Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a condition that affects the kidneys. Many experts consider it a variant of minimal change disease, but some experts believe it is a separate condition. It may present with nephrotic syndrome, which is a group of symptoms that include protein in the urine (proteinuria), low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and swelling. It can also present with blood in the urine (hematuria). MPGN is characterized by an increased number of mesangial cells in the glomeruli in the kidneys and damage to the glomeruli. Glomeruli are the structures that help filter wastes and fluids. MPGN may occur in several renal diseases such as IgA nephropathy (commonly), IgM nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and C1q nephropathy. However, in some cases, the underlying cause of MPGN remains unclear. Treatment may depend on the cause (if known) and may include steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and/or cyclophosphamide, and other therapies to treat specific symptoms. Most people with MPGN have a good prognosis, but some may develop chronic kidney disease, which can progress to end stage renal failure.

Mesangial cell proliferation, which characterizes MPGN, is a common feature of various kidney disorders. It may be seen in several diseases in addition to IgAN, including IgM nephropathy (IgMN), lupus nephritis (caused by lupus), Alport’s syndrome, and post infectious glomerulonephritis.

In some cases, the underlying cause of MPGN is unclear.

MPGN may be associated with a variety of kidney disorders, some of which may run in families. While no specific gene or genes responsible for MPGN have been identified, genetic predisposition may be a risk factor. For example, most cases of MPGN are associated with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), which scientists think is an autoimmune disease. For some people, IgAN runs in families. However, IgAN may also be related to respiratory or intestinal infections, and the immune system’s response to these infections.