Corps
Illustration of 3 X-ray images and a patient entering a CT scanner
Radiation can be dangerous, but it can also save lives. When you’re faced with a medical test that uses radiation, don’t let fear get in your way. Learn about the risks and benefits, and know what questions to ask.
Image by NIH News in Health
Drawing of a computerized tomography scanner with a health care professional looking on a computer screen as a patient lies inside the scanner
CT scan.
Image by NIDDK Image Library
Advanced CT Scanning
An NIH Clinical Center study participant receives a scan in the Photon-Counting CT scanner.
Image by NIH Clinical Center
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
CAT Scan
A computer-assisted tomographic (CAT) scanner, with a Caucasian female technician working at a screen and behind a glass wall. A patient is on a table and being tested by the CAT scanner. The lighting is very subdued. This new technology revolutionized detection of brain tumors.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Linda Bartlett (Photographer)
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
Virtual colonoscopy is a new imaging technology that uses computed tomography (CT) images to look for polyps and cancer in the colon. A computed tomography scanner takes cross-sectional images of the patient's colon, after the colon has been inflated with gas. A three-dimensional model is created from the CT slices and evaluated by a radiologist for abnormalities.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pleural empyema
Amit Banga, GC Khilnani, SK Sharma1, AB Dey, Naveet Wig and Namrata Banga
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?
Robertolyra
How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?
en:User:Clinical Cases
Chest Radiograph
TheVisualMD
What To Expect During a Coronary Calcium Scan
Semnic
Incision for Open-Chest Bypass Surgery
TheVisualMD
4:22
A child's guide to hospital: CT Chest
The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne/YouTube
1:50
What is it like to have a CT scan? | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK/YouTube
Coronary CT angiography of coronary arteries
Oxford Academic Cardiovascular CT Core Lab and Lab of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases at NHLBI
Coronary CT
Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
CT of the blood vessels and heart
Bác sĩ Nguyễn Minh Đức
Chest CT showing pulmonary sequestration
RadsWiki
Scimitar syndrome chest CT
Matthew Cham, MD
/Wikimedia
4:59
Having a Cardiac CT Scan in Hospital
Oxford AHSN/YouTube
2:33
What to Expect from a CT Exam with Contrast
RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
7:48
Protocoling chest CTs
Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
1:44
Low Dose CT Scans to Look for Lung Cancer
Lee Health/YouTube
8:27
Lung Cancer Screening (LCS)
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
5:10
CT Scan of the Chest Explained Clearly - High Resolution CT Scan (HRCT)
MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY/YouTube
3:29
What to Expect: CT Scan | Cedars-Sinai
Cedars-Sinai/YouTube
17:21
How I Read a Chest CT
Thoracic Radiology/YouTube
8:46
Introduction to Computed Tomographic imaging of the Chest
Yale Radiology and Biomedical Imaging/YouTube
3:09
Lung Cancer Screening: The Life-saving CT Scan
RAYUS Radiology™/YouTube
2:19
How to prepare for a CT scan
Sunnybrook Hospital/YouTube
2:07
Using CT Scans to Screen for Lung Cancer
UConn Health/YouTube
5:04
Cardiac CT scan
UHP_NHS/YouTube
6:28
Real look at Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT Scan from Start to Finish.
Dumb Old Dad/YouTube
2:52
What is it like to get a CT Scan with Contrast?
STRIDE Project/YouTube
Thorax with Healthy Heart
TheVisualMD
Heart and Lungs
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Muscle Involved in Respiration
TheVisualMD
Thorax with visible Lung and Heart
TheVisualMD
Female Thorax Showing Breast
TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Heart
TheVisualMD
Thorax with Heart and Lung
TheVisualMD
Cross Section of Human Thorax. Liver in bottom Left
TheVisualMD
Male Thorax Showing Trachea and Lung
TheVisualMD
Thoracic Aneurysm in the Aorta
TheVisualMD
Ventilation/perfusion scan
KieranMaher at English Wikibooks
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain
TheVisualMD
Chest Pain or Tightness
TheVisualMD
CT scanner
Official Navy Page from United States of America MC2 Todd Frantom/U.S. Marine Corps
Illustration of 3 X-ray images and a patient entering a CT scanner
NIH News in Health
Drawing of a computerized tomography scanner with a health care professional looking on a computer screen as a patient lies inside the scanner
NIDDK Image Library
Advanced CT Scanning
NIH Clinical Center
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
CAT Scan
National Cancer Institute / Linda Bartlett (Photographer)
Virtual Colonoscopy Slice of CT Data
TheVisualMD
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test
Also called: ABG, Arterial Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Gases, Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Oxygen Level
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acidity in a blood sample to see how well your lungs, heart and kidneys are working. Abnormal results can mean there's a problem with your lungs or kidneys.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test
Also called: ABG, Arterial Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Gases, Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Oxygen Level
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acidity in a blood sample to see how well your lungs, heart and kidneys are working. Abnormal results can mean there's a problem with your lungs or kidneys.
