Heartbeat sensations; Irregular heartbeat; Palpitations; Heart pounding or racing
Palpitations are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, pounding, or beating too hard or too fast. Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own; however, they may be a sign of more serious heart problems. Learn about causes and how to avoid triggers that may cause palpitations.
Cardiac cycle
Image by Dr. Jana
Overview
Heart's Electrical System
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart's Electrical System
Marvel at the heart's electrical system that give it a self-sufficient function. Heart has involuntary contractions. Dr. Mehmet Oz, a heart surgeon, explains the difference of heart as compared to other muscles in the body. In doing a heart transplant, a heart that is cut out of the body will keep on beating. An electrical pulse travels like a wave between two clusters of nerve cells in the heart. One generates the pulse, and the other relays it to the ventricles, governing their rhythmic contractions. Our hearts beat 72 times every minute, for the rest of our lives.
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are Palpitations?
Palpitations (pal-pi-TA-shuns) are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast. You may have these feelings in your chest, throat, or neck. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.
Overview
Many things can trigger palpitations, including:
Strong emotions
Vigorous physical activity
Medicines such as diet pills and decongestants
Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and illegal drugs
Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disease or anemia (uh-NEE-me-uh)
These factors can make the heart beat faster or stronger than usual, or they can cause premature (extra) heartbeats. In these situations, the heart is still working normally. Thus, these palpitations usually are harmless.
Some palpitations are symptoms of arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs). Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.
Some arrhythmias are signs of heart conditions, such as heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease, or heart muscle disease. However, less than half of the people who have palpitations have arrhythmias.
You can take steps to reduce or prevent palpitations. Try to avoid things that trigger them (such as stress and stimulants) and treat related medical conditions.
Outlook
Palpitations are very common. They usually aren't serious or harmful, but they can be bothersome. If you have them, your doctor can decide whether you need treatment or ongoing care.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (27)
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Atrial Fibrillation
1
2
Electrical System of the Heart (Normal vs Atrial Fibrillation)
Normal heart rhythm is often called normal sinus rhythm because the SA node (sinus node) fires regularly. Atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common irregular heart rhythm that starts in the atria. Instead of the SA node (sinus node) directing the electrical rhythm, many different impulses rapidly fire at once, causing a very fast, chaotic rhythm in the atria.
Interactive by J. Heuser/Wikimedia
What are Palpitations
Video by smallcogbigmachine/YouTube
Vagus Nerve
Illustration of Automatic Innervation
Image by OpenStax College
Heart Cycle in Systole / Heart Cycle in Diastole
Heart Cycle
There are two phases of the cardiac cycle: systole and diastole. Diastole is the phase during which the heart relaxes, letting blood fill into the left and right atria. The ventricles fill with more and more blood until the pressure is great enough against the semilunar valves that they open, allowing the blood to enter the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure felt in your arteries between heart beats. Blood pressure is denoted as a fraction, with the systolic pressure being the top number. Blood pressure higher than the average of 120/80 enters the range of hypertension.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Heart Revealing Blood in Left Ventricle
3d visualization based on scanned human data of the anterior view of a heart. The anterior wall of the epicardium is transparent to reveal the blood in the left ventricle as it is being pumped into the aorta.
Image by TheVisualMD
How to Handle Heart Palpitations
Video by Howcast/YouTube
What Causes Heart Palpitations? | Heart Disease
Video by Howcast/YouTube
Palpitations or heart attack
Video by Bupa Health UK/YouTube
What Are Heart Palpitations?
Video by WebMD/YouTube
Heart Skips, Flips, Flutters, and Palpitations - When Should Women Worry
Video by Saint Luke's Health System/YouTube
Slow heart rate or Bradycardia: Will my heart stop?
How can I tell if I have Atrial Fibrillation or an Arrhythmia?
American Heart Association/YouTube
1:46
What's bradycardia, how is it treated & why is it important to treat this type of heart arrhythmia?
AMITA Health/YouTube
1:48
What is tachycardia and what treatment options are available for patients?
AMITA Health/YouTube
Risk Factors
Stress & Anxiety
Image by TheDigitalArtist/Pixabay
Stress & Anxiety
Image by TheDigitalArtist/Pixabay
Who Is at Risk for Palpitations?
Some people may be more likely than others to have palpitations. People at increased risk include those who:
Have anxiety or panic attacks, or people who are highly stressed
Take certain medicines or stimulants
Have certain medical conditions that aren't related to heart problems, such as an overactive thyroid
Have certain heart problems, such as arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), a previous heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease, or heart muscle disease
Women who are pregnant, menstruating, or perimenopausal also may be at higher risk for palpitations because of hormonal changes. Some palpitations that occur during pregnancy may be due to anemia.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (1)
Heart Skips, Flips, Flutters, and Palpitations - When Should Women Worry
Video by Saint Luke's Health System/YouTube
2:39
Heart Skips, Flips, Flutters, and Palpitations - When Should Women Worry
Saint Luke's Health System/YouTube
Causes
Fear
Image by mohamed_hassan/Pixabay
Fear
Image by mohamed_hassan/Pixabay
What Causes Palpitations?
Many things can cause palpitations. You may have these feelings even when your heart is beating normally or somewhat faster than normal.
Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own. However, some palpitations are signs of a heart problem. Sometimes the cause of palpitations can't be found.
If you start having palpitations, see your doctor to have them checked.
Causes Not Related to Heart Problems
Strong Emotions
You may feel your heart pounding or racing during anxiety, fear, or stress. You also may have these feelings if you're having a panic attack.
