Cardiomegaly, or an enlarged heart, is an increase in the size of the heart. It is not a disease, but a sign of another condition that is causing the heart to work harder than normal. Learn more about causes, symptoms and treatment.
Healthy and Enlarged Heart Comparison
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What Is
Normal-Sized and Enlarged Hearts
Image by TheVisualMD
Normal-Sized and Enlarged Hearts
A comparison of a normal-sized and an enlarged heart. When the kidneys are damaged, they don't produce enough of the hormone erythropoietin to create an adequate number of red blood cells, resulting in anemia. The heart tries to compensate for the lack of red blood cells by pumping even harder, eventually enlarging the heart and causing more cardiovascular damage.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Disease - Enlarged Heart
Summary
An enlarged heart isn’t a condition in itself, but a symptom of an underlying problem that is causing the heart to work harder than normal.
Some of the many causes include coronary heart disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure and heart valve disease.
Treatment depends on the cause, but can include diet and lifestyle adjustments, medication and surgery.
The heart is a muscular pump about the size of a clenched fist. An enlarged heart isn’t a condition in itself, but a symptom of an underlying problem that is causing the heart to work harder than normal.
Older people are at increased risk of having an enlarged heart. Another name for an enlarged heart is cardiomegaly.
The range of underlying problems that can lead to an enlarged heart may be:
pathological – linked to actual disease of the heart muscle
physiological – linked to other causes that are overworking the heart muscle, such as high blood pressure or thyroid diseases.
There are three main ways carrying a large amount of excess fat damages your cardiovascular system:Enlarged heart. When you are obese, there is just more of you to furnish with blood supply, and that means increased demands on your heart. One hundred pounds of fat requires an increased blood flow of up to 3 pints (1.5 L) per minute. Not only is there more fatty tissue if you are obese, but there’s more lean tissue, too. All of that tissue must be furnished with a network of capillaries to supply oxygen and nutrients and to take away waste products. Your heart must pump harder to push the blood through the increased amount of blood vessels. One pound of fat requires 1 mile of capillaries to feed it! Obesity also increases total body oxygen consumption. Your resting heart rate doesn’t change if you’re obese, so stroke volume—the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with every beat—has to increase to keep up with the body’s demand for oxygen. Your heart has to work harder to increase stroke volume. Working harder can cause your heart to enlarge and, at the same time, pump less effectively. Unlike other muscles in your body, as your heart becomes larger it actually gets weaker. An enlarged heart can eventually result in congestive heart failure. The symptoms are shortness of breath, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, heart palpitations, and fluid retention.
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Normal Sized Heart in Situ / Enlarged Heart in Situ
Normal Heart in Situ / Enlarged Heart in Situ
1)Normal Heart in Situ - A normal-sized heart weighs less than a pound and is about the size of a fist. The heart sits snugly between the lungs behind the sternum and rests atop the diaphragm. Below the diaphragm sits the liver, stomach, spleen, and all lower abdominal organs. The heart isn't centered in the chest, but sits slightly to the left. This region, which includes the heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus, is known as the mediastinum. The aorta can be seen running from the superior aspect of the heart inferiorly through the diaphragm, entering the abdomen, where it gives off several major branches.
2) Enlarged Heart in Situ - Enlarging of the heart, or cardiomegaly, occurs when the heart becomes overworked by excessive, unnaturally vigorous pumping. The heart is having to work extra hard, much more than it is built to do. This need can be caused by anemia, when there is a lack of red blood cells in the blood, leading to an inadequate oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs. It could also be caused by arrhythmia and high blood pressure, among other indications. It is to make up for this shortage of oxygen and nutrients in tissues that the heart works much harder than usual. Over time, the heart muscles will weaken and the organ will fail to get the body the blood it needs. Individuals with enlarged hearts are more prone to blood clots, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosis | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Reid's Story
Video by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
What is Cardiomyopathy?
Video by Daniel Davis/YouTube
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The Jody Nix Story: Part 1
A case study of Jody Nix who has an enlarged heart and undergoes defibrillator implant surgery. Jody had signs of full blown Congestive Heart Failure ( CHF. ) A cardiologist shows Jody's chest X-ray revealing an enlarged heart. A viral infection damaged his heart muscle decreasing its pumping function. To compensate for the decreased pumping function, the damaged heart remodels itself expanding like a balloon. But the larger it gets, the more inefficient it becomes. The heart and lungs are the organs that can be affected by the inefficiency of the heart. Jody was taken to the hospital for defibrillator implant surgery.
Video by TheVisualMD
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Enlarged Heart Within Skeleton
Visualization showing an enlarged heart within the thorax of a skeleton. Camera pans across a skeleton with a enlarged heart to show it's size in relation to the thorax, lungs and rib cage. The kidneys can also be seen.
Video by TheVisualMD
Enlarged Heart Treatment
Video by Memorial Hermann/YouTube
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Enlarged Heart and Consequences
This video explains how damage in the heart can lead to an enlarged heart and the repercussion from it.Renowned heart surgeon, Dr. Mehmet Oz, explains the cases of heart attacks, how the heart muscle is damaged and weakened, enlarging of the heart, leading to heart failure. Visible is a pumping heart with damaged heart muscle, decreasing its pumping function. Shown that to compensate for the decreased pumping function, the damaged heart remodels itself expanding like a balloon. As the heart grows larger, it becomes more inefficient. If the heart is unable to efficiently and properly pump blood from the lungs, it can impact a person's overall health. Fluid may pool in the lungs, heart, and throughout the body. This can lead to swelling of the legs, difficulty in breathing, and high risk of sudden cardiac death.
Video by TheVisualMD
A Message from the Heart
TheVisualMD
Normal Heart in Situ / Enlarged Heart in Situ
TheVisualMD
13:13
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosis | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
5:38
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Reid's Story
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/YouTube
6:57
What is Cardiomyopathy?
Daniel Davis/YouTube
2:17
The Jody Nix Story: Part 1
TheVisualMD
0:23
Enlarged Heart Within Skeleton
TheVisualMD
1:52
Enlarged Heart Treatment
Memorial Hermann/YouTube
1:03
Enlarged Heart and Consequences
TheVisualMD
Cardiomegaly
Healthy Heart / Enlarged Heart Due to High Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure Damages the Heart
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Healthy Heart / Enlarged Heart Due to High Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure Damages the Heart
For some people with hypertension, telling them that they're \"big-hearted\" is not good news. Your heart is the strongest muscle in the body, however, like any other muscle, the harder it works, the bigger it gets. In individuals with high blood pressure, where vessels are damaged and stiff, the heart is forced to pump harder with each beat to push blood out into the system. At first, the increase in size allows the heart to pump harder, but over time, the ventricle walls stretch, then thicken and grow stiff. The result is a heart that is both bigger and weaker.
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Additional Materials (4)
Prepregnancy and Normal Heart / Pregnancy and Enlarged Heart caused by Hypertension
Pregnancy and Hypertension - Enlarged Heart
Interactive by TheVisualMD
Dangers of Hypertension
Image by TheVisualMD
Enlarged heart - what does that mean?
Video by York Cardiology/YouTube
How does COVID-19 affect the heart?
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Pregnancy and Hypertension - Enlarged Heart
TheVisualMD
Dangers of Hypertension
TheVisualMD
8:51
Enlarged heart - what does that mean?
York Cardiology/YouTube
4:49
How does COVID-19 affect the heart?
Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Causes
Hypertension
Image by TheVisualMD
Hypertension
Dangers of Hypertension : Hypertension can cause many other disorders and diseases. Atherosclerosis, strongly associated with hypertension, can block the large arteries that supply blood to the brain and weaken the brain`s smaller blood vessels, making them susceptible to stroke. The kidneys are particularly susceptible to damage from hypertension, which can destroy their tiny filtering capillaries. Hypertension can rupture the delicate capillaries of the eye`s retina and cause the vessels that supply blood to the optic nerve to become blocked, leading to blurry vision or even blindness. High blood pressure can also lead to an enlarged heart, as the heart muscle thickens in an effort to pump more vigorously against the higher blood pressure in the arteries.