{"label":"SaO2 reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"VL","long":"Very low","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":30,"max":80},"text":"Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Low","long":"Low","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":80,"max":90},"text":"Arterial blood oxygen levels below 90 percent is called hypoxemia. A saturation level of 90% is usually considered the point where your oxygen saturation is dangerously low and you should get immediate medical attention. ","conditions":["Asthma","COPD","Interstitial lung disease","Pulmonary hypertension","Bronchiectasis","Emphysema","ARDS","Pneumonia","Obstruction of an artery in the lung","Pulmonary fibrosis","Excess fluid in the lungs"]},{"flag":"borderline","label":{"short":"D","long":"Decreased","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":90,"max":95},"text":"Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95-100%. Oxygen saturation can be increased with deep or rapid breathing.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"N","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":95,"max":100},"text":"Your oxygen saturation level is dependent upon a number of factors including your health condition, breathing rate and activity level. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95-100%.","conditions":[]}],"value":97.5,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"abnormal":1},{"abnormal":0},{"borderline":0},{"normal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
80
90
95
Your result is Normal.
Your oxygen saturation level is dependent upon a number of factors including your health condition, breathing rate and activity level. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95-100%.
Related conditions
{"label":"PaO2 reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Low","long":"Low","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":60,"max":80},"text":"A lower than normal result indicates decreased levels of oxygen in the inhaled air. Changes in environmental pressure may also cause a change in the available oxygen for diffusion into the body. ","conditions":["Anemia","Heart failure","Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","Restrictive pulmonary disease","Hypoventilation"]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":80,"max":100},"text":"Normal results vary based on the laboratory and the method used.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High","long":"High","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":100,"max":120},"text":"A higher than normal result indicates increased levels of oxygen in the inhaled air.","conditions":["Polycythemia"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"mm\u00a0Hg","code":"mm[Hg]","name":"millimeter of mercury"}],"value":90,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"abnormal":0},{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mm Hg
80
100
Your result is Normal.
Normal results vary based on the laboratory and the method used.
Related conditions
{"label":"pCO2 reference range","scale":"lin","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Hypocapnia","long":"Hypocapnia","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":10,"max":35},"text":"A pCO2 value below 35 mm Hg is called hypocapnia, or hypocarbia. When the levels are low, the body naturally tries to produce more CO2 by joining bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions to create more CO2 molecules. However, hydrogen ions determine blood pH; by using up hydrogen ions to create CO2, the pH of the blood increases and becomes basic.","conditions":["Addison disease","CNS tumors","Dyspnea","Heart failure","Hyperventilation","Fatigue","Infections","Intracranial pressure","Ketoacidosis","Kidney disorders","Medications (aspirin, progesterone)","Metabolic acidosis","Pulmonary edema","Pulmonary embolism","Respiratory alkalosis","Shock"]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":35,"max":45},"text":"A partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) normally is maintained between 35 and 45 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that your body gets rid of when you exhale. It helps regulate your breathing rate and the acid-base balance in your blood.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Hypercapnia","long":"Hypercapnia","orientation":"horizontal"},"values":{"min":45,"max":100},"text":"A pCO2 value above 45 mm Hg is called hypercapnia, or hypercarbia. This result may indicate that your body has an electrolyte imbalance, or that there is a problem removing carbon dioxide through your lungs.","conditions":["Adrenal glands disorders","Hormonal disorders","Hyperthyroidism","Hypoventilation","Fever","Kidney diseases","Lung diseases","Respiratory acidosis","Respiratory failure"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"mm\u00a0Hg","code":"mm[Hg]","name":"millimeter of mercury"}],"value":40,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"abnormal":0},{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
mm Hg
35
45
Your result is Normal.
A partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) normally is maintained between 35 and 45 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that your body gets rid of when you exhale. It helps regulate your breathing rate and the acid-base balance in your blood.