Vigorous Physical Activity
Intense activity can make your heart feel like it’s beating too hard or too fast, even though it's working normally. Intense activity also can cause occasional premature (extra) heartbeats.
Medical Conditions
Some medical conditions can cause palpitations. These conditions can make the heart beat faster or stronger than usual. They also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.
Examples of these medical conditions include:
An overactive thyroid
A low blood sugar level
Anemia
Some types of low blood pressure
Fever
Dehydration (not enough fluid in the body)
Hormonal Changes
The hormonal changes that happen during pregnancy, menstruation, and the perimenopausal period may cause palpitations. The palpitations will likely improve or go away as these conditions go away or change.
Some palpitations that occur during pregnancy may be due to anemia.
Medicines and Stimulants
Many medicines can trigger palpitations because they can make the heart beat faster or stronger than usual. Medicines also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.
Examples of these medicines include:
Inhaled asthma medicines.
Medicines to treat an underactive thyroid. Taking too much of these medicines can cause an overactive thyroid and lead to palpitations.
Medicines to prevent arrhythmias. Medicines used to treat irregular heart rhythms can sometimes cause other irregular heart rhythms.
Over-the-counter medicines that act as stimulants also may cause palpitations. These include decongestants (found in cough and cold medicines) and some herbal and nutritional supplements.
Caffeine, nicotine (found in tobacco), alcohol, and illegal drugs (such as cocaine and amphetamines) also can cause palpitations.
Causes Related to Heart Problems
Some palpitations are symptoms of arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. However, less than half of the people who have palpitations have arrhythmias.
During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. An arrhythmia happens if some part of the heart's electrical system doesn't work as it should.
Palpitations are more likely to be related to an arrhythmia if you:
Have had a heart attack or are at risk for one.
Have coronary heart disease (CHD) or risk factors for CHD.
Have other heart problems, such as heart failure, heart valve disease, or heart muscle disease.
Have abnormal electrolyte levels. Electrolytes are minerals, such as potassium and sodium, found in blood and body fluids. They're vital for normal health and functioning of the body.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (2)
What Causes Heart Palpitations? | Heart Disease
Video by Howcast/YouTube
What Are Heart Palpitations?
Video by WebMD/YouTube
1:27
What Causes Heart Palpitations? | Heart Disease
Howcast/YouTube
1:05
What Are Heart Palpitations?
WebMD/YouTube
Symptoms
Breathless - Breathing Problems
Image by TheVisualMD
Breathless - Breathing Problems
Image by TheVisualMD
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Palpitations?
Symptoms of palpitations include feelings that your heart is:
Skipping a beat
Fluttering
Beating too hard or too fast
You may have these feelings in your chest, throat, or neck. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.
Palpitations often are harmless, and your heart is working normally. However, these feelings can be a sign of a more serious problem if you also:
Feel dizzy or confused
Are light-headed, think you may faint, or do faint
Have trouble breathing
Have pain, pressure, or tightness in your chest, jaw, or arms
Feel short of breath
Have unusual sweating
Your doctor may have already told you that your palpitations are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if your palpitations:
Start to occur more often or are more noticeable or bothersome
Occur with other symptoms, such as those listed above
Your doctor will want to check whether your palpitations are the symptom of a heart problem, such as an arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (3)
Palpitations or heart attack
Video by Bupa Health UK/YouTube
Recognize & Treat a Heart Arrhythmia | Heart Disease
Video by Howcast/YouTube
How can I tell if I have Atrial Fibrillation or an Arrhythmia?
Video by American Heart Association/YouTube
3:41
Palpitations or heart attack
Bupa Health UK/YouTube
1:59
Recognize & Treat a Heart Arrhythmia | Heart Disease
Howcast/YouTube
3:08
How can I tell if I have Atrial Fibrillation or an Arrhythmia?
American Heart Association/YouTube
Diagnosis
What Are Holter and Event Monitors?
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
What Are Holter and Event Monitors?
Figure A shows how a Holter or event monitor attaches to a patient. In this example, the monitor is clipped to the patient's belt and electrodes are attached to his chest. Figure B shows an electrocardiogram strip, which maps the data from the Holter or event monitor.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
How Are Palpitations Diagnosed?
First, your doctor will want to find out whether your palpitations are harmless or related to a heart problem. He or she will ask about your symptoms and medical history, do a physical exam, and recommend several basic tests.
This information may point to a heart problem as the cause of your palpitations. If so, your doctor may recommend more tests. These tests will help show what the problem is, so your doctor can decide how to treat it.
The cause of palpitations may be hard to diagnose, especially if symptoms don't occur regularly.
Specialists Involved
Several types of doctors may work with you to diagnose and treat your palpitations. These include a:
Primary care doctor
Cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions)
Electrophysiologist (a cardiologist who specializes in the heart's electrical system)
Medical History
Your doctor will ask questions about your palpitations, such as:
When did they begin?
How long do they last?
How often do they occur?
Do they start and stop suddenly?
Does your heartbeat feel steady or irregular during the palpitations?
Do other symptoms occur with the palpitations?
Do your palpitations have a pattern? For example, do they occur when you exercise or drink coffee? Do they happen at a certain time of day?
Your doctor also may ask about your use of caffeine, alcohol, supplements, and illegal drugs.
Physical Exam
Your doctor will take your pulse to find out how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is normal. He or she also will use a stethoscope to listen to your heartbeat.
Your doctor may look for signs of conditions that can cause palpitations, such as an overactive thyroid.