Image by TheVisualMD
Causes of Enlarged Heart
Some of the many causes of enlarged heart include:
coronary artery disease – fatty deposits or plaques build up inside one or more of the coronary (heart) arteries. This constant ‘silting’ is called atherosclerosis and it results in narrowing of the artery. This reduces the oxygen supply, which is the fuel for the pump
high blood pressure (hypertension) – blood pumps with more force than usual through the arteries, which puts strain on the heart. Causes of high blood pressure include obesity and a sedentary lifestyle
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy – disease of the heart muscle, the cause of which is unknown. Enlarged or ‘dilated’ heart is one of the most common types of cardiomyopathy. The most common symptom patients get with cardiomyopathy is shortness of breath and swelling of the ankles. Rarer symptoms include dizziness and chest pain
myocarditis – an infection of the heart that is generally caused by a virus. A person may have a viral illness first and later have symptoms of congestive heart failure
heart valve disease – for example, a faulty mitral valve allows blood to flow backwards, which means the affected heart chamber has to contract with more force than usual
cardiac ischaemia – reduced blood flow to the heart. This condition can cause heart pain (angina)
previous heart attack – a weakened heart muscle may enlarge in order to keep up with the demands of pumping blood around the body
thyroid disease – the thyroid gland regulates many metabolic functions. Untreated, a thyroid condition can lead to high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels, irregular heartbeat and enlargement of the heart
obesity – carrying too much body fat is a risk factor for high blood pressure, which in turn can cause the heart to enlarge
lack of exercise – leading a sedentary lifestyle is a known risk factor for a range of conditions, including coronary heart disease and high blood pressure
old age – as we get older, our arteries lose some of their elasticity. This ‘stiffening’ of the blood vessels causes high blood pressure, which is a risk factor for enlarged heart.
Over time, LDL cholesterol can build up on the walls of the coronary arteries and form hard plaques, reducing blood supply to the heart. This stiffening and narrowing of the arteries is called atherosclerosis. Sometimes the surface of a plaque ruptures, releasing substances that make platelets stickier and encouraging clots to form on the surface of the plaque. The clot can block the flow of blood through the already-narrowed artery entirely. Without blood, heart muscle tissue starts to die in what's termed a "myocardial infarction" a heart attack.
Image by TheVisualMD
Coronary Artery Disease
Image by TheVisualMD
Medical animation still showing Coronary artery disease
3D medical animation still showing reduced blood flow in preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen.
Image by Scientific Animations, Inc.
Depiction of a person suffering from Coronary Artery Disease
Depiction of a person suffering from Coronary Artery Disease. The build-up of plaque in a coronary artery has been shown as well.
Image by https://www.myupchar.com
What causes the heart to enlarge?
Video by York Cardiology/YouTube
Control Blood Pressure
TheVisualMD
Heart Attack
TheVisualMD
Coronary Artery Disease
TheVisualMD
Medical animation still showing Coronary artery disease
Scientific Animations, Inc.
Depiction of a person suffering from Coronary Artery Disease
https://www.myupchar.com
4:14
What causes the heart to enlarge?
York Cardiology/YouTube
Symptoms
Heart Disease & Arrhythmia
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Disease & Arrhythmia
Heart disease is a major cause of arrhythmia, due to lack of blood flow and heart tissue damage.
Image by TheVisualMD
Symptoms of an Enlarged Heart
In some cases, an enlarged heart is asymptomatic (has no symptoms).
When symptoms do occur, it may be because the heart fails to pump blood effectively and this leads to a syndrome known as congestive heart failure. Symptoms may include:
Dangers of Hypertension: Hypertension can cause many other disorders and diseases. Atherosclerosis, strongly associated with hypertension, can block the large arteries that supply blood to the brain and weaken the brain's smaller blood vessels, making them susceptible to stroke. The kidneys are particularly susceptible to damage from hypertension, which can destroy their tiny filtering capillaries. Hypertension can rupture the delicate capillaries of the eye's retina and cause the vessels that supply blood to the optic nerve to become blocked, leading to blurry vision or even blindness. High blood pressure can also lead to an enlarged heart, as the heart muscle thickens in an effort to pump more vigorously against the higher blood pressure in the arteries.
Image by TheVisualMD
3D Medical Animation - Congestive Heart Failure
Video by BioDigital, Inc./YouTube
The Dangers of Hypertension
TheVisualMD
1:03
3D Medical Animation - Congestive Heart Failure
BioDigital, Inc./YouTube
Diagnosis
Enlarged Heart
Image by James Heilman, MD
Enlarged Heart
A very large heart on CXR and a pacemaker
Image by James Heilman, MD
Diagnosis of Enlarged Heart
An enlarged heart is diagnosed using a number of tests including:
medical history – including a physical examination
chest x-ray – this allows the doctor to see the overall shape and size of the heart and lungs
echocardiogram – sound waves sent to a special machine present a picture of the beating heart, so the doctor can see the heart as its chambers contract and relax
Doppler study – shows blood flow through the heart valves and evaluates whether the valves are functioning normally
electrocardiogram – measures electrical activity in the heart and can assess heart rhythm and evidence of old infarction or ischemia.
Also called: CXR, Chest X Ray, Chest Radiograph, Chest Radiography, Chest Film
A chest X-ray is an imaging test that uses electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around the chest. The test can help diagnose and monitor conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity.
Chest X-Ray Test
Also called: CXR, Chest X Ray, Chest Radiograph, Chest Radiography, Chest Film
A chest X-ray is an imaging test that uses electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around the chest. The test can help diagnose and monitor conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
X rays are electromagnetic waves. They use ionizing radiation to create pictures of the inside of your body. A chest x ray takes pictures of the inside of your chest. The different tissues in your chest absorb different amounts of radiation. Your ribs and spine are bony and absorb radiation well. They normally appear light on a chest x ray. Your lungs, which are filled with air, normally appear dark.
Related conditions
A chest x ray is a painless, noninvasive test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. "Noninvasive" means that no surgery is done and no instruments are inserted into your body. This test is done to find the cause of symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time), and fever.
Chest x rays help doctors diagnose conditions such as pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah), heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, and sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis). Doctors also may use chest x rays to see how well treatments for certain conditions are working. Also, doctors often use chest x rays before surgery to look at the structures in the chest.
Chest x rays are the most common x-ray test used to diagnose health problems.
Doctors may recommend chest x rays for people who have symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time), or fever. The test can help find the cause of these symptoms.
Chest x rays look for conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, or sarcoidosis. The test also is used to check how well treatments for certain conditions are working.
Chest x rays also are used to evaluate people who test positive for tuberculosis (tu-ber-kyu-LO-sis) exposure on skin tests.
Sometimes, doctors recommend more chest x rays within hours, days, or months of an earlier chest x ray. This allows them to follow up on a condition.
People who are having certain types of surgery also may need chest x rays. Doctors often use the test before surgery to look at the structures inside the chest.
Depending on your doctor's request, you'll stand, sit, or lie for the chest x ray. The technician will help position you correctly. He or she may cover you with a heavy lead apron to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
The x-ray equipment usually consists of two parts. One part, a box-like machine, holds the x-ray film or a special plate that records the picture digitally. You'll sit or stand next to this machine. The second part is the x-ray tube, which is located about 6 feet away.
Before the pictures are taken, the technician will walk behind a wall or into the next room to turn on the x-ray machine. This helps reduce his or her exposure to the radiation.
Usually, two views of the chest are taken. The first is a view from the back. The second is a view from the side.
For a view from the back, you'll sit or stand so that your chest rests against the image plate. The x-ray tube will be behind you. For the side view, you'll turn to your side and raise your arms above your head.
If you need to lie down for the test, you'll lie on a table that contains the x-ray film or plate. The x-ray tube will be over the table.
You'll need to hold very still while the pictures are taken. The technician may ask you to hold your breath for a few seconds. These steps help prevent a blurry picture.
Although the test is painless, you may feel some discomfort from the coolness of the exam room and the x-ray plate. If you have arthritis or injuries to the chest wall, shoulders, or arms, you may feel discomfort holding a position during the test. The technician may be able to help you find a more comfortable position.
When the test is done, you'll need to wait while the technician checks the quality of the x-ray pictures. He or she needs to make sure that the pictures are good enough for the doctor to use.
You don't have to do anything special to prepare for a chest x ray. However, you may want to wear a shirt that's easy to take off. Before the test, you'll be asked to undress from the waist up and wear a gown.
You also may want to avoid wearing jewelry and other metal objects. You'll be asked to take off any jewelry, eyeglasses, and metal objects that might interfere with the x-ray picture. Let the x-ray technician (a person specially trained to do x-ray tests) know if you have any body piercings on your chest.
Let your doctor know if you're pregnant or may be pregnant. In general, women should avoid all x-ray tests during pregnancy. Sometimes, though, having an x ray is important to the health of the mother and fetus. If an x ray is needed, the technician will take extra steps to protect the fetus from radiation.
Chest x rays have few risks. The amount of radiation used in a chest x ray is very small. A lead apron may be used to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
The test gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're naturally exposed to over 10 days.
Chest x rays show the structures in and around the chest. The test is used to look for and track conditions of the heart, lungs, bones, and chest cavity. For example, chest x-ray pictures may show signs of pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, lung tissue scarring, or sarcoidosis.
Chest x rays do have limits. They only show conditions that change the size of tissues in the chest or how the tissues absorb radiation. Also, chest x rays create two-dimensional pictures. This means that denser structures, like bone or the heart, may hide some signs of disease. Very small areas of cancer and blood clots in the lungs usually don't show up on chest x rays.