Related conditions
{"label":"Blood pH reference range","scale":"log","step":0.1,"hideunits":false,"items":[{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"Low (Acidic)","long":"Low (Acidic)","orientation":"vertical"},"values":{"min":0,"max":7.35},"text":"A blood pH below 7.35 is acidic. Blood acidosis can be a warning sign that a health condition isn\u2019t properly controlled.","conditions":["Acidosis","Diabetic ketoacidosis","Kidney failure","Asthma or an asthma attack","Sleep apnea","Bronchitis","Pneumonia","COPD","Diaphragm disorders"]},{"flag":"normal","label":{"short":"Normal","long":"Normal","orientation":"vertical"},"values":{"min":7.35,"max":7.45},"text":"Your blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This means that blood is naturally slightly alkaline or basic.","conditions":[]},{"flag":"abnormal","label":{"short":"High (Alkaline)","long":"High (Alkaline)","orientation":"vertical"},"values":{"min":7.45,"max":14},"text":"A blood pH higher than 7.45 is alkaline or basic. An illness can temporarily raise your blood pH. More serious health conditions can also lead to blood alkalosis.","conditions":["Alkalosis","Sweating","Vomiting","Diarrhea","Kidney problems"]}],"units":[{"printSymbol":"pH","code":"[pH]","name":"pH"}],"value":7.4,"disclaimer":"Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\""}[{"abnormal":0},{"normal":0},{"abnormal":0}]
Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
pH
7.35
7.45
Your result is Normal.
Your blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This means that blood is naturally slightly alkaline or basic.
Related conditions
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. It also checks the acidity of your blood. This is called your acid-base balance or your pH level. The blood sample is taken from an artery, which is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your body.
In an ABG test, the blood oxygen measurement shows how well your lungs move oxygen from the air into your blood when you breath in. The carbon dioxide measurement shows and how well your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your blood when you breath out.
Carbon dioxide is an acidic waste product that your body makes. If your blood and tissues become even slightly too acidic or too basic (alkaline), it can seriously affect many of your organs and even become life-threatening.
Your lungs and your kidneys do much of the work to keep your acid-base balance normal. So, the acid-base measurement from an ABG test can help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect your lungs and kidneys as well as many other conditions that may upset your acid-base balance.
An ABG test is used to help:
Check your acid-base balance
Diagnose serious problems with your lungs and breathing
Diagnose kidney disorders
Find out whether treatment is working for breathing disorders, kidney disease, or other conditions that may affect your acid-base balance
There are many reasons why you may need this test. For example, you may need an ABG test if you:
Have symptoms of a problem with your acid-base balance, such as:
Uncontrolled rapid or deep breathing, which may be a sign that your lungs are trying to adjust acids or bases by changing the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in your blood
Nausea and vomiting
Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)
Confusion
Fatigue
Muscle twitching and/or cramps
Are being treated for a lung disease or a condition that affects your breathing, such as:
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cystic fibrosis
Myasthenia gravis
Have symptoms after you have had:
Carbon monoxide poisoning
An inhalation injury (breathing in smoke, hot air, and/or harmful chemicals)
A recent head or neck injury that could affect your breathing
Are receiving oxygen therapy in the hospital
Most blood tests take a sample from a vein. For this test, a health care provider will take a sample of blood from an artery. That's because blood from an artery has higher oxygen levels than blood from a vein.
The sample is usually taken from an artery on the inside of your wrist, but it may be taken from an artery in your arm or groin. For a newborn, the sample may be taken from the baby's heel or the umbilical cord shortly after birth.
If your blood sample is taken from your wrist, the provider will first test your blood circulation. The provider will hold your wrist and apply pressure to the arteries to cut off blood flow to your hand for several seconds. Then the provider will let go of your wrist to check how quickly blood flow returns to your hand. If your blood flow is normal, the provider will collect a blood sample.
A blood sample taken from an artery tends to be more uncomfortable than most blood tests, which use a vein. So, the provider may apply some numbing medicine to your skin first. The provider will insert a needle with a syringe into the artery to remove some blood.
When the syringe is full, the provider will bandage the puncture site. Pressure will be applied to the site for at least 5 minutes to stop the bleeding.
If you take blood thinners, including aspirin, ask your health care provider whether you should stop taking them before your test. And tell your provider about all other medicines and supplements you take. But don't stop taking any medicines unless your provider tells you to.
If you are on oxygen therapy, your oxygen may be turned off for about 20 minutes before the test. This will be done only if you can breathe without oxygen therapy.
There is very little risk to having a blood oxygen level test. You may have some bleeding, bruising, or soreness at the spot where the needle was put in. Very rarely, the needle may damage a nerve or the artery. You may be told to avoid lifting heavy objects for 24 hours after the test.
ABG test results involve many body systems that affect each other. And there are many health conditions that can cause abnormal results. For these reasons, it's best to have your provider explain what your results mean for your health.
Your ABG test results will list many measurements, including:
Oxygen saturation (O2Sat). This measures how much oxygen your red blood cells are carrying.
Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). This measures the pressure of oxygen that's dissolved in your blood. It helps show how well oxygen moves from your lungs to your bloodstream.
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). This measures the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood. It also shows how easily carbon dioxide can move out of your body.
Acid-base balance (pH level). This measures the acidity of your blood. Too much acid is called acidosis. Too much base (alkaline) is called alkalosis. These conditions are symptoms of other problems that upset the acid-base balance in your body.
An ABG test alone usually can't provide a final diagnosis. So, if your results are not normal, your provider will likely order more tests to make a diagnosis. In general, abnormal results may mean you have a problem with your lungs or kidneys or a metabolic disorder. Metabolic disorders affect how your body uses food for energy. Certain medicines may also upset your acid-base balance and lead to abnormal ABG test results.
Another type of test, called pulse oximetry, can check your blood oxygen saturation levels. A small clip-like device, called a pulse oximeter, is usually attached to your finger. The device tells you the percentage of red blood cells that are full of oxygen. Pulse oximetry may be useful if blood oxygen levels are the only concern. Ask your provider if this test is right for you.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Dec 26, 2023]
Blood gases: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Sep 02, 2018]
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) | Lab Tests | GLOWM [accessed on Dec 26, 2023]
Blood Gases - Testing.com. Dec 13, 2021 [accessed on Dec 26, 2023]
Additional Materials (8)
How to take an arterial blood gas (ABG) - OSCE guide
The cardiovascular system is vast network of arteries, veins and vessels that would extend 60,000 miles if stretched end-to-end. All but a tiny fraction of this vessel network is invisible to the naked eye. The smallest capillaries (from latin "hairlike") are so narrow that red blood cells must pass through in single file. Higher than normal blood iron levels have been linked to heart disease and the reason is believed to be the oxidative stress the excess iron places on the walls of the blood vessels. It is the biological counterpart of rust. There are 20-30 trillion red blood cells (RBCs) in an adult's body. The life span of RBCs, which are produced in bone marrow, is about 100 days, which means that 2 million die (and are replaced) each second, but in that short lifetime they can make 75,000 round trips between lungs, heart and tissues in the body.
Image by TheVisualMD
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
3D visualization of an inferior view of a transverse section of the thorax, highlighting the lungs, reconstructed from scanned human data. The trachea, cardiac impression, and transverse sections of the thoracic aorta and esophagus are clearly illustrated. The bronchial tree is also visible. When air is inhaled into the lungs, it flows through large tubes called bronchi, branches into smaller tubes known as bronchioles, and ends up in the thousands of small pouches that are the alveoli. This is where the oxygen is transferred from the air into the bloodstream. Each alveolar sac, or air sac, is surrounded by a bed of capillaries, and the walls between the lung and the capillary are extremely thin. The walls are so delicate, in fact, that the inhaled oxygen can seep from the air sacs to bind to the hemoglobin in the blood, while the carbon dioxide and other waste gasses leave the blood and diffuse into the lungs where they can be exhaled.
Image by TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Trachea and Lung
3D visualization of an anterior oblique view of the trachea and the lungs, reconstructed from scanned human data. The bifurcation of the trachea and the extensive branching of the right and left bronchi are revealed. The respiratory system consists of branching tubes that work to bring oxygen from the air to the organs and tissues of the body, and to expel carbon dioxide wastes from the body to the air. The bronchial tree is a system of airways in which the \"trunk\" is the windpipe and the \"branches\" are the subdividing passages that permeate the lungs. While the rest of the system works as a kind of accordion pump, the structures of the bronchial network split and split again until they are so numerous and so thin at their membranous tips that gas molecules can cross over to the blood through a network of capillaries that, laid end to end, would measure more than 1,000 miles.
Image by TheVisualMD
Capillary in Alveolus
This is a magnified section of capillaries in an aveolus. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body. The walls of the capillaries are the primary sites for gas and nutrition exchange.