Diagnostic Tests
Often, the first test that's done is an EKG (electrocardiogram). This simple test records your heart's electrical activity.
An EKG shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.
Even if your EKG results are normal, you may still have a medical condition that's causing palpitations. If your doctor suspects this is the case, you may have blood tests to gather more information about your heart's structure, function, and electrical system.
Holter or Event Monitor
A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect heart rhythm problems that don't happen during the test. To diagnose problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a Holter or event monitor.
A Holter monitor records the heart’s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear patches called electrodes on your chest. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your neck.
During the 24- or 48-hour period, you do your usual daily activities. You use a notebook to record any symptoms you have and the time they occur. You then return both the recorder and the notebook to your doctor to read the results. Your doctor can see how your heart was beating at the time you had symptoms.
An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your heart's electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.
For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal heart rhythms.
You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.
Holter or Event Monitor
Figure A shows how a Holter or event monitor attaches to a patient. In this example, the monitor is clipped to the patient's belt and electrodes are attached to his chest. Figure B shows an electrocardiogram strip, which maps the data from the Holter or event monitor.
Echocardiography
Echocardiography uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. The picture shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart chambers and valves are working.
The test also can identify areas of poor blood flow to the heart, areas of heart muscle that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.
Stress Test
Some heart problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During stress testing, you exercise to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (6)
What is a Stress Test?
Video by Henry Ford Allegiance Health/YouTube
Stress Test Animation
Video by Blausen Medical Corporate/YouTube
Echocardiography – What you need to know
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
What is Echocardiography?
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
KMH-Holter monitor
Video by KMHCanada/YouTube
What Is a Holter Monitor and How Is It Used for Patients with AFib?
Video by Regional Medical Center of San Jose/YouTube
2:42
What is a Stress Test?
Henry Ford Allegiance Health/YouTube
0:31
Stress Test Animation
Blausen Medical Corporate/YouTube
6:29
Echocardiography – What you need to know
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
4:14
What is Echocardiography?
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
4:24
KMH-Holter monitor
KMHCanada/YouTube
0:35
What Is a Holter Monitor and How Is It Used for Patients with AFib?
Regional Medical Center of San Jose/YouTube
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
Also called: EKG, ECG
An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test that measures electrical signals in your heart. An abnormal EKG can be a sign of heart damage or disease.
Electrocardiogram
Also called: EKG, ECG
An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test that measures electrical signals in your heart. An abnormal EKG can be a sign of heart damage or disease.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
EKG results are normal with a consistent heartbeat and rhythm.
Related conditions
An electrocardiogram (EKG) test is a simple, painless, and quick test that records your heart's electrical activity. Each time your heart beats, an electrical signal travels through your heart. The signal triggers your heart's four chambers to contract (squeeze) in the proper rhythm so that your heart can pump blood to your body.
An EKG recording of these signals looks like wavy lines. Your provider can read these lines to look for abnormal heart activity that may be a sign of heart disease or damage.
An EKG can show:
How fast your heart is beating
Whether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular
The strength and timing of the electrical signals passing through each part of your heart
Sometimes information from an EKG can help measure the size and position of your heart's chambers.
An EKG is often the first test you'll have if you have signs of a heart condition. It may be done in your provider's office, an outpatient clinic, in a hospital before surgery, or as part of another heart test called a stress test.
An EKG test is also called an ECG. EKG is based on the German spelling, elektrokardiogramm. EKG may be preferred over ECG to avoid confusion with an EEG, a test that measures brain waves.
An EKG test is used to help diagnose and monitor many types of heart conditions and their treatment. These conditions include:
Arrhythmia
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary artery disease
Heart attack
Heart failure
Heart valve diseases
Congenital heart defects
EKG tests are mainly used for people who have symptoms of a heart condition or have already been diagnosed with a heart condition. They are not generally used to screen people who don't have symptoms unless they have an increased risk of developing heart disease. Your provider can explain your risk for heart disease and let you know if need to have an EKG test. In certain cases, your provider may have you see a cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in heart diseases.
You may need an EKG test if you have symptoms of a heart condition, including:
Chest pain
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Fatigue
A decrease in your ability to exercise
You may also need an EKG to:
Find out if you had a heart attack in the past but didn't know it
Monitor your heart if you have a known heart condition
Check how well your heart treatment is working, including medicine and/or a pacemaker
Check your heart health:
Before having surgery
If you have an increased risk for developing heart disease because:
Heart disease runs in your family
You have another condition, such as diabetes, that makes your risk higher than normal
An EKG test only takes a few minutes. It generally includes these steps:
You will lie on an exam table.
A provider will place several electrodes (small sensors that stick to your skin) on your arms, legs, and chest. The provider may need to shave body hair to make sure the electrodes stay on.
The electrodes are attached by wires to a computer or a special EKG machine
You will lie very still while your heart's electrical activity is recorded on a computer or printed on paper by an EKG machine.
You don't need any special preparations for an EKG test.
There is very little risk to having an EKG. You may feel a little discomfort or skin irritation after the electrodes are removed. The EKG doesn't send any electricity to your body. It only records electrical signals from your heart, so there's no risk of electric shock.
Your provider will check your EKG results for a steady heartbeat and rhythm. If your results are not normal, it may be a sign of a heart condition. The specific condition depends on which part of your EKG wasn't normal.
You may need to have other heart health tests before your provider can make a diagnosis. Your provider can explain what your test results mean for your heart health and treatment.