For these reasons, your doctor may recommend other tests to confirm a diagnosis.
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/chest-x-ray [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003804.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/chestrad [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chest_x-ray/article_em.htm [accessed on Aug 25, 2021]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (50)
Chest X-Ray Basics in 5 min
Video by Nick Smith/YouTube
How X-rays see through your skin - Ge Wang
Video by TED-Ed/YouTube
What causes Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and who is at Risk?
Chest X-ray of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI syndrome) compared to chest X-ray of the same subject afterwards.
Image by Altaf Gauhar Haji, Shekhar Sharma, DK Vijaykumar and Jerry Paul
Tuberculosis X-ray
An anteroposterior X-ray of a patient diagnosed with advanced bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis. This AP X-ray of the chest reveals the presence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrate (white triangles), and caving forma.
Image by CDC / Der Lange
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
This highly-magnified, 1981 transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image, reveals some of the morphologic traits exhibited by a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virion is variable in shape, and size, with an average diameter between 120-300nm. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children, under 1-year of age.
Image by CDC/ E. L. Palmer
Q Fever Pneumonia X-ray
Combination of two x-rays (A) normal chest x-ray (B) x-ray documenting Q fever pneumonia.
Image by US Gov
Chest X Ray
A Lateral Chest X-Ray with the heart shadow outlined.
Image by US Army
Projectional radiography
Image relating focal spot size to geometric unsharpness in projectional radiography.
Image by Source images by Blausen Medical and LadyofHats (Mariana Ruiz Villarreal) Derivative by Mikael Haggstrom
Chest Radiograph
Chest X-Ray : Specialized test, like a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed to confirm the presence of an aneurysm.
Image by TheVisualMD
X-ray of Healthy Lung
This image shows an x-ray of healthy lungs.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cancer screening
Cancer Imaging: X-Rays : Chest X-rays can be used to show the presence of tumors, as for lung cancer, but they may also indicate problems associated with cancer. An X-ray may produce images suggestive of fluid accumulation, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes.
Image by TheVisualMD
Lung Cancer
Chest X-ray (Cancer): This is an x-ray image of a chest. Both sides of the lungs are visible with a growth on the left side of the lung, which could possibly be lung cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute
Chest X Ray
Mediastinal structures on a chest radiograph.
Image by Mikael Haggstrom, from source images by ZooFari, Stillwaterising and Gray's Anatomy creators
CT Chest Scan of Pleura effusion
CT scan of chest showing loculated pleural effusion in left side. Some thickening of pleura is also noted. From my personal collection. Permission obtained from patient.
Image by Drriad
Chest X-ray (Cancer)
This is an x-ray image of a chest. Both sides of the lungs are visible with a growth on the left side of the lung, which could possibly be lung cancer.
Image by National Cancer Institute / Unknown Photographer
This browser does not support the video element.
CT Scans (VIDEO)
This video shows how modern science of scanning can expose the health condition of the patient. The video starts with a patient undergoing CT scanning, an x-ray procedure that combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. Visible are the heart, lungs, and arteries of a patient.
Video by TheVisualMD
Chest X-Ray
Air-filled trachea and lungs Diaphragmatic domes Mediastinal structures Vascular markings
Arrows indicate costophrenic angles
Image by US Army
Gallstones
Gallstones as seen on plain x-ray.
Image by James Heilman, MD
Hemoptysis x-ray
Hemoptysis can be discovered with the help of radiology.
Image by Aidan Jones from Oxford, U.K.
X-ray of Lung with Pulmonary Edema
Within the lungs, the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller passageways, the smallest of which are called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoli). Pulmonary edema is a condition caused when excess fluid collects in these air sacs, making it difficult to breathe. Fluid in the lungs can be caused by pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and other conditions, but in most cases, the cause of pulmonary edema is heart problems (when a damaged heart can't pump enough blood and fluid leaks into the lungs).
Image by TheVisualMD
What To Expect During and After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Surgery
A normal chest X-ray after placement of an ICD, showing the ICD generator in the upper left chest and the ICD lead in the right ventricle of the heart. Note the 2 opaque coils along the ICD lead.
Image by Gregory Marcus, MD, MAS, FACC
This browser does not support the video element.
Chest X-ray: NCI B-roll [video]
NCI B-roll of a patient receiving a Chest X-ray. This video is silent.
Video by National Cancer Institute (NCI)
X-Ray of Aneurysm within Chest frontal view
Most aneurysms are detected in the course of an exam, such as a physical exam or a chest X-ray, being performed for a different reason.
Image by TheVisualMD
Pleural Effusion: Tests
Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. The arrow A shows fluid layering in the right pleural cavity. The B arrow shows the normal width of the lung in the cavity. A pleural effusion: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. The arrow A shows fluid layering in the right pleural cavity. The B arrow shows the normal width of the lung in the cavity. A pleural effusion: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.
Image by CDC InvictaHOG
Coccidioidomycosis
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed pulmonary changes indicative of pulmonary fibrosis in a case of coccidioidomycosis, caused by fungal organisms of the genus, Coccidioides. Because these changes also resemble those seen in other lung infections including tuberculosis, the findings uncovered with a chest x-ray needs to be coupled with serologic testing, as well as possible tissue biopsy. The degree of fibrotic changes, indicative of scarring found on x-ray, can be directly correlated to the severity of the fungal infection.
Image by CDC/ Dr. Lucille K. Georg
How Is Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Diagnosed?
Chest X-Ray: Acute respiratory distress syndrome on plain Xray
Image by James Heilman, MD
How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?
Early Asbestosis in a Retired Pipe Fitter : Chest X-ray in asbestosis shows plaques above diaphragm
Image by Clinical Cases
Aspergillosis
This was a photomicrograph of a lung tissue specimen, harvested from a caged, sulfur-crested cockatoo, that depicted some of the histopathologic changes that had been caused by the fungal organism, Aspergillus fumigatus, in a case of avian pulmonary aspergillosis. Here, you are able see how the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain, revealed A. fumigatus ultrastructural morphology including conidial heads and mycelium.
Image by CDC/ Dr. William Kaplan
Pleural Effusion - Defined
A large left sided pleural effusion as seen on an upright chest X-ray
Image by Drriad
Pleural Effusion: Tests
A large left sided pleural effusion as seen on an upright chest X-ray
Image by James Heilman MD
Breast implants
Chest X-ray showing breast implants
Image by James Heilman
Living With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
No cure is available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) yet. Your symptoms may get worse over time. As your symptoms worsen, you may not be able to do many of the things that you did before you had IPF.
However, lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disease.
If you're still smoking, the most important thing you can do is quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke. Ask family members and friends not to smoke in front of you or in your home, car, or workplace.
Image by Drriad
Symptoms and Spread of SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
A chest x-ray showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia, in a patient with SARS.
Image by CDC
Chilaiditi syndrome
Chest X-ray showing obvious Chilaiditi's sign, or presence of gas in the right colic angle between the liver and right hemidiaphragm (left side of the image).
Piper's Sign: In days gone by the lateral chest x-ray (demonstrating greater opacity in the aortic arch and descending aorta than the thoracic spine) gave an indication to the degree of calcified plaque burden a patient had. This has been known as Piper's sign and can often be seen in elderly persons particularly those with concomitant osteoporosis.
Image by U4077905
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Image by Stockholm
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Image by Lange123 at German Wikipedia
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenza
Chest X-ray of a 76 year old woman, who developed cough and labored breathing. First testing showed influenza B virus, and later a nasopharyngeal swab detected Haemophilus influenzae. The H influenzae presumably developed as an opportunistic infection secondary to the flu. This X-ray was taken 2 weeks after cultures and start of antibiotics, showing delayed pneumonic infiltrates that were only vaguely visible on initial (not shown) X-rays.
Image by Mikael Häggström
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenzae, lateral
Chest X-ray of a 76 year old woman, who developed cough and labored breathing. First testing showed influenza B virus, and later a nasopharyngeal swab detected Haemophilus influenzae. The H influenzae presumably developed as an opportunistic infection secondary to the flu. This X-ray was taken 2 weeks after cultures and start of antibiotics, showing delayed pneumonic infiltrates that were only vaguely visible on initial (not shown) X-rays.
Image by Mikael Häggström
Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
(a) Ringworm presents as a red ring on skin; (b) Trichophyton violaceum, shown in this bright field light micrograph, causes superficial mycoses on the scalp; (c) Histoplasma capsulatum is an ascomycete that infects airways and causes symptoms similar to influenza. (credit a: modification of work by Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC; credit b: modification of work by Dr. Lucille K. Georg, CDC; credit c: modification of work by M. Renz, CDC; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
Image by CNX Openstax
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed radiologic evidence of pulmonary pneumocystosis in the form of bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. This infection was due to the presence of an opportunistic fungal infection by the fungal organism Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. (This image was provided by Jonathan W.M. Gold. M.D., Assoc. Dir. Special Microbiology Lab, Assist. Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Assist. Prof. of Medicine, Cornell Univ. Med. College, New York.)
Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystis organisms represent a large group of species of atypical fungi with universal distribution and pulmonary tropism, and each species has a strong specificity for a given mammalian host species.
Image by CDC/ Jonathan W.M. Gold, MD
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Image by Stillwaterising
Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child
PA view Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child. Released per permission of mother.
Image by Samir (talk)
Chest X Ray
Structures shown: Air-filled trachea and lungs Diaphragmatic domes Mediastinal structures Vascular markings. Arrows indicate costophrenic angles
Image by US Army
Thoracic diaphragm
X-ray of chest, showing top of diaphragm.
Image by OpenStax College
Chest X Ray
Roentgenogram or Medical X-ray image. May not be to scale.
Aspect of a bulky thymoma (red circle) on the chest x-ray.
Stockholm
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome-Chest X-ray showing a tumor in the left lung (right side of the image)
Lange123 at German Wikipedia
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenza
Mikael Häggström
Chest X-ray in influenza and Haemophilus influenzae, lateral
Mikael Häggström
Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
CNX Openstax
This anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray revealed radiologic evidence of pulmonary pneumocystosis in the form of bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. This infection was due to the presence of an opportunistic fungal infection by the fungal organism Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. (This image was provided by Jonathan W.M. Gold. M.D., Assoc. Dir. Special Microbiology Lab, Assist. Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Assist. Prof. of Medicine, Cornell Univ. Med. College, New York.)
CDC/ Jonathan W.M. Gold, MD
Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced
Stillwaterising
Chest X-Ray of Canadian dollar coin in esophagus of child
Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist.
7:02
Reading a chest X-ray
Osmosis/YouTube
Chest X-ray of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI syndrome) compared to chest X-ray of the same subject afterwards.
Altaf Gauhar Haji, Shekhar Sharma, DK Vijaykumar and Jerry Paul
Echocardiography
Echocardiography
Also called: Echo, Echocardiogram, Cardiac Ultrasound, Ultrasound of the Heart
An echocardiography, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart. They also show how well your heart's chambers and valves are working. Doctors use an echo to diagnose many different heart problems, and to check how severe they are.
Echocardiography
Also called: Echo, Echocardiogram, Cardiac Ultrasound, Ultrasound of the Heart
An echocardiography, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart. They also show how well your heart's chambers and valves are working. Doctors use an echo to diagnose many different heart problems, and to check how severe they are.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
Echocardiography (echo) shows the size, structure, and movement of various parts of your heart. These parts include the heart valves, the septum (the wall separating the right and left heart chambers), and the walls of the heart chambers.
Related conditions
Echocardiography, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart is pumping blood. A type of echo called Doppler ultrasound shows how well blood flows through your heart's chambers and valves.
There are several types of echocardiography:
Transthoracic echocardiography is the most common type of echo. It involves placing a device called a transducer on your chest after a gel is applied to your skin. The device sends special sound waves, called ultrasound, through your chest wall to your heart. As the ultrasound waves bounce off the structures of your heart, a computer in the echo machine converts them into pictures on a screen.
Stress echocardiography is done as part of a stress test. During a stress test, you exercise or take medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast. A technician will use echo to create pictures of your heart before you exercise and as soon as you finish.
Transesophageal echocardiography gives your doctor a more detailed view of your heart. During this test, the transducer is attached to the end of a flexible tube. The tube is guided down your throat and into your esophagus (the passage leading from your mouth to your stomach). Your doctor will inject medicine into a vein to help you relax during the test.
Fetal echocardiography is used to look at an unborn baby's heart to check for heart problems. When recommended, the test is commonly done at about 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy. For this test, the transducer is moved over the pregnant person's belly.
Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography creates 3D images of your heart. This may be done as part of a transthoracic or transesophageal echo.
Echoes from the sound waves form a picture of the size, shape, and position of the heart on a computer screen (echocardiogram). The pictures can also show the parts of the inside of the heart, such as the valves, and the motion of the heart while it is beating.
Echo can detect blood clots inside your heart, fluid buildup in the pericardium (the sac around the heart), tumors, and problems with the aorta. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body. Echo also can help your doctor find the cause of abnormal heart sounds, such as heart murmurs, due to damaged heart valves. Your doctor also might use echo to see how well your heart responds to certain treatments.
You may have the echocardiography in your doctor’s office or at a hospital. Echocardiography usually takes less than an hour to do. For some types of echo, your doctor will need to inject saline or a special dye into one of your veins. This makes your heart show up more clearly on the echo pictures.
For most types of echo, a technician applies gel to your chest. The gel helps sound waves reach your heart. The technician moves a transducer (wand-like device) around on your chest. The transducer connects to a computer. It transmits ultrasound waves into your chest, and the waves bounce (echo) back. The computer converts the echoes into pictures of your heart.
For a transesophageal echo, you’ll be given oxygen through a tube in your nose. The back of your mouth will be numbed with gel or spray. Your doctor will gently place the tube with the transducer in your throat and guide it down until it is in place behind your heart. The pictures of your heart are then recorded as your doctor moves the transducer around in your esophagus and stomach. You shouldn’t feel any discomfort as this happens. Your throat might be sore for a few hours after the test.
You won’t need to do anything to prepare for most types of echo. For a transesophageal echo, your doctor may ask you not to eat or drink for 8 hours before the test.
If you have a transesophageal echo, you may experience some side effects from the medicine given to help you relax, such as problems breathing or nausea (feeling sick to your stomach). Rarely, the tube used causes minor throat injuries.
A normal echocardiogram reveals normal heart valves and chambers and normal heart wall movement.
An abnormal echocardiogram can mean many things. Some abnormalities are very minor and do not pose major risks. Other abnormalities are signs of serious heart disease. You will need more tests by a specialist in this case. It is very important to talk about the results of your echocardiogram with your provider.
Heart Tests | NHLBI, NIH. Mar 24, 2022 [accessed on Dec 13, 2023]
Heart Health Tests: MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. Feb 28, 2017 [accessed on Dec 13, 2023]
Echocardiogram: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Dec 13, 2023]
Additional Materials (7)
Heart normal transthoracic echocardiography
Heart normal transthoracic echocardiography views
Image by Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist
Echocardiography of hypertrophic-obstructive cardiomyopathy in a domestic cat
Hypertrophic-obstructive cardiomyopathy in a domestic shorthair cat, visualized by echocardiography, color-doppler, right parasternal, long axis. Note the thickened septum, the obstructed LVOT and the mitral regurgitation
Image by Kalumet
Medical ultrasound
This is a sonographer performing an ultrasound examination of the heart of a baby. The child's mother is present. This examination is called echocardiography.
Image by Gislaug Thorsteinsson
Echocardiography – What you need to know
Video by Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
V. Pavliuk, MD, PhD. Echocardiography for beginners
Video by msvitu1/YouTube
What is Echocardiography?
Video by Mayo Clinic/YouTube
Fetal Echocardiography: Protocol and Technique
Video by Intersocietal Accreditation Commission/YouTube
Heart normal transthoracic echocardiography
Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist
Echocardiography of hypertrophic-obstructive cardiomyopathy in a domestic cat
Kalumet
Medical ultrasound
Gislaug Thorsteinsson
6:29
Echocardiography – What you need to know
Cleveland Clinic/YouTube
46:28
V. Pavliuk, MD, PhD. Echocardiography for beginners
A Doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to evaluate the blood flow and blood pressure within the arteries and veins of any part of your body. The test shows the speed and direction of blood flow in real time.
A Doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to evaluate the blood flow and blood pressure within the arteries and veins of any part of your body. The test shows the speed and direction of blood flow in real time.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
health.
Your result is Normal.
A normal result indicates that you have no abnormalities that could affect the normal blood flow in the examined area. It also means that the blood pressure in your arteries is normal.
Related conditions
A Doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to show blood moving through blood vessels. A regular ultrasound also uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body, but it can't show blood flow.
Doppler ultrasound works by measuring sound waves that are reflected from moving objects, such as red blood cells. This is known as the Doppler effect.
There are different types of Doppler ultrasound tests. They include:
Color Doppler. This type of Doppler uses a computer to change sound waves into different colors. These colors show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time.
Power Doppler, a newer type of color Doppler. It can provide more detail of blood flow than standard color Doppler. But it cannot show the direction of blood flow, which can be important in some cases.
Spectral Doppler. This test shows blood flow information on a graph, rather than color pictures. It can help show how much of a blood vessel is blocked.