Image by TheVisualMD
Alveolar Type II Cells Secreting Surfactant
The walls of the alveoli, the tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place, are lined with three major alveolar cells. These are: Type I (squamous alveolar) cells, Type II (great alveolar) cells, and the third type, magrophages. Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, which lowers the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate, thereby increasing the capability to exchange gases and reducing fluid accumulation in the alveolus. Premature infants sometimes have a developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs.This results in infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).
Image by TheVisualMD
3:20
How to take an arterial blood gas (ABG) - OSCE guide
Geeky Medics/YouTube
9:55
Arterial Puncture for Blood Gas Analysis
SECEI ESCS/YouTube
Measurement Chamber
J3D3/Wikimedia
Red Blood Cell in Capillary
TheVisualMD
Bronchi and Bronchiole of Lung
TheVisualMD
Male Thorax with Visible Trachea and Lung
TheVisualMD
Capillary in Alveolus
TheVisualMD
Alveolar Type II Cells Secreting Surfactant
TheVisualMD
Pulse Oximetry Test
Pulse Oximetry Test
Also called: Pulse Ox, Oxygen Saturation Monitor, Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry, Peripheral Oxygen Saturation, SpO2, Finger Pulse Oximeter
Pulse oximetry is a quick and painless test that measures blood oxygen levels. Your organs need a steady supply of blood oxygen to work properly. This test can help people with serious or chronic lung disease get quick treatment if their oxygen level gets too low.
Pulse Oximetry Test
Also called: Pulse Ox, Oxygen Saturation Monitor, Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry, Peripheral Oxygen Saturation, SpO2, Finger Pulse Oximeter
Pulse oximetry is a quick and painless test that measures blood oxygen levels. Your organs need a steady supply of blood oxygen to work properly. This test can help people with serious or chronic lung disease get quick treatment if their oxygen level gets too low.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
%
92
95
Your result is Normal.
In healthy people, the oxygen level runs between 95-100%.
Related conditions
Pulse oximetry is a test that uses a small, clip-like device called a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen levels in the blood. When you breathe, your lungs take in oxygen and send it into your bloodstream. This oxygen-rich blood is carried into your heart, which pumps it to the rest of your body. If your blood oxygen level (oxygen saturation) is too low, it can make it hard for your body to work properly. It can put a dangerous strain on your vital organs.
Pulse oximetry is a painless and quick way to find out if your oxygen level is too low. Quick treatment of low blood oxygen may help you avoid serious complications.
Pulse oximetry is used to check your blood oxygen level. The test may be done in a provider's office, clinic, hospital, or even your own home. An at-home pulse oximeter may be useful if you have a serious and/or chronic lung disease.
Your provider may give you a pulse-oximetry test as part of a routine checkup, or if you:
Have a condition that affects lung function. These include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, heart failure, and COVID-19.
Are taking medicine to treat lung disease. The test can show how well the medicine is working.
Are having surgery. Your blood oxygen level may be checked before, during, and after your procedure.
Have sleep apnea. This condition causes you to briefly stop breathing during sleep. You may have repeated episodes of breathing interruptions during a single night's sleep There can be as many as 30 episodes per hour.
During pulse oximetry:
A small electronic device called a pulse oximeter will be clipped to a part of your body, usually a fingertip.
The oximeter uses a special type of light that passes through your skin and into your blood.
A sensor on the oximeter measures the amount of light. That measurement is used to figure out your blood oxygen level.
After a few seconds, the oximeter will provide a readout of your heart rate and oxygen level.
If you have a condition that affects lung function, your health care provider may recommend you use an at-home finger pulse oximeter or other oximeter to monitor your condition. Your provider will guide you on how to purchase and use your at-home device.
If you or your provider is using a finger pulse oximeter, you should remove any fingernail polish. Nail polish can block the light emitted from the oximeter.
There is no known risk to having pulse oximetry.
Results are often given as oxygen saturation levels. A normal oxygen saturation level ranges between 95 percent and 100 percent. Saturation levels may be somewhat lower and considered acceptable if you have a lung disease such as COPD or pneumonia. Levels may also be lower if you live in an area with higher elevation.
If you are using an at-home oximeter, you should contact your health care provider if your oxygen saturation level is 92 percent or lower. If it falls to 88 percent or lower, seek immediate medical attention.
If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
Pulse oximetry results may be 2 to 4 percent higher or lower than your actual blood oxygen level. For a more accurate result, your provider may do a blood test called an arterial blood gas.
