Start learning early about treatment options—before you need one. You’ll have time to

• learn about the different treatment options
• talk with other people who are living with dialysis, a transplant, or conservative management
• share your thoughts with your family and loved ones so they can learn about your treatment choices, too
• work with your health care team to create a kidney failure treatment plan
• prepare yourself mentally and physically for the changes ahead

Creating a treatment plan and sharing it with your family gives you more control.

You can choose one of three treatment options to filter your blood and take over a small part of the work your damaged kidneys can no longer do. A fourth option offers care without replacing the work of the kidneys. None of these treatments will help your kidneys get better. However, they all can help you feel better.

• Hemodialysis uses a machine to move your blood through a filter outside your body, removing wastes.
• Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your belly to filter your blood inside your body, removing wastes.
• Kidney transplant is surgery to place a healthy kidney from a person who has just died, or from a living person, into your body to filter your blood.
• Conservative management treats kidney failure without dialysis or a transplant. You’ll work with your health care team to manage symptoms and preserve your kidney function and quality of life as long as possible.

Doing well with kidney failure is a challenge, and it works best if you

• stick to your treatment schedule.
• review your medicines with your health care provider at every visit. You are the only one who knows how your body is responding to each of your medicines. It’s really important that your provider knows which medicines you are taking.
• follow a special eating plan.
• are active most days of the week.

Hemodialysis can replace part of your kidney function. In hemodialysis, your blood goes through a filter outside your body and filtered blood is returned to your body. Hemodialysis

• filters your blood to remove harmful wastes and extra fluid
• helps control blood pressure
• helps balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium in your blood

Hemodialysis isn’t a cure for kidney failure, but it can help you feel better and live longer. You will also need to change what you eat, take medicines, and limit the amount of water and other liquids you drink and get from food.

Before you can start hemodialysis, you’ll need to have minor surgery to create a vascular access—a place on your body where you insert needles to allow your blood to flow from and return to your body during dialysis.

You can have hemodialysis at a dialysis center or in your home. Hemodialysis is usually done at a dialysis center three times a week, with each session lasting about 4 hours.

What are the pros and cons of in-center dialysis and home hemodialysis?

Pros: Dialysis center

• Dialysis centers are widely available in many parts of the country.
• Trained health care providers are with you at all times and help provide the treatment.
• You can get to know other people with kidney failure who also need hemodialysis.
• You don’t have to have a trained partner or keep equipment in your home.

Cons: Dialysis center

• The center arranges treatments, so your schedule is less flexible.
• You must travel to the center for treatment.
• A longer time between treatments means you will have the strictest limits on diet and liquids—because wastes and extra fluid can build up in your body. Having too much fluid in your blood can raise blood pressure and stress your heart. Removing too much fluid too fast during standard hemodialysis also can stress the heart.
• You may have more “ups and downs” in how you feel from day to day because of the longer time between treatments.
• Feeling better after a treatment may take a few hours.

Pros: Home hemodialysis

• You gain a sense of control over your treatments.
  • You can choose what time to have the treatment; however, you should follow your doctor’s orders about how many times a week you need treatment.
  • You don’t have to travel to a dialysis center.
  • The flexible schedule makes it easier to work outside the home.
  • You can travel with a hemodialysis machine or arrange for in-center treatment at your destination.
• You’ll have fewer “ups and downs” in how you feel from day to day because of more frequent treatments.
• You’ll have fewer limits on diet and liquids because the shorter time between sessions prevents waste and extra fluid buildup.
• You can spend more time with loved ones and doing other things because you don’t have to go to the dialysis center three times a week.

Cons: Home hemodialysis

• Not all dialysis centers offer home hemodialysis training and support.
• You and a family member or friend will have to set aside several weeks for training.
• Helping with treatments may be stressful for your treatment partner.
• You need space at home to store the hemodialysis machine and supplies.
• You’ll need to learn to put dialysis needles into your vascular access.
• Medicare and private insurance companies may limit the number of home hemodialysis treatments they will pay for. Few people can afford the costs for additional treatments.

What questions should I ask about hemodialysis?