Duplex Doppler. This test uses standard ultrasound to take images of blood vessels and organs. Then a computer turns the images into a graph, as in spectral Doppler.
Continuous wave Doppler. In this test, sound waves are sent and received continuously. It allows for more accurate measurement of blood that flows at faster speeds.
Doppler ultrasound tests are used to help health care providers find out if you have a condition that is reducing or blocking your blood flow. It may also be used to help diagnose certain heart diseases. The test is most often used to:
Check heart function. It is often done along with an electrocardiogram, a test that measures electrical signals in the heart.
Look for blockages in blood flow. Blocked blood flow in the legs can cause a condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Check for blood vessel damage and for defects in the structure of the heart.
Look for narrowing of blood vessels. Narrowed arteries in arms and legs can mean you have condition called peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Narrowing of arteries in the neck can mean you have a condition called carotid artery stenosis.
Monitor blood flow after surgery.
Check for normal blood flow in a pregnant woman and her unborn baby.
You may need a Doppler ultrasound if you have symptoms of reduced blood flow or a heart disease. Symptoms vary depending on the condition causing the problem. Some common blood flow conditions and symptoms are below.
Symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) include:
Numbness or weakness in your legs
Painful cramping in your hips or leg muscles when walking or climbing stairs
Cold feeling in your lower leg or foot
Change in color and/or shiny skin on your leg
Symptoms of heart problems include:
Shortness of breath
Swelling in your legs, feet, and/or abdomen
Fatigue
You may also need a Doppler ultrasound if you:
Have had a stroke. After a stroke, your health care provider may order a special kind of Doppler test, called transcranial Doppler, to check blood flow to the brain.
Had an injury to your blood vessels.
Are being treated for a blood flow disorder.
Are pregnant and your provider thinks you or your unborn baby might have a blood flow problem. Your provider may suspect a problem if your unborn baby is smaller than it should be at this stage of pregnancy or if you have certain health problems. These include sickle cell disease or preeclampsia, a type of high blood pressure that affects pregnant women.
A Doppler ultrasound usually includes the following steps:
You will lie a table, exposing the area of your body that's being tested.
A health care provider will spread a special gel on the skin over that area.
The provider will move a wand-like device, called a transducer, over the area.
The device sends sound waves into your body.
The movement of blood cells causes a change in the pitch of the sound waves. You may hear swishing or pulse-like sounds during the procedure.
The waves are recorded and turned into images or graphs on a monitor.
After the test is over, the provider will wipe the gel off your body.
The test takes about 30-60 minutes to complete.
To prepare for a Doppler ultrasound, you may need to:
Remove clothing and jewelry from the area of the body that is getting tested.
Avoid cigarettes and other products that have nicotine for up to two hours before your test. Nicotine causes blood vessels to narrow, which can affect your results.
For certain types of Doppler tests, you may be asked to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test.
Your health care provider will let you know if you need to do anything to prepare for your test.
There are no known risks to having a Doppler ultrasound. It is also considered safe during pregnancy.
If your results were not normal, it may mean you have:
A blockage or clot in an artery
Narrowed blood vessels
Abnormal blood flow
An aneurysm, a balloon-like bulge in the arteries. It causes the arteries to become stretched and thin. If the wall becomes too thin, the artery can rupture, causing life-threatening bleeding.
Results may also show if there is abnormal blood flow in an unborn baby.
The meaning of your results will depend what area of the body was being tested. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/doppler-ultrasound/ [accessed on May 31, 2019]
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=av2854 [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
https://www.mayoclinic.org/doppler-ultrasound/expert-answers/faq-20058452 [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003775.htm [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
https://www.healthline.com/health/doppler-ultrasound-exam-of-an-arm-or-leg [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/glossary/glossary1.cfm?gid=96 [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
http://www.imagingpathways.health.wa.gov.au/index.php/consumer-info/imaging-procedures/doppler-ultrasound [accessed on Mar 17, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (43)
Clogged Artery
Plaque lining the intima of an artery.
Image by Scientific Animations Inc.
Coronary Artery Disease
Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. The buildup of plaque limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the artery. The inset image shows a cross-section of the plaque-narrowed artery.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Insitute (NIH)
Carotid ultrasonography
color flow ultrasonography (Doppler) of a carotid artery - scanner and screen
Image by Etan J. Tal
What Is Transesophageal Echocardiography?
Figure A shows a transesophageal echocardiography probe in the esophagus, behind the heart. Sound waves from the probe create high-quality pictures of the heart. Figure B shows an echocardiogram of the heart's lower and upper chambers (ventricles and atrium, respectively).
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)
Image by Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator/Wikimedia
Atherosclerosis
The illustration shows an artery with normal blood flow (Figure A) and an artery containing plaque buildup (Figure B).
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Insitute (NIH)
Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on ECG.
Schematic representation of normal ECG trace (sinus rhythm) with waves, segments, and intervals labeled. The QT interval is marked by blue stripe at bottom.
Image by Created by Agateller (Anthony Atkielski), converted to svg by atom.
This browser does not support the video element.
Atherosclerosis
Obesity and Atherosclerosis : Atherosclerosis is a disease in which hard, fatty deposits called plaque build up inside your arteries. Being obese-defined as having a body mass index over 30--makes it much more likely that you'll develop atherosclerosis.
Video by TheVisualMD
Spectrum of Medical Imaging
This composite image was created in recognition of The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) designation of 2015 as the “International Year of Light.” Medical imaging scientists and engineers contribute to the quest for the improved human condition by providing imaging that spans the entire usable electro-magnetic spectrum (seen at bottom). From the humblest of beginnings with simple magnification of objects and focusing with lenses, to the biological observation of cells with rudimentary microscopes in the visible spectrum, medical imaging today has both extended away from the visible spectrum towards longer and shorter wavelengths (low and high energies) and exploited the hyperspectral nature of the visible which was once considered “commonplace” or rudimentary. Considering yet a different cross-section through the various imaging modalities across the spectrum, the medically useful information gained spans anatomic, physiologic, and molecular regimes. Systems and algorithms have been developed as single-modality acquisition systems, and also as multiple-modalities with conjoint reconstruction, each informing the other in the quest to optimize image quality and information content. In addition, the role of light-based technologies in enabling advanced computations in tomographic reconstructions, computer-aided diagnosis, machine learning (neural networks, deep learning, etc.) , and 3D visualizations as well as in data-enriched storage of medical images has further extended the potential knowledge “seen” through imaging. The breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum offers limitless opportunities for improvement and inquiry, in our quest to answer human life’s difficult questions. This montage was first published on the cover of the SPIE’s Journal of Medical Imaging (July-Sept. 2015, vol. 3, no. 3) and is but a small tribute to the multitude of medical imaging scientists who have contributed to the wealth of new knowledge as we interrogate the human condition. The gray-scale whole body images (from Left to Right) are acquired from longer wavelength modalities to shorter wavelength modalities spanning the (currently) usable electromagnetic spectrum. The background images include: a coronal Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) T2 weighted image slice, a posterior surface Infra Red (IR) heat map, a coronal non-contrast Computed Tomography (CT) slice, and a coronal 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) slice. The selection of color inset images includes (from Top-to-Bottom, then Left to Right): [1] diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to image long white matter tracts within and around the human brain illustrating neuronal connectivity (coloring refers to bluish=vertical direction; green=horizontal A-P direction; red=horizontal lateral direction) (courtesy of Arthur Toga, PhD); [2] registered and superimposed coronal proton-MRI (gray-scale) and a hyper polarized 129Xe ventilation MRI scan (color scale) within the same patient’s lungs, prior to their receiving a bronchial stent (courtesy of Bastiaan Driehuys, PhD); [3] coronal slice through a microwave-based image reconstruction of the Debye parameter ε (epsilon) in a heterogeneously dense human breast phantom (courtesy of Susan Hagness, PhD); [4] juxtaposed optical image of the retina and vertical and horizontal Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT) slices showing pigmentosa retinopathy (courtesy of Jean-Michel Muratet, MD); [5] functional 3-D photoacoustic imaging of melanoma (gray scale) in vivo, surrounded by highly optically absorptive blood vessels (red) (courtesy of Lihong Wang, PhD); [6] optical micrograph of HeLa cells stained for microtubules (blue) and co-stained with DAPI for actin visualization (red); HeLa cells are the world's first stem cell line, originally derived from the aggressive cervical cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks (courtesy Tom Deerinck/NCMIR); [7] visualization of the pelvis highlighting the colon, which is imaged with contrast x-ray computed tomography (CT), and after digital surface rendering can be used in virtual colonoscopy, thus avoiding a physical visible light-based colonoscopy; [8] registered and fused sagittal 99mTc-sestamibi dedicated molecular single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, heat color scale) and low-dose CT slice (gray scale) of a patient’s uncompressed, pendant breast containing two surgically confirmed DCIS loci in the posterior breast (courtesy of Martin Tornai, PhD); [9] classic, early x-radiograph of Wilhelm Röntgen’s wife’s hand (adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Photographs_that_Changed_the_World); [10] transverse pelvic CT (gray scale) with multiple superimposed simulated x-ray photon radiotherapy beams, and their cumulative 20Gy (red) deposited dose isocontours at the focus of a tumor (courtesy of Paul Read, MD, PhD); [11] false-colored scanning electron micrograph of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles (yellow) infecting a human H9 T-cell (turquoise) (adapted from http://biosingularity.com/category/infection/); [12] transverse 18F-dopa positron emission tomography (PET) slice through a Parkinson patient’s brain showing decreased in vivo quantitative uptake in the right caudate and putamen (courtesy of Christaan Schiepers, MD, PhD); [13] registered and fused transverse head CT (gray scale) and registered superimposed PET image (color) of a patient immediately after radio-therapeutic proton irradiation showing endogenously created 15O-positron emitter (2 min half-life) within the nasopharyngeal tumor focus (courtesy of Kira Grogg, PhD). [14] transverse (long axis) cardiac 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT slice illustrating thinned myocardial apical wall in a procedure performed thousands of times daily around the world (adapted from www.medscape.com). These images are but a small sampling of the breadth of the spectrum of light that is currently being investigated the world over by passionate scientists and engineers on a quest for the betterment of the human condition. All contributors for these images used herein have given their permission for their use, and are graciously thanked.
Image by Martin Tornai
Atherosclerosis - Stable vs. Unstable Plaque
Stable vs. Unstable Plaque
Image by BruceBlaus
Atherosclerosis - Normal vs. Partially-Blocked Vessel
Normal vs. Partially-Blocked Vessel
Image by BruceBlaus
New Compact Ultrasound
A new compact ultrasound-delivering device helps alleviate osteoarthritis of the knee. An osteoarthritic knee has damaged joint surfaces, inflammation and swelling. This creates a stagnant environment. Just like a saturated sponge will not accept more water, the osteoarthritic joint is slow to soak up nutrients. However, ultrasound delivered at a low volume for a long time through a newly designed compact transducer agitates remaining cartilage and tissues. The ultrasound penetrates the joint and tissues. It stimulates the joint thermally and mechanically and improves permeability, creating a dynamic environment conducive to healing. Similar to a sponge that has been wrung out, the treated knee is now able to absorb nutrients. The waste is removed and swelling subsides.
Image by Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation
What Is Atherosclerosis?
Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal artery. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. The inset image shows a cross-section of an artery with plaque buildup.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Insitute (NIH)
Micrograph of the distal right coronary artery with complex atherosclerosis and luminal narrowing
Low magnification micrograph of the distal right coronary artery with complex atherosclerosis and luminal narrowing. Masson's trichrome.
Arteries have three layers (tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia). These can be seen on the micrograph:
Adventitia (outermost layer) = green fluffy material (collagen),
Media (middle (muscular) part) = red (smooth muscle actin),
Intima (inner part, in contact with the blood) = green (collagen) with some red (smooth muscle actin).
Features of atherosclerosis seen on the micrograph:
The tunica intima is severely thickened; it measures up to approximately 1/3 of a millimetre. Normally, it is one cell layer thick (approximately 10 micrometres).
There is fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina (a very thin black wavy layer) between the intima and media.
There is a partial duplication of the internal elastic lamina.
There is smooth muscle infiltration of the intima (from the media), i.e. red staining of the intima.
There is significant luminal narrowing. The section of the artery shown has only 25-35% of the cross-sectional area it once had; the artery's original lumen was approximately where the double layer of elastin is seen (the internal elastic lamina).
Features that may be seen in atherosclerosis but are not evident in the micrograph:
Calcifications.
Cholesterol crystals.
Image by Nephron
Atherosclerosis - Glossary
Atherosclerosis disease progression. Progression of atherosclerosis to late complications.
Image by Npatchett
Atherosclerosis
Illustration of Atherosclerosis and plaque that may lead to Angina.
Image by OpenStax College
What Are the Risks of Echocardiography?
CONTINGENCY OPERATING BASE SPEICHER, TIKRIT, Iraq - Col. John Scott, of Silver Spring, Md., the only American pediatric cardiologist in Iraq, is joined by the father of Dayah to look at the boy's echocardiogram at the 47th Combat Support Hospital, Sept. 17. The examination was part of a diagnostic cardiovascular screening session designed to link potential sponsors from various non-governmental organizations to fund the children's heart surgery.
Image by U.S. Army photo by Spc. Jazz Burney, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
Start with an Exam
Doctors may find evidence of atherosclerosis in the course of a physical exam. Signs may include:Whooshing sounds (bruits), heard with a stethoscope
Weak or absent pulse in affected regions
Decreased blood pressure in a limb
Poor wound healing in affected regions
Signs of an aneurysm in the abdomen or below the knee
Image by TheVisualMD
Diagnosing Atherosclerosis
Doctors may find evidence of atherosclerosis during a physical exam, such as sounds (bruits) heard through a stethoscope, weak pulse, or poor wound healing. If signs of atherosclerosis are present, diagnostic tests may be performed. These can include blood tests, electrocardiograms (EKGs), angiograms or other imaging tests, and Doppler ultrasounds. If signs of atherosclerosis are present, diagnostic tests may be performed. Diagnostic tests may include one or more of the following:
Image by TheVisualMD
Image by Kristoffer Lindskov Hansen, Michael Bachmann Nielsen and Caroline Ewertsen / https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Doppler_ultrasound_of_systolic_velocity_(Vs),_diastolic_velocity_(Vd),_acceleration_time_(AoAT),_systolic_acceleration_(Ao_Accel)_and_resistive_index_(RI)_of_normal_kidney.jpg
Ultrasonography of orchitis
Doppler ultrasound of the scrotum, in the axial plane, of a 70 year old man with left-sided pain in the region, as well as CRP elevation. It shows orchitis (as part of epididymo-orchitis) as a hypoechogenic and slightly heterogenic left testicular tissue (right in image), with an increased blood flow. There is also swelling of peritesticular tissue.
Image by Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Author info - Reusing imagesWritten informed consent was obtained from the individual, including online publication./Wikimedia
Carotid arterial ultrasound
A patient has an ultrasonic transducer placed against their neck during a carotid arterial ultrasound at Yokota Air Base, Japan, May 11, 2016. The transducer works on similar principals to radar and sonar systems, converting ultrasound waves into electrical signals. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman David C. Danford/Released)
Image by U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman David C. Danford/Released
Spectral Doppler
Medical spectral Doppler of common carotid artery By Daniel W. Rickey 2006
Image by Drickey/Wikimedia
Doppler ultrasound image of inferior vena cava
Pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound image of inferior vena cava
Echocardiography, animation of a mitral valve insufficiency in a dog, left apical view.
Image by Kalumet
Sensitive content
This media may include sensitive content
Vaginal Ultrasound
Vaginal Ultrasound
Image by BruceBlaus
Fetal Ultrasound
Ultrasound image (sonogram) of a fetus in the womb.
Image by BruceBlaus/Wikimedia
Transcranial Doppler
Transcranial Doppler Insonation of the Cerebral Circulation
Image by Runeaaslid at English Wikipedia
Angiogenesis of a breast tumor can be viewed in an Doppler ultrasound and in magnetic resonance imaging after contrast agent has been injected.
Tumor angiogenesis is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels that penetrates into cancerous growths, supplying nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. Tumor angiogenesis actually starts with cancerous tumor cells releasing molecules that send signals to surrounding normal host tissues. This signaling activates certain genes in the host tissue that, in turn, make proteins to encourage growth of new blood vessels. Angiogenesis of a breast tumor can be viewed in an Doppler ultrasound and in magnetic resonance imaging after contrast agent has been injected.
Image by TheVisualMD
Tumor angiogenesis signaling activates certain genes in the host tissue that, in turn, make proteins to encourage growth of new blood vessels.
Tumor angiogenesis is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels that penetrates into cancerous growths, supplying nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. Tumor angiogenesis actually starts with cancerous tumor cells releasing molecules that send signals to surrounding normal host tissues. This signaling activates certain genes in the host tissue that, in turn, make proteins to encourage growth of new blood vessels. Angiogenesis of a breast tumor can be viewed in an Doppler ultrasound and in magnetic resonance imaging after contrast agent has been injected.
Image by TheVisualMD
Doppler Ultrasound, Investigation
Image by Beeki/Pixabay
Sonoline fetal doppler - Ultrasound - 5412
Sonoline B fetal doppler - 3MHz Ultrasound
Image by Amada44
Ultrasound is partly reflected by blood cells and plasma back toward the speaker-microphone. Because the cells are moving, two Doppler shifts are produced—one for blood as a moving observer, and the other for the reflected sound coming from a moving source. The magnitude of the shift is directly proportional to blood velocity.
Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on ECG.
Created by Agateller (Anthony Atkielski), converted to svg by atom.
2:23
Atherosclerosis
TheVisualMD
Spectrum of Medical Imaging
Martin Tornai
Atherosclerosis - Stable vs. Unstable Plaque
BruceBlaus
Atherosclerosis - Normal vs. Partially-Blocked Vessel
BruceBlaus
New Compact Ultrasound
Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation
What Is Atherosclerosis?
National Heart Lung and Blood Insitute (NIH)
Micrograph of the distal right coronary artery with complex atherosclerosis and luminal narrowing
Nephron
Atherosclerosis - Glossary
Npatchett
Atherosclerosis
OpenStax College
What Are the Risks of Echocardiography?
U.S. Army photo by Spc. Jazz Burney, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
Start with an Exam
TheVisualMD
Diagnosing Atherosclerosis
TheVisualMD
Kristoffer Lindskov Hansen, Michael Bachmann Nielsen and Caroline Ewertsen / https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Doppler_ultrasound_of_systolic_velocity_(Vs),_diastolic_velocity_(Vd),_acceleration_time_(AoAT),_systolic_acceleration_(Ao_Accel)_and_resistive_index_(RI)_of_normal_kidney.jpg
Ultrasonography of orchitis
Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Author info - Reusing imagesWritten informed consent was obtained from the individual, including online publication./Wikimedia
Carotid arterial ultrasound
U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman David C. Danford/Released
Angiogenesis of a breast tumor can be viewed in an Doppler ultrasound and in magnetic resonance imaging after contrast agent has been injected.
TheVisualMD
Tumor angiogenesis signaling activates certain genes in the host tissue that, in turn, make proteins to encourage growth of new blood vessels.
TheVisualMD
Doppler Ultrasound, Investigation
Beeki/Pixabay
Sonoline fetal doppler - Ultrasound - 5412
Amada44
Openstax
Cardiovasc Ultrasound LVNC 2
The original uploader was Dexcel at English Wikipedia./Wikimedia
7:01
Doppler Ultrasound Imaging for Detection of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Plastic Surgery Outpatients
ASJOnline/YouTube
12:25
Carotid Duplex Exam
Sonographic Tendencies/YouTube
6:59
Ultrasound Physics Scanning Modes Color Doppler
POCUS Geek/YouTube
27:32
Doppler Features, Pitfalls and Artifacts
Radiology Video/YouTube
58:32
Understanding Doppler
Radiology Video/YouTube
2:42
What is Doppler Ultrasound and its Usage?
ERemedium/YouTube
4:31
doppler ultrasound
DrER.tv/YouTube
venous duplex of varicose veins
BruceBlaus
Doppler ultrasound analyzer of blood velocity
Юрий Петрович Маслобоев / Yury Petrovich Masloboev
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
Also called: EKG, ECG
An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test that measures electrical signals in your heart. An abnormal EKG can be a sign of heart damage or disease.
Electrocardiogram
Also called: EKG, ECG
An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test that measures electrical signals in your heart. An abnormal EKG can be a sign of heart damage or disease.
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Use the slider below to see how your results affect your
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Your result is Normal.
EKG results are normal with a consistent heartbeat and rhythm.
Related conditions
An electrocardiogram (EKG) test is a simple, painless, and quick test that records your heart's electrical activity. Each time your heart beats, an electrical signal travels through your heart. The signal triggers your heart's four chambers to contract (squeeze) in the proper rhythm so that your heart can pump blood to your body.
An EKG recording of these signals looks like wavy lines. Your provider can read these lines to look for abnormal heart activity that may be a sign of heart disease or damage.
An EKG can show:
How fast your heart is beating
Whether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular
The strength and timing of the electrical signals passing through each part of your heart
Sometimes information from an EKG can help measure the size and position of your heart's chambers.
An EKG is often the first test you'll have if you have signs of a heart condition. It may be done in your provider's office, an outpatient clinic, in a hospital before surgery, or as part of another heart test called a stress test.
An EKG test is also called an ECG. EKG is based on the German spelling, elektrokardiogramm. EKG may be preferred over ECG to avoid confusion with an EEG, a test that measures brain waves.
An EKG test is used to help diagnose and monitor many types of heart conditions and their treatment. These conditions include:
Arrhythmia
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary artery disease
Heart attack
Heart failure
Heart valve diseases
Congenital heart defects
EKG tests are mainly used for people who have symptoms of a heart condition or have already been diagnosed with a heart condition. They are not generally used to screen people who don't have symptoms unless they have an increased risk of developing heart disease. Your provider can explain your risk for heart disease and let you know if need to have an EKG test. In certain cases, your provider may have you see a cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in heart diseases.
You may need an EKG test if you have symptoms of a heart condition, including:
Chest pain
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Fatigue
A decrease in your ability to exercise
You may also need an EKG to:
Find out if you had a heart attack in the past but didn't know it
Monitor your heart if you have a known heart condition
Check how well your heart treatment is working, including medicine and/or a pacemaker
Check your heart health:
Before having surgery
If you have an increased risk for developing heart disease because:
Heart disease runs in your family
You have another condition, such as diabetes, that makes your risk higher than normal
An EKG test only takes a few minutes. It generally includes these steps:
You will lie on an exam table.
A provider will place several electrodes (small sensors that stick to your skin) on your arms, legs, and chest. The provider may need to shave body hair to make sure the electrodes stay on.
The electrodes are attached by wires to a computer or a special EKG machine
You will lie very still while your heart's electrical activity is recorded on a computer or printed on paper by an EKG machine.
You don't need any special preparations for an EKG test.
There is very little risk to having an EKG. You may feel a little discomfort or skin irritation after the electrodes are removed. The EKG doesn't send any electricity to your body. It only records electrical signals from your heart, so there's no risk of electric shock.
Your provider will check your EKG results for a steady heartbeat and rhythm. If your results are not normal, it may be a sign of a heart condition. The specific condition depends on which part of your EKG wasn't normal.
You may need to have other heart health tests before your provider can make a diagnosis. Your provider can explain what your test results mean for your heart health and treatment.
An EKG is a "snapshot" of your heart's activity over a very short time. If you have heart symptoms that come and go, a regular EKG may not catch the problem. In that case, your provider may recommend that you wear a small portable EKG monitor that can record your heart for days or longer while you do your normal activities. You may also need a longer EKG recording if your provider wants to check how well your heart is working after a heart attack or to see if treatment is helping you.
There are many types of long-term EKG monitors. The two main groups are Holter monitors, which can be worn for up to two days, and event monitors, which may record your heart activity for weeks to years depending on the type.
A Holter monitor is about the size of a small camera. You usually wear it on a belt or strap around your neck for a day or two. Wires under your clothes attach to electrodes that stick to your chest. The monitor records your heart's electrical signals the whole time you're wearing it. You may be asked to keep a diary of your symptoms during the test period. After the test period, you remove the monitor and return it according to the instructions. A provider will review the recording of your heart's electrical activity from the monitor.
An event monitor records your heart's electrical activity when you press a button or when the device detects abnormal heart activity. There two main types of event monitors:
Event monitors that you wear or carry with you. You wear some monitors on your chest or wrist. Other monitors are designed to carry. If you have symptoms, you hold the monitor to your chest. These event monitors may be used for weeks to months. Some of them wirelessly transmit information about your heart to a provider. Others must be returned so a provider can examine the recorded information.
Event monitors that are inserted under the skin of your chest. These are called implantable event monitors. They are put under your skin during minor surgery that's often done in a doctor's office. These monitors can track your heart's electrical activity for years. You may need this type of EKG monitor if you had a stroke or frequent fainting, and your provider hasn't found the cause. Implantable monitors wirelessly transmit the information they record so your provider can regularly check it.
Electrocardiogram: MedlinePlus Medical Test [accessed on Mar 09, 2023]
Electrocardiogram: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [accessed on Feb 04, 2019]
Normal reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the method used for testing. You must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."
Additional Materials (35)
How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction – Cardiology | Lecturio
Video by Lecturio Medical/YouTube
Major Types of Heart Block
Video by Jeff Otjen/YouTube
How An ECG Works
Video by LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
This browser does not support the video element.
What are Arrhythmias?
Your heart is electric. In this video you'll see how your heart's electrical system works, and what happens when it malfunctions. Voyage inside the human body as Dr. Mehmet Oz and others explain the dangers of heart arrhythmias, including tachycardia, bradycardia, and atrial fibrillation.
Video by TheVisualMD
12 Lead ECG Explained, Animation
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Bundle Branch Block, Animation.
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
QRS Transitional Zone. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
ECG Interpretation Basics - ST Segment Changes. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Cardiac Axis Interpretation. See link for real voice update in description!
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Electrical system of the heart | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Cardiovascular | EKG Basics
Video by Ninja Nerd/YouTube
Cardiovascular | EKG's
Video by Ninja Nerd/YouTube
Normal sinus rhythm on an EKG | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Video by khanacademymedicine/YouTube
Cardiac Conduction System and Understanding ECG, Animation.
Video by Alila Medical Media/YouTube
Willem Einthoven and the ECG - Stuff of Genius
Video by Stuff of Genius - HowStuffWorks/YouTube
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A useful tool for determining whether a person has heart disease, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG, which is painless (no electricity is sent through the body), is used to measure damage to the heart, how fast the heart is beating and whether it is beating normally, the effects of drugs or devices used to control the heart (such as a pacemaker), and the size and position of the heart chambers.
Image by TheVisualMD
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac Cycle vs Electrocardiogram
Image by OpenStax College
Medical Checkups
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiograms (EKGs) are the most commonly given test used to diagnose coronary artery disease. They record the heart's electrical activity and show evidence of angina or heart attack.
Image by TheVisualMD
electrocardiogram-illustration made up from Medications
A normal tracing shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. Also indicated are the PR, QT, QRS, and ST intervals, plus the P-R and S-T segments.
Image by CNX Openstax
What To Expect After an Electrocardiogram
Normal ECG/EKG complex with labels
Image by Derivative: Hazmat2 Original: Hank van Helvete
Cardiac Stress Test
The image shows a patient having a stress test. Electrodes are attached to the patient's chest and connected to an EKG (electrocardiogram) machine. The EKG records the heart's electrical activity. A blood pressure cuff is used to record the patient's blood pressure while he walks on a treadmill.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Relationship between the Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Initially, both the atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole). The P wave represents depolarization of the atria and is followed by atrial contraction (systole). Atrial systole extends until the QRS complex, at which point, the atria relax. The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles and is followed by ventricular contraction. The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles and marks the beginning of ventricular relaxation.
Image by CNX Openstax
The Electric Heart
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Electrocardiogram (EKG) is a test used to measure the electrical activity of the heart.
Image by U.S. National Library of Medicine
Comparison of Arrhythmia and Normal ECG
As the muscle tissue in an overstressed heart expands, it tears and scars. The resulting tissue - hardened and marred - does not conduct electricity well. The result is that the system can no longer be relied on to deliver the carefully synchronized pattern of jolts needed to keep the heart pumping smoothly. Doctors call it \"arrhythmia.\" The heart is literally \"skipping a beat.\" This can be measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). In some cases, arrhythmia can mean simply that the heartbeat is too fast or too slow - a bothersome but not necessarily life-threatening condition. In the worst cases, the arrhythmia indicates a potentially lethal instability in the heart's electric system. The signals that control the heart's contractions get crossed and the heart spasms. If not corrected immediately, this fibrillation of the heart is often fatal. In the U.S., more than 1,000 people die every day from sudden cardiac death, or cardiac arrest.
Image by TheVisualMD
Heart Revealing Chamber and Valve
Your heart beats faster or slower depending on information from your brain, which monitors your body's need for blood. However, the basic rhythm of your heart is automatic; it does not depend on signals from your brain. Your heart cells can generate their own electrical signals, which trigger the contractions and cause the entire heart to pump in synchrony. A specialized bundle of muscle and nerve cells called the sinoatrial node (SA node) sits at the top of the right atrium and is the pacemaker of the heart. It generates the signal for the atria to contract and send blood to the ventricles. A similar node - the atrioventricular or AV node - sits at the atrioventricular septum near the bottom of the right atrium and relays the signal from the SA node to the ventricles to contract and pump blood out of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical signals given off by these two nodes and their conduction through the heart. By looking at the frequency and the height of the peaks and valleys of these signals on an ECG, healthcare professionals get a very good idea of how well the electrical system of your heart is working.
Image by TheVisualMD
Electrocardigram
An electrocardiogram (EKG) detects and records the heart's electrical activity. When the electrical impulse passes through the atria a small peak is recorded (P), followed by a steep spike as it erupts through the ventricles (R), and then another small peak (T) as the wave passes through and the heart repolarizes (recharges) itself for the next beat.
Image by TheVisualMD
Electro- cardiogram
Electrocardiograms, or EKGs, record the electrical activity of the heart. Since injured heart muscle conducts electrical impulses abnormally, the EKG shows if the patient has had or is having a heart attack. It is usually the first test performed.
Image by TheVisualMD
SinusRhythmLabels
Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on ECG. In atrial fibrillation, however, the P waves, which represent depolarization of the atria, are absent.
Image by Agateller (Anthony Atkielski)
How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator
The image shows a typical setup using an automated external defibrillator (AED). The AED has step-by-step instructions and voice prompts that enable an untrained bystander to correctly use the machine.
Image by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Who Needs an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator?
Lead II (2) ECG EKG strip of an AICD ICD converting a patient back into thier baseline cardiac ryhthm. The AICD fires near the end of the strip, where the straight line is seen.
Image by Public Domain
Cardiac Cycle
CG Animated Human Heart cut section showing the atria, ventricles and valves, synced with wiggers diagram.
Image by DrJanaOfficial/Wikimedia
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
The beating of the heart is regulated by an electrical impulse that causes the characteristic reading of an ECG. The signal is initiated at the sinoatrial valve. The signal then (a) spreads to the atria, causing them to contract. The signal is (b) delayed at the atrioventricular node before it is passed on to the (c) heart apex. The delay allows the atria to relax before the (d) ventricles contract. The final part of the ECG cycle prepares the heart for the next beat.
Image by CNX Openstax
9:53
How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction – Cardiology | Lecturio
Lecturio Medical/YouTube
9:23
Major Types of Heart Block
Jeff Otjen/YouTube
2:45
How An ECG Works
LivingHealthyChicago/YouTube
3:27
What are Arrhythmias?
TheVisualMD
3:27
12 Lead ECG Explained, Animation
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:48
Bundle Branch Block, Animation.
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:50
QRS Transitional Zone. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
1:24
ECG Interpretation Basics - ST Segment Changes. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
3:32
Cardiac Axis Interpretation. See link for real voice update in description!
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
9:43
Electrical system of the heart | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
52:29
Cardiovascular | EKG Basics
Ninja Nerd/YouTube
20:37
Cardiovascular | EKG's
Ninja Nerd/YouTube
8:53
Normal sinus rhythm on an EKG | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
khanacademymedicine/YouTube
3:45
Cardiac Conduction System and Understanding ECG, Animation.
Alila Medical Media/YouTube
1:46
Willem Einthoven and the ECG - Stuff of Genius
Stuff of Genius - HowStuffWorks/YouTube
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
TheVisualMD
Cardiac cycle
OpenStax College
Medical Checkups
TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram
TheVisualMD
electrocardiogram-illustration made up from Medications
GDJ
Electrocardiogram
CNX Openstax
What To Expect After an Electrocardiogram
Derivative: Hazmat2 Original: Hank van Helvete
Cardiac Stress Test
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Relationship between the Cardiac Cycle and ECG
CNX Openstax
The Electric Heart
TheVisualMD
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Comparison of Arrhythmia and Normal ECG
TheVisualMD
Heart Revealing Chamber and Valve
TheVisualMD
Electrocardigram
TheVisualMD
Electro- cardiogram
TheVisualMD
SinusRhythmLabels
Agateller (Anthony Atkielski)
How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Who Needs an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator?
Public Domain
Cardiac Cycle
DrJanaOfficial/Wikimedia
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
CNX Openstax
Treatment
Nutrition for an optimal heart and cardiovascular health
Image by TheVisualMD
Nutrition for an optimal heart and cardiovascular health
Nutrition for an optimal heart and cardiovascular health
Image by TheVisualMD
Treatment of Enlarged Heart
Treatment depends on the underlying cause but options can include:
medications to stop the heart from enlarging any further
addressing the underlying problem (for example through diet, stopping smoking, exercise and medication to help control high blood pressure, or surgery to replace a faulty heart valve)
regular cardiovascular exercise
adopting a low-fat diet
dietary adjustments to reduce blood cholesterol levels
frequent medical check-ups to make sure the treatments are working.
Hypertension is strongly associated with atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis causes hard plaques to form in your arteries, slowing or blocking blood flow altogether. Blockage of the large arteries supplying blood to your brain, and weakening of the brain’s smaller blood vessels, makes them susceptible to stroke.
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Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly, or an enlarged heart, is an increase in the size of the heart. It is not a disease, but a sign of another condition that is causing the heart to work harder than normal. Learn more about causes, symptoms and treatment.