An EKG is a "snapshot" of your heart's activity over a very short time. If you have heart symptoms that come and go, a regular EKG may not catch the problem. In that case, your provider may recommend that you wear a small portable EKG monitor that can record your heart for days or longer while you do your normal activities. You may also need a longer EKG recording if your provider wants to check how well your heart is working after a heart attack or to see if treatment is helping you.
There are many types of long-term EKG monitors. The two main groups are Holter monitors, which can be worn for up to two days, and event monitors, which may record your heart activity for weeks to years depending on the type.
A Holter monitor is about the size of a small camera. You usually wear it on a belt or strap around your neck for a day or two. Wires under your clothes attach to electrodes that stick to your chest. The monitor records your heart's electrical signals the whole time you're wearing it. You may be asked to keep a diary of your symptoms during the test period. After the test period, you remove the monitor and return it according to the instructions. A provider will review the recording of your heart's electrical activity from the monitor.
An event monitor records your heart's electrical activity when you press a button or when the device detects abnormal heart activity. There two main types of event monitors:
Event monitors that you wear or carry with you. You wear some monitors on your chest or wrist. Other monitors are designed to carry. If you have symptoms, you hold the monitor to your chest. These event monitors may be used for weeks to months. Some of them wirelessly transmit information about your heart to a provider. Others must be returned so a provider can examine the recorded information.
Event monitors that are inserted under the skin of your chest. These are called implantable event monitors. They are put under your skin during minor surgery that's often done in a doctor's office. These monitors can track your heart's electrical activity for years. You may need this type of EKG monitor if you had a stroke or frequent fainting, and your provider hasn't found the cause. Implantable monitors wirelessly transmit the information they record so your provider can regularly check it.
Electrocardiogram: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Mar 09, 2023]
Electrocardiogram: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 04, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (35)
How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction – Cardiology | Lecturio
Video by Lecturio Medical/YouTube
Major Types of Heart Block
Video by Jeff Otjen/YouTube
How An ECG Works
Video by LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
What are Arrhythmias?
Your heart is electric. In this video you'll see how your heart's electrical system works, and what happens when it malfunctions. Voyage inside the human body as Dr. Mehmet Oz and others explain the dangers of heart arrhythmias, including tachycardia, bradycardia, and atrial fibrillation.
Video by TheVisualMD
12 Lead ECG Explained, Animation
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Bundle Branch Block, Animation.
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
QRS Transitional Zone. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
ECG Interpretation Basics - ST Segment Changes. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Cardiac Axis Interpretation. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Electrical system of the heart | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Cardiovascular | EKG Basics
Video by Ninja Nerd/YouTube
Cardiovascular | EKG's
Video by Ninja Nerd/YouTube
Normal sinus rhythm on an EKG | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Cardiac Conduction System and Understanding ECG, Animation.
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Willem Einthoven and the ECG - Stuff of Genius
Video by Stuff of Genius - HowStuffWorks/YouTube
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A useful tool for determining whether a person has heart disease, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG, which is painless (no electricity is sent through the body), is used to measure damage to the heart, how fast the heart is beating and whether it is beating normally, the effects of drugs or devices used to control the heart (such as a pacemaker), and the size and position of the heart chambers.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac Cycle vs Electrocardiogram
Image by OpenStax College
Medical Checkups
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiograms (EKGs) are the most commonly given test used to diagnose coronary artery disease. They record the heart's electrical activity and show evidence of angina or heart attack.
Image by TheVisualMD
electrocardiogram-illustration made up from Medications
A normal tracing shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. Also indicated are the PR, QT, QRS, and ST intervals, plus the P-R and S-T segments.
Image by CNX Openstax
What To Expect After an Electrocardiogram
Normal ECG/EKG complex with labels
Image by Derivative: Hazmat2 Original: Hank van Helvete
Cardiac Stress Test
The image shows a patient having a stress test. Electrodes are attached to the patient's chest and connected to an EKG (electrocardiogram) machine. The EKG records the heart's electrical activity. A blood pressure cuff is used to record the patient's blood pressure while he walks on a treadmill.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Relationship between the Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Initially, both the atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole). The P wave represents depolarization of the atria and is followed by atrial contraction (systole). Atrial systole extends until the QRS complex, at which point, the atria relax. The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles and is followed by ventricular contraction. The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles and marks the beginning of ventricular relaxation.
Image by CNX Openstax
The Electric Heart
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test used to measure the electrical activity of the heart.
Image by U.S. National Library of Medicine
Comparison of Arrhythmia and Normal ECG
As the muscle tissue in an overstressed heart expands, it tears and scars. The resulting tissue - hardened and marred - does not conduct electricity well. The result is that the system can no longer be relied on to deliver the carefully synchronized pattern of jolts needed to keep the heart pumping smoothly. Doctors call it \"arrhythmia.\" The heart is literally \"skipping a beat.\" This can be measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). In some cases, arrhythmia can mean simply that the heartbeat is too fast or too slow - a bothersome but not necessarily life-threatening condition. In the worst cases, the arrhythmia indicates a potentially lethal instability in the heart's electric system. The signals that control the heart's contractions get crossed and the heart spasms. If not corrected immediately, this fibrillation of the heart is often fatal. In the U.S., more than 1,000 people die every day from sudden cardiac death, or cardiac arrest.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Revealing Chamber and Valve
Your heart beats faster or slower depending on information from your brain, which monitors your body's need for blood. However, the basic rhythm of your heart is automatic; it does not depend on signals from your brain. Your heart cells can generate their own electrical signals, which trigger the contractions and cause the entire heart to pump in synchrony. A specialized bundle of muscle and nerve cells called the sinoatrial node (SA node) sits at the top of the right atrium and is the pacemaker of the heart. It generates the signal for the atria to contract and send blood to the ventricles. A similar node - the atrioventricular or AV node - sits at the atrioventricular septum near the bottom of the right atrium and relays the signal from the SA node to the ventricles to contract and pump blood out of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical signals given off by these two nodes and their conduction through the heart. By looking at the frequency and the height of the peaks and valleys of these signals on an ECG, healthcare professionals get a very good idea of how well the electrical system of your heart is working.
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardigram
An electrocardiogram (EKG) detects and records the heart's electrical activity. When the electrical impulse passes through the atria a small peak is recorded (P), followed by a steep spike as it erupts through the ventricles (R), and then another small peak (T) as the wave passes through and the heart repolarizes (recharges) itself for the next beat.
Image by TheVisualMD
Electro- cardiogram
Electrocardiograms, or EKGs, record the electrical activity of the heart. Since injured heart muscle conducts electrical impulses abnormally, the EKG shows if the patient has had or is having a heart attack. It is usually the first test performed.
Image by TheVisualMD
SinusRhythmLabels
Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on ECG. In atrial fibrillation, however, the P waves, which represent depolarization of the atria, are absent.
Image by Agateller (Anthony Atkielski)
How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator
The image shows a typical setup using an automated external defibrillator (AED). The AED has step-by-step instructions and voice prompts that enable an untrained bystander to correctly use the machine.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Who Needs an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator?
Lead II (2) ECG EKG strip of an AICD ICD converting a patient back into thier baseline cardiac ryhthm. The AICD fires near the end of the strip, where the straight line is seen.
Image by Public Domain
Cardiac Cycle
CG Animated Human Heart cut section showing the atria, ventricles and valves, synced with wiggers diagram.
Image by DrJanaOfficial/Wikimedia
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
The beating of the heart is regulated by an electrical impulse that causes the characteristic reading of an ECG. The signal is initiated at the sinoatrial valve. The signal then (a) spreads to the atria, causing them to contract. The signal is (b) delayed at the atrioventricular node before it is passed on to the (c) heart apex. The delay allows the atria to relax before the (d) ventricles contract. The final part of the ECG cycle prepares the heart for the next beat.
Image by CNX Openstax
9:53
How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction – Cardiology | Lecturio
Lecturio Medical/YouTube
9:23
Major Types of Heart Block
Jeff Otjen/YouTube
2:45
How An ECG Works
LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
3:27
What are Arrhythmias?
TheVisualMD
3:27
12 Lead ECG Explained, Animation
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:48
Bundle Branch Block, Animation.
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:50
QRS Transitional Zone. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
1:24
ECG Interpretation Basics - ST Segment Changes. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:32
Cardiac Axis Interpretation. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
9:43
Electrical system of the heart | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
52:29
Cardiovascular | EKG Basics
Ninja Nerd/YouTube
20:37
Cardiovascular | EKG's
Ninja Nerd/YouTube
8:53
Normal sinus rhythm on an EKG | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
3:45
Cardiac Conduction System and Understanding ECG, Animation.
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
1:46
Willem Einthoven and the ECG - Stuff of Genius
Stuff of Genius - HowStuffWorks/YouTube
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
TheVisualMD
Cardiac cycle
OpenStax College
Medical Checkups
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Electrocardiogram
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electrocardiogram-illustration made up from Medications
GDJ
Electrocardiogram
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What To Expect After an Electrocardiogram
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Cardiac Stress Test
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Relationship between the Cardiac Cycle and ECG
CNX Openstax
The Electric Heart
TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Comparison of Arrhythmia and Normal ECG
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Heart Revealing Chamber and Valve
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Electrocardigram
TheVisualMD
Electro- cardiogram
TheVisualMD
SinusRhythmLabels
Agateller (Anthony Atkielski)
How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Who Needs an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator?
Public Domain
Cardiac Cycle
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Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
CNX Openstax
Stress Tests
Stress Tests
Also called: Cardiac Stress Test, Cardiac Diagnostic Test
Stress tests shows how well your heart works when it's pumping hard. They can find problems with blood flow to your heart muscle and other heart conditions. Reduced blood flow can be a sign of a serious heart disease.
Stress Tests
Also called: Cardiac Stress Test, Cardiac Diagnostic Test
Stress tests shows how well your heart works when it's pumping hard. They can find problems with blood flow to your heart muscle and other heart conditions. Reduced blood flow can be a sign of a serious heart disease.
Stress tests show how well your heart works when it's pumping hard. Some heart diseases are easier to find when your heart is working its hardest to pump blood through your body. So stress tests check your heart while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. If you're not able to exercise, medicine can be used to make your heart work harder , as if you were exercising.
There are different types of stress tests. They all check:
Blood flow in your heart
Your blood pressure
The rate and rhythm of your heartbeat
The strength of the electrical signals that control your heartbeat
Some stress tests also take pictures of your heart at rest and when it's working hard. The pictures provide more detail about how your heart is working.
Stress tests are most often used to find the cause of symptoms that may be from a heart problem.
The tests can help diagnose certain heart conditions, including:
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Angina
Arrhythmia
Heart failure
Heart valve diseases
Cardiomyopathy
Stress testing is also used:
To find out how serious a known heart condition is, including the chance that you'll have a heart attack in the future.
To help make treatment decisions for a heart condition.