You may want to ask your health care provider these questions:

• Is hemodialysis the best treatment choice for me? Why?
• If I’m treated at a dialysis center, can I go to the center of my choice?
• What should I look for in a dialysis center?
• Will my kidney doctor see me at the dialysis center?
• What does hemodialysis feel like?
• How will hemodialysis affect my ____ [blood pressure, diabetes, other conditions]?
• Is home hemodialysis available in my area? What type of training will I need? Who will train my partner and me?
• Will I be able to keep working? Can I have treatments at night? Will I be able to care for my children?
• How much should I exercise?
• Who do I contact if I have problems?
• Who will be on my health care team? How can the members of my health care team help me?
• If I do home hemodialysis, will my insurance pay for more than three sessions a week?
• Who can I talk with about finances, sex, or family concerns?
• Can I talk with someone who is on dialysis?

You do peritoneal dialysis at home. Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your belly to filter wastes and extra fluid from your body. This lining, called the peritoneum, surrounds your abdominal cavity and replaces part of your kidney function.

You’ll need to have minor surgery a few weeks before you start peritoneal dialysis. A doctor will place a soft tube, called a catheter, in your belly. The catheter stays in your belly permanently. When you start peritoneal dialysis, you’ll empty a kind of salty water, called dialysis solution, from a plastic bag through the catheter into your belly. When the bag is empty, you can disconnect your catheter from the bag so you can move around and do your normal activities. While the dialysis solution is inside your belly, it soaks up wastes and extra fluid from your body. After a few hours, you drain the used dialysis solution through another tube into a drain bag. You can throw away the used dialysis solution, now filled with wastes and extra fluid, in a toilet or tub. Then you start over with a fresh bag of dialysis solution. The process of emptying the used dialysis solution and refilling your belly with fresh solution is called an exchange.

You can choose which type of peritoneal dialysis will best fit your life.

• Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)—An exchange takes about 30 to 40 minutes, and most people need to do four exchanges per day. You sleep with solution in your belly at night.
• Automated peritoneal dialysis, which uses a machine called a cycler to do three to five exchanges per night while you sleep. You may have to do one exchange during the day without the machine.

You may need a combination of CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis if you weigh more than 175 pounds or if your peritoneum filters wastes slowly. For example, some people use a cycler at night and perform one exchange during the day. Others do four exchanges during the day and use a minicycler to perform one or more exchanges during the night. You’ll work with your health care team to find the best schedule for you.

What are the pros and cons of CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis?

With either CAPD or automated peritoneal dialysis, you gain a sense of control over your treatments and don’t need the help of a partner. After you’re trained, you can do CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis by yourself. With peritoneal dialysis, you’ll have boxes of dialysis solution taking up space in your home.

CAPD pros

• You don’t need a machine to do CAPD.
• You can do CAPD at the times you choose, as long as you complete the required number of exchanges each day.
• You can do CAPD in many locations.
• You can travel as long as you bring dialysis supplies with you or have them delivered to where you’re going.

CAPD cons

• CAPD can disrupt your daily routine.
• CAPD is a continuous treatment, and you need to do all exchanges 7 days a week.

Automated peritoneal dialysis pros

• You can do exchanges at night while you sleep.
• You may not have to perform exchanges during the day.
• You can travel as long as you bring dialysis supplies with you or have them delivered to where you’re going.

Automated peritoneal dialysis cons

• You need a machine. If you travel, you may have to carry your cycler with you.
• Your connection to the cycler limits your movement at night.

What questions should I ask about peritoneal dialysis?

You may want to ask your health care provider these questions:

• Is peritoneal dialysis the best treatment choice for me? Why? If yes, which type is best?
• What type of training do I need, and how long will it take?
• What does peritoneal dialysis feel like?
• How will peritoneal dialysis affect my ____ [blood pressure, diabetes, other conditions]?
• Will I be able to keep working?
• Will I be able to care for my children?
• How much should I exercise?
• Where do I store supplies?
• How often do I see my doctor?
• Who will be on my health care team? How can the members of my health care team help me?
• Who do I contact if I have problems?
• Who can I talk with about finances, sex, or family concerns?
• Can I talk with someone who is on peritoneal dialysis?

No. Even when very well done, dialysis only replaces part of your kidney function. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis allow people with kidney failure to feel better and continue doing the things they enjoy, but neither replaces all of the jobs that healthy kidneys do. Over the years, kidney disease can cause other problems, such as heart disease, bone disease, arthritis, nerve damage, infertility, and malnutrition. These problems won’t go away with dialysis; however, doctors now have new and better ways to prevent or treat them. You should discuss these problems and their treatments with your doctor.