But this test can be painful. It also cannot be used at home or for continuous monitoring. You may need both types of tests to manage your condition.
http://dodd.ohio.gov/HealthandSafety/Documents/Cat1O2SaturationMonitorHRAOCT2017.pdf [accessed on Dec 18, 2018]
https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulse-oximetry.pdf [accessed on Dec 18, 2018]
Pulse Oximetry - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center [accessed on Dec 18, 2018]
He pushed for pulse ox screening. Then his grandson’s pulse ox level was dangerously low. | American Heart Association [accessed on Dec 18, 2018]
Pulse Oximetry & O2 Saturation: What Do You Need to Know? | Inogen [accessed on Dec 18, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (16)
Pulse, Hand, Health Care Providers
Image by backy3723/Pixabay
Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)
Oximetry - Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)
Image by User:Sansculotte
Evolution of the Pulse Oximeter
Video by NHLBI/Vimeo
How To: Check Your Pulse
Video by Baylor College of Medicine/YouTube
The Fitness Model Without a Pulse
Video by Great Big Story/YouTube
Vital Signs- For Beginners
Video by Stephanie Rodriguez/YouTube
"Pulse Oximetry" by Traci Wolbrink, MD, MPH for OPENPediatrics
Video by OPENPediatrics/YouTube
Pulse Oximeter | How to Use It? How does Pulse Oximetry Work?
Video by Respiratory Therapy Zone/YouTube
Clinical Skills: Pulse oximetry
Video by Osmosis/YouTube
Pulse Oximetry NEJM
Video by បូ សុធា/YouTube
Oxygen Content and Oxygen Saturation
Video by Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
Measuring oxygenation in poorly perfused patients
Video by Philips Healthcare/YouTube
Pulse Oximetry for Newborns
Video by Lee Health/YouTube
OxyWatch C20 Pulse Oximeter
A finger mounted pulse oximeter with pulse bar taking measurement through the fingernail.
Image by Thinkpaul/Wikimedia
Pulse oximetry spectrum
Hemoglobin absorbance spectrum in pulse oximetry
Image by Paweł Ziemian/Wikimedia
Pulse Ox, Oximetry, Oxygenation
Image by kkirkemtp/Pixabay
Pulse, Hand, Health Care Providers
backy3723/Pixabay
Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)
User:Sansculotte
6:42
Evolution of the Pulse Oximeter
NHLBI/Vimeo
2:48
How To: Check Your Pulse
Baylor College of Medicine/YouTube
2:24
The Fitness Model Without a Pulse
Great Big Story/YouTube
3:20
Vital Signs- For Beginners
Stephanie Rodriguez/YouTube
16:07
"Pulse Oximetry" by Traci Wolbrink, MD, MPH for OPENPediatrics
OPENPediatrics/YouTube
10:25
Pulse Oximeter | How to Use It? How does Pulse Oximetry Work?
Respiratory Therapy Zone/YouTube
4:12
Clinical Skills: Pulse oximetry
Osmosis/YouTube
16:06
Pulse Oximetry NEJM
បូ សុធា/YouTube
13:30
Oxygen Content and Oxygen Saturation
Medicosis Perfectionalis/YouTube
6:46
Measuring oxygenation in poorly perfused patients
Philips Healthcare/YouTube
1:53
Pulse Oximetry for Newborns
Lee Health/YouTube
OxyWatch C20 Pulse Oximeter
Thinkpaul/Wikimedia
Pulse oximetry spectrum
Paweł Ziemian/Wikimedia
Pulse Ox, Oximetry, Oxygenation
kkirkemtp/Pixabay
How Is COPD Treated?
Mask for inhalation on the girl's face. Respiratory disease treatment concept
Image by Marco Verch Professional
Mask for inhalation on the girl's face. Respiratory disease treatment concept
Mask for inhalation on the girl's face. Respiratory disease treatment concept
Image by Marco Verch Professional
How Is COPD Treated?
Quitting smoking is the only proven way to slow down COPD. Get free help to quit smoking at 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669) or at the Smokefree Women website. Medicines and other treatments can relieve some of your symptoms for some time. But treatments will not fix any lung damage you already have.
Your doctor will work with you on a treatment plan that may include:
Steps to take at home, such as stopping smoking, to prevent further damage to your lungs
Medicines to open airways and lessen inflammation. Common medicines for COPD include inhaled corticosteroids, other anti-inflammatory drugs, and bronchodilators. Since people with COPD are at risk for developing lung infections, you may also need antibiotics.
Pulmonary rehabilitation to help you cope physically and mentally with COPD. Rehabilitation can include exercise, training to manage the disease, and counseling about nutrition and exercise.
Oxygen therapy through a tube or mask, if you have severe COPD
Surgery to remove the damaged parts of your lungs or to replace your lungs (lung transplant)
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (10)
What is the Single Best Thing You Can Do to Quit Smoking?
Video by DocMikeEvans/YouTube
It's Harder for Women to Quit Smoking
Video by YaleUniversity/YouTube
The Importance of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Video by West Park Healthcare Centre/YouTube
Pulmonary rehabilitation | NHS
Video by NHS/YouTube
How To Quit Smoking (Health Guru)
Video by Healthguru/YouTube
Learn About Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Video by NHLBI/YouTube
What is Pulmonary Rehabilitation?
Video by Ascension Via Christi/YouTube
Why is Smoking addictive and How to quit smoking?
Video by Tiny Medicine/YouTube
CDC: Tips From Former Smokers - Tiffany R.: How I Quit Smoking
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
This Is The Best Way To Quit Smoking
Video by Seeker/YouTube
12:48
What is the Single Best Thing You Can Do to Quit Smoking?
DocMikeEvans/YouTube
6:44
It's Harder for Women to Quit Smoking
YaleUniversity/YouTube
5:13
The Importance of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
West Park Healthcare Centre/YouTube
2:59
Pulmonary rehabilitation | NHS
NHS/YouTube
3:26
How To Quit Smoking (Health Guru)
Healthguru/YouTube
1:36
Learn About Pulmonary Rehabilitation
NHLBI/YouTube
2:50
What is Pulmonary Rehabilitation?
Ascension Via Christi/YouTube
3:18
Why is Smoking addictive and How to quit smoking?
Tiny Medicine/YouTube
2:33
CDC: Tips From Former Smokers - Tiffany R.: How I Quit Smoking
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
4:09
This Is The Best Way To Quit Smoking
Seeker/YouTube
Will I Need a Lung Transplant?
Lung transplantation, pulmonary transplantation
Image by NHLBI, NIH
Lung transplantation, pulmonary transplantation
The illustration shows the process of a lung transplant. In figure A, the airway and blood vessels between a recipient's diseased right lung and heart are cut. The inset image shows the location of the lungs and heart in the body. In figure B, a healthy donor lung is stitched to the recipient's blood vessels and airway.
Image by NHLBI, NIH
If I Have COPD, Will I Need a Lung Transplant?
Maybe. If your symptoms from COPD are very severe and medicines no longer work for you, your doctor may talk to you about a lung transplant. Lung transplants are used only as a last resort and may not help with your COPD. A lung transplant can have serious side effects, including rejection (the new lung does not work) and death.
Researchers are still studying how useful lung transplants are for people with COPD. A transplant may or may not make you live longer than if you did not get the transplant. Also, not everyone with COPD is eligible for a lung transplant; it depends on your age and if you have other health problems. About 1 in 3 lung transplants is for people who have COPD.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (6)
Lung Transplant Process
Video by Perioperative Interactive Education/YouTube
FAQs | Lung Transplant
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
Updated Video Link Below: Lung Transplant Education
Video by Michigan Medicine/YouTube
Updated Video Link Below: Medications After Lung Transplant at the University of Michigan (13 of 17)
Video by Michigan Medicine/YouTube
Breathing In all the Possibilities After a Double-Lung Transplant
Video by UCSFMedicalCenter/YouTube
Emily Receives a Double Lung Transplant
Video by NationwideChildrens/YouTube
11:34
Lung Transplant Process
Perioperative Interactive Education/YouTube
3:01
FAQs | Lung Transplant
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
59:17
Updated Video Link Below: Lung Transplant Education
Michigan Medicine/YouTube
5:41
Updated Video Link Below: Medications After Lung Transplant at the University of Michigan (13 of 17)
Michigan Medicine/YouTube
4:01
Breathing In all the Possibilities After a Double-Lung Transplant
UCSFMedicalCenter/YouTube
5:17
Emily Receives a Double Lung Transplant
NationwideChildrens/YouTube
How Should I Manage It?
Living Better with COPD
Document by NHLBI
Living Better with COPD
By getting ahead of your Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) symptoms and talking about them with your health care provider regularly, you can put yourself on the path to a better quality of life.
Document by NHLBI
What Steps Can I Take to Help Relieve My COPD Symptoms?
If you have COPD, you can take steps to relieve your symptoms and prevent further damage to your lungs:
Stop smoking if you smoke. Get help to quit. Researchers found that women benefit even more from quitting than men do. Women showed twice as much improvement in breathing one year after quitting smoking. Also, quitting smoking can slow down how quickly your lungs age. One year after quitting, the rate of aging is almost back to normal. Quitting smoking can improve your COPD symptoms, but it cannot make COPD go away.
Talk to your doctor about the flu and pneumonia shots. The flu and pneumonia can cause serious problems for people with COPD because these illnesses make it difficult to breathe. People with COPD already have trouble breathing, so getting the flu or pneumonia can cause very serious health problems, including death. Find a clinic near you where you can get the vaccines you need.
Limit your exposure to smoke, dust, fumes, and chemicals at home and work.
Limit outdoor activities during air pollution alerts.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (7)
You Should Get a Flu Shot
Video by Healthcare Triage/YouTube
Why do you need to get a flu shot every year? - Melvin Sanicas
Video by TED-Ed/YouTube
Questioning whether you should get the seasonal flu shot?
Video by Michigan Medicine/YouTube
Why is air pollution a problem?
Video by British Heart Foundation/YouTube
Air Pollution 101 | National Geographic
Video by National Geographic/YouTube
Long-term effects of air pollution
Video by UW Medicine/YouTube
Air Pollution
Video by Bozeman Science/YouTube
6:48
You Should Get a Flu Shot
Healthcare Triage/YouTube
5:12
Why do you need to get a flu shot every year? - Melvin Sanicas
TED-Ed/YouTube
2:05
Questioning whether you should get the seasonal flu shot?
Michigan Medicine/YouTube
2:53
Why is air pollution a problem?
British Heart Foundation/YouTube
3:53
Air Pollution 101 | National Geographic
National Geographic/YouTube
4:59
Long-term effects of air pollution
UW Medicine/YouTube
9:25
Air Pollution
Bozeman Science/YouTube
Can I Prevent COPD?
Stop Smoking and drinking
Image by TheVisualMD
Stop Smoking and drinking
Stop Smoking and drinking
Image by TheVisualMD
How Can I Prevent COPD?
You can help prevent COPD with the following steps:
Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke. Lungs continue to develop into a person’s early 20s. Smoking at a young age increases the chance of having COPD later in life because it can damage growing lungs. Smoke from cigarettes, cigars, and pipes is the number one cause of lung disease.
Quitting smoking greatly reduces the risk of developing COPD. Among people with COPD, research shows that those who quit smoking have fewer symptoms and less lung damage over time than those who kept smoking. Women who quit smoking also say they have better health-related quality of life than women who continue to smoke.
If you smoke now, quit. Get help to quit. If you live, drive, or work with people who smoke, ask them to smoke outside and only when they are away from you.
Protect yourself from dust and chemical fumes. Exposure over time to dust, pollution, and chemicals raises the risk for COPD, especially for women who work in places where they are exposed to chemicals, such as textile mills, hair and nail salons, or drycleaners. Read labels and carefully follow instructions for use on any chemical product you use (like cleaning products). If possible, do not use products that cause eye, nose, or throat irritation. If you have to use them, use them as little as possible and only in a well-ventilated area. Wear protective equipment, such as a ventilator mask.
Talk to your doctor if you have a cough that won’t go away, trouble breathing, or pain or discomfort in your chest.
Source: Office on Women's Health (OWH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Additional Materials (6)
How Smoking Impacts Your Lung Health
Video by American Lung Association/YouTube
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure Risks
Video by Paul Cochrane/YouTube
Smoking and its effects on Health - Stop today!
Video by iheed/YouTube
Secondhand Smoke Sensor
Video by Dartmouth/YouTube
Adult Smoking Prevalence and Secondhand Smoke Exposure
Video by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke
Video by Siteman Cancer Center/YouTube
6:47
How Smoking Impacts Your Lung Health
American Lung Association/YouTube
3:59
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure Risks
Paul Cochrane/YouTube
2:46
Smoking and its effects on Health - Stop today!
iheed/YouTube
1:48
Secondhand Smoke Sensor
Dartmouth/YouTube
19:27
Adult Smoking Prevalence and Secondhand Smoke Exposure
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/YouTube
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COPD in Women
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a type of chronic (long-term) lung disease that includes emphysema and, often, chronic bronchitis. COPD impacts men and women differently. Learn how COPD affects women.