You may need a stress test if you have symptoms that could be from a heart condition. Symptoms may include:
Chest pain or discomfort without a known cause
Shortness of breath
Irregular or rapid heartbeat that may feel like a fluttering in your chest
Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
You may also need a stress test to check your heart health if you:
Have a heart condition with new or worsening symptoms.
Are going to have surgery. Your health care provider may want to see if your heart is strong enough for the operation.
Are being treated for heart disease. The test can show how much treatment is helping, including heart surgery.
Have a high risk for heart disease. Your risk may be higher than normal if you have a family history of heart disease and/or certain conditions, such as diabetes, that are linked to heart disease.
Plan to start an exercise program. If you have a heart condition or a high risk for a heart condition, a stress test can show what level of exercise is safe for you. (Always talk with your provider before starting any strenuous, new exercise.)
Stress tests may be done with or without imaging (pictures of your heart). The most common type of test is an exercise stress test. It doesn't include pictures. But the main steps of an exercise stress test are part of all stress tests:
You'll have a blood pressure cuff on your arm to check your blood pressure.
Electrodes will be placed on your body for an electrocardiogram test (also called EKG or ECG). Electrodes are small sensors that stick to your skin. Wires connect the electrodes to a computer or an EKG machine that records the electrical activity in your heart during the stress test.
If you're unable to exercise: An intravenous (IV) line will be inserted into a vein in your arm. You'll get medicine through the IV. The medicine will make your heart work harder for 10 to 20 minutes while an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. Medicine can be used instead of exercise for all types of stress tests.
If you can exercise: You'll walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle. On a treadmill, the speed will slowly increase. The treadmill may also tilt so you feel like you're walking uphill. On a bicycle, the resistance will slowly increase, so it's harder to pedal.
You'll exercise for about 10 to 15 minutes until you reach a target heart rate based on your age and fitness level. But you may stop the test sooner if:
You develop chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fatigue or other symptoms
The EKG shows a problem with your heart
After all types of stress tests, you'll be monitored for 10-15 minutes or until your heart rate returns to normal.
Stress tests with pictures include stress echocardiograms, nuclear stress tests, and cardiac (heart) MRI stress tests. These tests have extra steps:
A stress echocardiogram or "echo" takes moving pictures of your heart using doppler ultrasound. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart and blood flow through your heart. Pictures will be taken before and after your heart has worked its hardest. You'll lie on your left side on a table as a provider moves an ultrasound device on your chest. If you exercise on a bicycle, the second set of pictures may be taken while you're pedaling.
A nuclear stress test takes pictures of your heart using a small amount of a radioactive substance called a "tracer" and a special camera that scans your heart. A provider injects the tracer into your bloodstream through an IV line that's placed in a vein. Your heart and blood vessels absorb the tracer, which makes them show up more clearly in the pictures.
Pictures are taken while you lie on a table before and after your heart has worked its hardest. After the test, the tracer naturally leaves your body in your urine (pee). Drinking lots of water will help remove it faster.
A cardiac MRI stress test takes the most detailed pictures of your heart using radio waves, magnets, and a computer. It is a newer test that's mostly used for very serious heart problems. For an MRI stress test:
A provider may inject dye into your bloodstream through an IV line placed in your arm. Some cardiac MRIs, but not all, use dye to help show very small details on the pictures.
Pictures of your heart may be taken before and after your heart has worked hard. To take the pictures, you'll lie on a table that slides into a large, tunnel-like MRI machine. You'll hear loud sounds as the machine takes pictures. If you're exercising for the test, you may use a treadmill near the MRI, or you may exercise while lying in the MRI machine using special devices to move your arms or legs.
Wear comfortable shoes and clothing for exercise. Your provider will tell you what else to do before a stress test. You'll usually need to fast (not eat or drink) and stop smoking for at least a few hours before the test. You may need to avoid drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and colas, for a longer period of time.
If you take medicines or supplements, ask your provider if you should take them as usual. Don't stop taking any medicine unless your provider tells you to. If your test uses MRI, tell your provider about any metal you have in your body. An MRI can heat certain metal and cause burns.
Stress tests are usually safe. You will be closely watched during the test. If a problem develops, you'll be treated quickly. Medicines that make your heart work harder sometimes cause symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness, or nausea. An IV may bruise your arm.
The tracers and dyes used in nuclear and MRI stress tests may cause an allergic reaction, but this is rare. If you are or could become pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk with your provider before you have these tests.
A normal test result means no blood flow problems were found. Your heart is working well.
If your test result was not normal, it may mean you have heart disease. Ask your provider to explain what condition you may have. You may need more tests to find out how serious your condition is.
Stress Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Mar 09, 2023]
Exercise Tolerance Test
Exercise Tolerance Test
Also called: Treadmill Stress Testing, Exercise Stress Test, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test, CPX Test
Exercise tolerance testing is a form of cardiac stress testing that uses treadmill exercise with electrocardiogram (EKG) and blood pressure monitoring. The test is used to determine a patient’s functional capacity, assess the probability and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as assess risks, prognosis and effects of therapy.
Exercise Tolerance Test
Also called: Treadmill Stress Testing, Exercise Stress Test, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test, CPX Test
Exercise tolerance testing is a form of cardiac stress testing that uses treadmill exercise with electrocardiogram (EKG) and blood pressure monitoring. The test is used to determine a patient’s functional capacity, assess the probability and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as assess risks, prognosis and effects of therapy.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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Your result is Good.
VO2 max refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise. The greater your VO2 max, the more oxygen your body can consume and transport to your organs, muscles, and tissues, enabling you to have better endurance and performance for a given effort.
Related conditions
This test allows your doctor to learn how your heart reacts to exercise. As you walk on the treadmill, an EKG (electrocardiogram) will check your heart’s electrical activity. The EKG may show if your heart lacks blood flow or has abnormal heartbeats during exercise. The stress test also helps your doctor decide if you need further tests to evaluate your heart.
Before the test begins, your nurse or doctor will explain it to you. Feel free to ask questions and voice concerns at this time. When you understand what will happen, you will be asked to sign a consent for the test to be performed.
To monitor your heart during exercise, adhesive patches, called electrodes, will be put on your chest. Your chest will be cleansed with alcohol and shaved in some areas (if necessary) before these electrodes are placed.
You will be asked about symptoms you have had with exercise in the past. Describe, as completely as you can, any chest discomfort, breathing problems, lightheadedness or dizziness, fluttering in the chest, weakness, fatigue, or anything else you think may be relevant. Also, mention anything you feel while you are being prepared for the test.
A nurse or doctor will be with you throughout the test. Your heart rate and rhythm and your blood pressure will be checked during the test.
Generally, the treadmill’s pace and incline will increase every 3 minutes. It is important that you describe anything you feel as you exercise. If you become short of breath, the nurse may ask you to rate it as “mild,” “moderate,” or “severe.” If you have chest discomfort, you will be asked to describe it as best you can and rate it on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 is very mild; 10 is very severe). There is no right or wrong number. This helps your doctor know how you are doing and gives us a better way to compare how you feel before and after the test.
Keep walking until you are told to stop or until you cannot walk any longer. Let the nurse know when you need to slow down. Keep walk-ing as the treadmill slows. Do not jump off.
While you rest, your heart will continue to be monitored.
Inform the doctor or nurse about any temporary or permanent condition that could affect your ability to move, walk, bear weight, or keep your balance. If possible, discuss this when you are first scheduled for the test. It is also important that the doctor and/or nurse conducting the test have this information.
Carefully follow your doctor’s instructions about medications. Some medications should be stopped for 48 hours before the test; others should not be stopped. If you do not have clear instructions about all your medications (including those for your heart, blood pressure, or other medications), contact your doctor or nurse a few days before the test.
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine 8 hours before the test. Do not eat 2 hours before the test, and do not drink liquids 1 hour before the test. If your exercise test is combined with heart imaging (such as a thallium scan), follow the specific instructions for that test.
Try to be as well rested as possible. You may need to reschedule the test if you feel unwell (for example, if you have a cold). If you do not feel you can give your maximum exercise effort, contact your nurse or doctor before the test.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing with a separate top and bottom. Women should wear bras. Wear comfortable, flat shoes that will not slip off while you are walking.
After the procedure:
You can eat and drink as usual.
Depending on how you feel, you may go about your normal routine or take it easy if the test tired you.
Do not take a hot shower for at least an hour after the test. Your blood vessels expand with exercise and need time to return to normal. A hot shower may expand them more, causing low blood pressure and dizziness.
Procedures/Diagnostic Tests. Exercise tolerance test. National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. [accessed on Dec 11, 2018]
Vilcant V, Zeltser R. Treadmill Stress Testing. [Updated 2018 Oct 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. [accessed on Dec 11, 2018]
Am Fam Physician. 2017 Sep 1;96(5):293-299. Exercise Stress Testing: Indications and Common Questions. Garner KK, Pomeroy W, Arnold JJ. [accessed on Dec 11, 2018]
Am Fam Physician. 1999 Jan 15;59(2):401-10. Ordering and understanding the exercise stress test. Darrow MD. [accessed on Dec 11, 2018]
Harvard Men's Health. Cardiac exercise stress testing: What it can and cannot tell you. [accessed on Dec 11, 2018]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Stress Echocardiography
Stress Echocardiography
Also called: Echocardiography Stress Test, Stress Echo
Stress echocardiography, or echo, is a test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. A stress echo is done as part of a stress test. Some heart problems, such as coronary heart disease, are easier to diagnose when the heart is working hard and beating fast.
Stress Echocardiography
Also called: Echocardiography Stress Test, Stress Echo
Stress echocardiography, or echo, is a test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. A stress echo is done as part of a stress test. Some heart problems, such as coronary heart disease, are easier to diagnose when the heart is working hard and beating fast.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal result means that blood flow through the coronary arteries is probably normal.
Related conditions
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007150.htm [accessed on Feb 23, 2022]
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/stress-tests/ [accessed on Feb 23, 2022]
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/echocardiography [accessed on Feb 23, 2022]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Treatment
Neurofeedback neuropulse
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Neurofeedback neuropulse
neurofeedback portugal
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How Are Palpitations Treated?
Treatment for palpitations depends on their cause. Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own. In these cases, no treatment is needed.
Avoiding Triggers
Your palpitations may be harmless but bothersome. If so, your doctor may suggest avoiding things that trigger them. For examples, your doctor may advise you to:
Reduce anxiety and stress. Anxiety and stress (including panic attacks) are a common cause of harmless palpitations. Relaxation exercises, yoga or tai chi, biofeedback or guided imagery, or aromatherapy may help you relax.
Avoid or limit stimulants, such as caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol.
Avoid illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines.
Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as cough and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.
Treating Medical Conditions That May Cause Palpitations
Work with your doctor to control medical conditions that can cause palpitations, such as an overactive thyroid. If you're taking medicine that's causing palpitations, your doctor will try to find a different medicine for you.
If your palpitations are caused by an arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), your doctor may recommend medicines or procedures to treat the problem.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Additional Materials (5)
How to Handle Heart Palpitations
Video by Howcast/YouTube
The Science of Yoga (Part 1 - Meditation)
Video by Zen Stories/YouTube
Aromatherapy: How Essential are Essential Oils?
Video by Demystifying Medicine/YouTube
Meditation for Stress
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What is Mindfulness?
Video by DK Books/YouTube
2:08
How to Handle Heart Palpitations
Howcast/YouTube
4:07
The Science of Yoga (Part 1 - Meditation)
Zen Stories/YouTube
7:26
Aromatherapy: How Essential are Essential Oils?
Demystifying Medicine/YouTube
6:08
Meditation for Stress
Psych Hub/YouTube
1:37
What is Mindfulness?
DK Books/YouTube
Prevention
Woman with visible Cardiovascular System in Distress
Image by TheVisualMD
Woman with visible Cardiovascular System in Distress
Side view of a woman in a gray sweater, holding her head in her hands in a position of stress. She has some visible anatomy including the heart and many blood vessels as well as the kidneys. The images supports content about the harmful effects of stress on the cardiovascular system.
Image by TheVisualMD
How Can Palpitations Be Prevented?
You can take steps to prevent palpitations. Try to avoid things that trigger them. For example:
Reduce anxiety and stress. Anxiety and stress (including panic attacks) are a common cause of harmless palpitations. Relaxation exercises, yoga or tai chi, biofeedback or guided imagery, or aromatherapy may help you relax.
Avoid or limit stimulants, such as caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol.
Avoid illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines.
Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as cough and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.
Also, work with your doctor to treat medical conditions that can cause palpitations.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (9)
What is a Natural Way to Reduce Anxiety & Depression?
Video by Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
7 Simple Tips To Reduce Your STRESS Right Now
Video by AsapSCIENCE/YouTube
Breathing Exercises for Stress Relief
Video by SingHealth/YouTube
Feeling Stressed? - Relaxation Techniques
Video by Baylor Scott & White Health/YouTube
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 3 of 4 - Stress Management
Video by UHNToronto/YouTube
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 2 of 4 - Harvard Relaxation Response
Video by UHNToronto/YouTube
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 1 of 4 - Introduction
Video by UHNToronto/YouTube
Managing Stress Through Mindfulness: A Resiliency Tool
Video by UC San Francisco (UCSF)/YouTube
Stress Harms the Heart & Blood Vessels
Image by TheVisualMD
0:34
What is a Natural Way to Reduce Anxiety & Depression?
Johns Hopkins Medicine/YouTube
3:04
7 Simple Tips To Reduce Your STRESS Right Now
AsapSCIENCE/YouTube
4:12
Breathing Exercises for Stress Relief
SingHealth/YouTube
3:06
Feeling Stressed? - Relaxation Techniques
Baylor Scott & White Health/YouTube
8:17
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 3 of 4 - Stress Management
UHNToronto/YouTube
15:04
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 2 of 4 - Harvard Relaxation Response
UHNToronto/YouTube
10:43
Exercises for Stress Reduction & Deep Relaxation - Part 1 of 4 - Introduction
UHNToronto/YouTube
2:26
Managing Stress Through Mindfulness: A Resiliency Tool
UC San Francisco (UCSF)/YouTube
Stress Harms the Heart & Blood Vessels
TheVisualMD
Living With
Heart Beat
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Beat
Systole and Diastole
Image by TheVisualMD
Living With Palpitations
Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own. Treatment usually isn’t needed in these cases. Your doctor may advise you to avoid triggers for palpitations.
Your doctor may have already told you that your palpitations are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if they get worse, start to occur more often, become more noticeable or bothersome, or occur with other symptoms.
Your doctor will tell you about other signs and symptoms to be aware of and when to seek emergency care.
A medical condition or heart problem might be the cause of your palpitations. If so, your doctor will give you advice and treatment for your condition.
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Additional Materials (4)
Heart Palpitations? Heart Doctor Shining Sun Explains (2018)
Video by Renown Health/YouTube
Heart and Coronary Arteries
Our heart gets its own blood supply through the coronary arteries, which encircle the heart like a crown. (Hence the term "coronary," from the Latin word for crown.) There are two main coronary arteries, which branch out of the aorta. These large coronary arteries are about the width of a drinking straw and gradually taper as they descend on the heart. The left main coronary artery divides into two branches called the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches into the posterior descending artery and the marginal artery. These arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries, some of which penetrate inside the heart. They eventually branch into capillaries, some so fine that it would take ten of them lying side by side to form the thickness of a human hair. Your capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste from your heart's cells. If one or more of the coronary arteries becomes narrowed or completely blocked, blood supply to the heart may be decreased or cut off altogether. The results can be painful and even deadly, including angina (chest pain), tissue death, and myocardial infarction, in other words, a heart attack.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Valves
Heart Valve GIF-animation showing a moving echocardiogram; a 3D-loop of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. Due to missing data the leaflet of the tricuspid and aortic valve is not clearly visible, but the openings are. To the left are two standard two-dimensional views taken from the 3D dataset. A Sketch explains the animation.
Image by Kjetil Lenes
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Principle of Electrical conduction system of the heart ECG formation, fast
Image by Kalumet
1:51
Heart Palpitations? Heart Doctor Shining Sun Explains (2018)
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Heart Palpitations
Palpitations are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, pounding, or beating too hard or too fast. Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own; however, they may be a sign of more serious heart problems. Learn about causes and how to avoid triggers that may cause palpitations.