For most people, the need for dialysis comes on slowly. Symptoms, such as losing your desire to eat and losing muscle, may begin so slowly that you don’t notice them. Many people start dialysis when their kidney function (glomerular filtration rate) is between 5 and 10. When kidney function is this low, you may have symptoms from kidney failure and starting dialysis may help relieve them. Starting dialysis can help you regain your appetite and maintain your strength, which is harder to rebuild than it is to retain. Your health care provider can help you decide the best time to begin treatment.

Kidney transplant is surgery to place a healthy donor kidney into your body. A working, transplanted kidney does a better job filtering wastes and keeping you healthy than dialysis, but it still isn’t a cure.

When you have a transplant, surgeons usually leave your old kidneys in place and connect the donated kidney to an artery and a vein in your groin. The surgeon also transplants the ureter from the donor to let urine flow from your new kidney into your bladder. The transplanted kidney takes over the job of filtering your blood.

Your body normally attacks anything it sees as foreign, so to keep your body from attacking the donor kidney, you will need to take immunosuppressants —also called anti-rejection medicines. Like all strong medicines, anti-rejection medicines have side effects.

A transplant center can place you on the waiting list for a donor kidney if you have permanent kidney damage and your kidney function is 20 or less. While you’re waiting for a kidney transplant, you may need to start dialysis.

What are the pros and cons of a kidney transplant?

Together, you and your transplant team should weigh the pros and cons of a kidney transplant.

Pros

• A transplanted kidney works like a healthy kidney.
• If you have a living donor, you can choose the time of your operation.
• You may feel healthier and have a better quality of life.
• You’ll have fewer diet restrictions.
• You won’t need dialysis.
• People who get a donated kidney have a greater chance of living a longer life than those who stay on dialysis.

Cons

• A kidney transplant requires surgery, which involves certain risks, such as infection.
• You’ll go through extensive medical testing at the transplant clinic.
• You may need to wait years for a donor kidney.
• Your body may reject the donor kidney, so one transplant may not last a lifetime.
• You’ll need to take anti-rejection medicines—which may cause other health problems—for as long as the transplanted kidney works.

What questions should I ask about kidney transplant?

You may want to ask your doctor these questions:

• Is transplantation the best treatment choice for me? Why?
• What are my chances of having a successful transplant?
• How do I find out whether a family member or friend can donate?
• What are the risks to a family member or friend who donates?
• If a family member or friend does not donate, who will place me on a waiting list for a kidney?
• How long will I have to wait?
• How will I know if my donor kidney is working?
• How long does a transplanted kidney last?
• What are the side effects of anti-rejection medicines?
• Who will be on my transplant team? How can the members of my transplant team help me?
• Who can I talk with about finances, sex, or family concerns?
• Can I talk with someone who is living with a kidney transplant?

Conservative management for kidney failure means that your health care team continues your care without dialysis or a kidney transplant. The focus of care is on your quality of life and symptom control. The decision to start dialysis is yours. For most people, dialysis may extend and improve quality of life. For others who have serious conditions in addition to kidney failure, dialysis may seem like a burden that only prolongs suffering.

You have the right to decide how your kidney failure will be treated. You may want to speak with your family, doctor, counselor, or renal social worker—who helps people with kidney disease—to help you make this decision.

If you decide not to begin dialysis treatments, you may live for a few weeks or for several months, depending on your health and your remaining kidney function. Many of the complications of kidney failure can be treated with medicines, but only dialysis or transplant can filter wastes from your blood. As your kidney function declines, you may want to consider adding hospice, or end-of-life, care. You can have hospice care in a facility or at home. The hospice program is designed to meet end-of-life physical and emotional needs. Hospice care focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms.

Whether or not you choose to use hospice, your doctor can give you medicines to make you more comfortable. Your doctor can also give you medicines to treat the problems of kidney failure, such as anemia or weak bones. You may restart dialysis treatment if you change your mind.

What are the pros and cons of conservative management?

The pros and cons of conservative management depend on your current health status. Weigh the pros and cons with the help of your doctor.

What questions should I ask about conservative management?

If you’re thinking about conservative management, you may want to ask your doctor these questions:

• Is conservative management a treatment option for me to consider?
• Will dialysis improve my quality of life?
• Will dialysis prolong my life?
• Is there any downside to trying dialysis first?
• What should I do to prepare for conservative management?
• Who will continue to provide my care?
• Who will help my family?
• How long will I live?
• Will I be in pain?
• Can I stay at home?
• Where can I learn more about hospice?
• Who can I talk with about finances, advanced directives, sex, or family concerns?

Learn about conservative management.

All of the treatment options for kidney failure require changes and limit what you may eat and drink.

Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis has the most restrictions. You will need to watch how much water and other liquids you get from food and drinks. You will also need to avoid getting too much sodium (a part of salt), potassium, and phosphorus. You may find it difficult to limit phosphorus because many foods that are high in phosphorus also provide the protein you need. Hemodialysis can remove protein from your body, so you will need to eat foods with high-quality protein such as meat, fish, and eggs. Avoiding foods such as beans, peas, nuts, tea, and colas will help you limit your phosphorus. You may also need to take a pill called a phosphate binder with your meals. Phosphate binders keep phosphorus in your food from entering your bloodstream. Talk with your dialysis center’s dietitian to find a hemodialysis meal plan that works for you.

Peritoneal dialysis

Like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis requires limits on sodium and phosphorus. You may need to take a phosphate binder. The liquid limitations in peritoneal dialysis may not be as strict as those for hemodialysis. In fact, you may need to drink more water and other liquids if your peritoneal dialysis treatments remove too much fluid from your body. Peritoneal dialysis removes potassium from the body, so you may need to eat potassium-rich foods such as potatoes, tomatoes, oranges, and bananas. However, you’ll have to be careful not to eat too much potassium because it can cause an unsteady heartbeat. Peritoneal dialysis removes even more protein than hemodialysis, so eating foods with high-quality protein will be important. You may need to limit calories because your body will absorb sugar from the dialysis solution.

Kidney transplantation

Kidney transplantation has the fewest restrictions on your diet. You will need to limit sodium because it can raise your blood pressure. Medicines that you take after the transplant can cause you to gain weight, so you may need to limit calories.

Conservative management

The diet for conservative management limits protein. Protein breaks down into waste products the kidneys must remove. Limiting protein may reduce the amount of work the kidneys have to do so they will last longer.

Choosing the kidney failure treatment that is best for you may be hard. To make it easier

• start learning about your treatment options early
• think about how each treatment will affect your daily routine and how you feel

Talk with your doctor and with people who are on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, or who’ve had a transplant, to find out the pros and cons of each treatment. Find out how the treatment changed their lives and the lives of those closest to them. Ask your doctor about the transplant waiting list, and about diet changes and medicines you’ll need with each treatment.

If you’re thinking about conservative management, ask your doctor how you’ll feel and how treatment can help keep you comfortable.

Reflect on what’s most important to you. If you plan to keep working, think about which treatment can make that easier. If spending time with family and friends means a lot to you, ask which treatment would give you the most free time. Find out which treatment would give you the best chance of feeling good and living longer.

You may wish to speak with your family, friends, health care team, spiritual advisor, or mental health counselor as you decide.

View a chart comparing hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation.

Yes. You can change your mind. If you don’t like your treatment choice, talk with your health care provider about trying something else.

Medicare, the federal health insurance program, and private health insurance cover most of the cost. Medicare covers kidney failure no matter what your age. If you need more help to pay for treatment, state Medicaid programs provide funds for health care based on financial need. Your social worker can help you find more ways to pay for treatment.

You can make your treatment plans and wishes clear to health care providers and family members with an advance directive. During a medical crisis, you might not be able to tell your health care team and loved ones how you want to be treated or cared for. An advance directive is a written legal statement or document with your instructions either to provide or not provide certain treatments, such as dialysis, depending on what else is happening with your health. Advance directives may include

• a living will
• a durable power of attorney for health care decisions
• a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order

Living will

A living will is a document that describes the conditions under which you would want to refuse treatment. You may state that you want your health care team to do everything possible to keep you alive, or you may request that they stop treatment, such as dialysis, if you fall into a coma from which you most likely won’t wake up.

In addition to dialysis, you may choose or refuse the following treatments to keep you alive:

• cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• feedings through a tube in your stomach
• use of a machine to help you breathe
• medicines to treat infections
• surgery
• receiving blood

Refusing to have CPR is the same as a DNR order. If you choose to have a DNR order, your doctor will place the order in your medical chart.

Durable power of attorney for health care decisions

A durable power of attorney for health care decisions, or a health care proxy, is a document that names a person you choose to make health care decisions for you if you cannot make them for yourself. Make sure the person you name understands your values and will follow your instructions.

DNR order

A DNR order is a legal form that tells your health care team you do not want CPR or other life-sustaining treatment if your heart were to stop or if you were to stop breathing.

Each state has its own laws on advance directives. You can get a form for an advance medical directive that’s good in your state from the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization.